PH FINAL EXAM BY ELL

. The evaluation of the communication formats, channels, and materials is vital to which of the following? a. Ensuring sustainability b. Establishing reliability c. Funding d. Short-term outcomes

a. Ensuring sustainability

Which of the following is most often used to display data representing interval- or ratio-scaled variables that are continuous in nature? a. Frequency polygon b. Histogram c. Bar graph

a. Frequency polygon

. When the health of the people has been left solely to the current health services system, what portion of the population groups have been left without access to health care? a. Many b. A moderate number c. A few d. An inconsequential numbe

a. Many

The term used to describe the average of the group is which of the following? a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Standard deviation

a. Mean

Seven of the ten leading causes of death in the United States are which of the following in nature? a. Chronic b. Acute c. Related to addiction d. Cancer related

a. Chronic

Behavior that leads to improved oral health can be affected at three levels—intrapersonal, interpersonal, and which of the following? a. Community b. Global c. Universal d. Relational

a. Community

Empowerment is a key facet of which of the following health promotion theories? a. Community organization theory b. Organizational change: stage theory c. Diffusion of innovations theory d. Stages of change theory

a. Community organization theory

. Which of the following statements is true regarding professionalism and dental hygiene? a. Dental hygiene is a profession, and dental hygienists are professionals. b. Dental hygiene is a profession; however, dental hygienists are not professionals. c. Dental hygiene is not a profession; however, dental hygienists are professionals. d. Dental hygiene is not a profession, and dental hygienists are not professionals.

a. Dental hygiene is a profession, and dental hygienists are professionals.

. Which term is used when discussing numeric characteristics of samples? a. Calibrated b. Statistic c. Inferential d. Variable

b. Statistic

The three tenets of the iron triangle of health care are quality, cost, and which of the following? a. Access b. Self-actualization c. Independence d. Competition

a. Access

. Which of the following is a provider-run organization in which participating providers are collectively responsible for the care of an enrolled population, and may share in any savings associated with improvements in the quality and efficiency of care? a. Accountable Care Organization b. Health Maintenance Organization c. Group Practice d. Medicare Clinic

a. Accountable Care Organization

Validation of a report should include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. An evaluation of discussed criteria b. The author's country of origin c. Abstract review d. Political stance of a journal

a. An evaluation of discussed criteria d. Political stance of a journal

Technology has allowed for the delivery of advanced surgical and cosmetic dental services to one segment of the population, even while significant barriers to accessing even preventive and basic restorative care still exist for other segments. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

a. Both statements are true.

One of the most commonly used nonparametric statistical tests is which of the following? a. Chi-square test b. Wilcoxon signed-rank test c. Mann-Whitney U test d. ANOVA

a. Chi-square test

. Of the following, which term is used in regard to numeric characteristics of the population? a. Parameter b. Control c. Correlation d. Independent variable

a. Parameter

Interrater reliability refers to which of the following? a. The extent that two or more raters obtain the same result when using the same instrument to measure a concept b. The same rater making the same assessment on two or more occasions c. Gathering data that were intended to be collected d. a and c

a. The extent that two or more raters obtain the same result when using the same instrument to measure a concept

Which of the following sets of factors has contributed to the failure of each attempt to render health care accessible to everyone? a. The health professions, national and state governments, public apathy, lack of social responsibility b. The health professions, national and state governments, public apathy c. National and state governments, public apathy, lack of social responsibility d. The health professions, public apathy, e. National and state governments, lack of social responsibility.

a. The health professions, national and state governments, public apathy, lack of social responsibility

Which of the following is true of the t-test? a. The t-test is used to analyze the difference between two means. b. The dependent t-test determines differences in the mean between two independent groups. c. When the test is used on a single group that yields pretreatment and posttreatment scores, it is known as a t-test for independent samples. d. a and c

a. The t-test is used to analyze the difference between two means.

. Accepting the obligation to tell the truth and expecting others to do the same is which of the following? a. Veracity b. Fairness c. Confidentiality d. Societal trust

a. Veracity

A Type I alpha error is which of the following? a. When the researcher rejects the null hypothesis b. When the researcher accepts the null hypothesis

a. When the researcher rejects the null hypothesis

Focus group interviews are conducted with _______ members of the intended target audience and last approximately ________ minutes. a. 5-10; 10-15 b. 5-10; 30-60 c. 15-30; 10-15 d. 15-30; 30-60

b. 5-10; 30-60

. What is the median of the following distribution of scores—3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14? a. 4 b. 6 c. 7 d. 14

b. 6

A normal distribution assumes that approximately what percentage of the population falls within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean? a. 50% b. 68% c. 75% d. 90%

b. 68%

A dental hygienist who is working for policy change to address the inequalities of the current oral health delivery system would be acting in which of the following capacities? a. Educator b. Advocate c. Policy maker d. Public health advisor

b. Advocate

The American Dental Hygienists' Association occasionally sends out action alerts to the membership because a piece of legislation is coming up for a vote that will impact oral health and the practice of dental hygiene. Dental hygienists can influence the opinion of their legislators by responding to these alerts by assuming which of the following roles? a. Educator b. Advocate c. Researcher d. Administrator

b. Advocate

Professional ethics is the code by which the profession regulates actions and sets standards for its members, with the recognition that professionals: a. May not belong to a society or an association of their peers. b. Are accountable for their actions. c. Are legally bound to support the actions of the group. d. Abdicate responsibility for their actions.

b. Are accountable for their actions.

Increased knowledge will result in meaningful changes in behavior. Health messages that cover a number of concepts reach the greatest number of people. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true

b. Both statements are false.

Which of the following codes of ethics provides guidance to the dental hygiene profession? a. Code of Ethics of the American Dental Association b. Code of Ethics of the American Dental Hygienists Association (ADHA) c. Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association (AMA) d. Code of Ethics of the State Board of Dentistry

b. Code of Ethics of the American Dental Hygienists Association (ADHA)

o be successful, all policy initiatives should involve which of the following types of effort among partners and stakeholders? a. Constrictive b. Collaborative c. Competing d. Independent

b. Collaborative

. The following scenario is an example of which theory of health promotion? A church pastor noticed that elders of the church have stopped coming to church suppers because they were mostly edentulous and appeared to be embarrassed. The pastor called the dental school for help, which provided appropriate care, and gradually the elders became comfortable eating and resumed their attendance at the suppers. a. Diffusion of innovations theory b. Community organization theory c. Social learning theory d. Stages of change theory

b. Community organization theory

Which concept of the diffusion of innovations theory helps us tailor innovation to the intended audience's values, norms, or situation? a. Relative advantage b. Compatibility c. Complexity d. Observability

b. Compatibility

The independent t-test determines which of the following? a. Differences in the mean between two dependent groups b. Differences in the mean between two independent groups c. Differences in the median between two dependent groups d. Differences in the median between two independent groups

b. Differences in the mean between two independent groups

. Relative advantage is a concept of which of the following theories? a. Stages of change b. Diffusion of innovations c. Health Belief Model d. Social learning

b. Diffusion of innovations

Suggestions for overcoming translation barriers include which of the following? a. Translate materials from English to the needed language. b. Field test the materials with a variety of members from the intended audience. c. Use family members to translate technical information.

b. Field test the materials with a variety of members from the intended audience.

The P value indicates which of the following? a. A range of values within which the parameters of the population have a probability of lying b. How likely it is that the study could have come to a false scientific conclusion c. How many subjects are needed to provide significance d. The rejection of a null hypothesis when it is true

b. How likely it is that the study could have come to a false scientific conclusion

. The model of care that will result in improving the oral health of underserved populations by providing services in communities where underserved individuals receive social, educational, and general health services, thus transitioning from a surgical model to a comprehensive primary care model, is which of the following? a. Midlevel model b. Interprofessional collaboration c. Access to Care d. Medicare

b. Interprofessional collaboration

Systematic sampling is best described by which of the following? a. The random selection of subjects from two or more strata of the population b. Involves the selection of subjects by including every nth person in a list c. Provides a sample, through personal judgment, of subjects who would be most representative of the population d. Provides a group of individuals who are most readily available to be subjects in the study

b. Involves the selection of subjects by including every nth person in a list

. The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic health promotion strategies: advocacy for health, enabling people to achieve their full health potential, and which of the following? a. Reducing disparities in the health care delivery system b. Mediating different societal interests in pursuit of health c. Removing the barriers that deny access to the health care system d. Thriving as citizens

b. Mediating different societal interests in pursuit of health

. As one of the seven basic values of the dental hygiene profession, the precept that "We accept our fundamental obligation to provide services in a manner that protects all clients and minimizes harm to them and others involved in their treatment" is a statement of which of the following principles? a. Beneficence b. Nonmaleficence c. Fairness d. Professionalism

b. Nonmaleficence

. Which of the following presentation formats is most likely to have limited audience interaction? a. Poster display b. Oral paper c. Round table discussion d. Panel discussion

b. Oral paper

. Cancer staging for tumors is an example of which scale of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

b. Ordinal

Which of the following health promotion theories functions at the community level? a. Stages of change theory b. Organizational change: stage theory c. Social learning theory d. Health Belief Model.

b. Organizational change: stage theory

. According to the social learning theory, what needs to be done to reinforce self-efficacy? a. Provide information and training about action. b. Point out strengths, use persuasion and encouragement, and approach behavioral change in small steps. c. Point out others' experiences and physical changes and identify role models to emulate. d. Involve the individual and relevant others and work to change the environment, if warranted.

b. Point out strengths, use persuasion and encouragement, and approach behavioral change in small steps.

The first step in the research process is which of the following? a. Gather data. b. Review the literature. c. Assess the need. d. Determine partner opportunities.

b. Review the literature.

. Which of the following presentation formats allows for interactive discussion and limited visual presentation, usually limited to 8-10 people? a. Oral paper b. Round table discussion c. Poster display d. Panel discussion

b. Round table discussion

. The first step in beginning a research study is which of the following? a. The formulation of a hypothesis b. The formulation of an idea c. Gathering data d. Testing the null hypothesis

b. The formulation of an idea

. Which of the following statements is true concerning the concept of health care as a right in the United States? a. The Constitution specifically guarantees a "right to health." b. The fundamental basis of human rights is the recognition of the equal worth and dignity of everyone. c. When the health of people has been left solely to the current health services system, few population groups have been left without access to health care. d. The current system has been able to keep pace with the number of uninsured patients.

b. The fundamental basis of human rights is the recognition of the equal worth and dignity of everyone.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as which of the following? a. The absence of disease or infirmity b. The process of empowering (enabling) people and communities to increase their control over various determinants of health and, therefore, to improve their own health c. Not needing to take medications to survive d. A personal resource that permits people to lead productive lives

b. The process of empowering (enabling) people and communities to increase their control over various determinants of health and, therefore, to improve their own health

. The rebuttal for claims by those in favor of multiple health service delivery systems that increased patient responsibility would reduce the demand for oral health services is that: a. it is too costly. b. when we consider the 10 greatest public health achievements of the twentieth century, very little patient responsibility was involved. c. patient education increases rather than decreases demand for services. d. streamlining the system will reduce duplication of services.

b. when we consider the 10 greatest public health achievements of the twentieth century, very little patient responsibility was involved.

A perfect positive correlation is shown by ______ and a perfect negative correlation is shown by ______. a. 100; 0 b. +1.0; 0 c. +1.0; −1.0 d. alpha, ; zeta,

c. +1.0; −1.0

. When the confidence interval is 95%, what is the statistical probability that the observed results or differences between study and control groups are due purely to chance? a. 100% b. 95% c. 5% d. 0%

c. 5%

. Which part of the primary research manuscript is usually confined to approximately 200 words and concisely defines the study's purpose, methods, materials, and results? a. Methods b. Materials c. Abstract d. Results

c. Abstract

Which of the following are the core functions of public health? a. Assurance and education b. Policy development and assessment c. Assurance, assessment, and policy development d. Assessment and assurance

c. Assurance, assessment, and policy development

Which of the following is the most common nonparametric test? a. T-test b. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) c. Chi-square test d. Standard deviation

c. Chi-square test

Researchers estimate the accuracy of a sample statistic using which of the following? a. ANOVA b. Chi-square test c. Confidence intervals d. Independent t-test

c. Confidence intervals

. A result presented as either a positive or negative relationship is the result of which statistical method? a. Confidence b. A normal distribution c. Correlation d. Median

c. Correlation

The dental hygiene profession's commitment to which of the following is the foundation of society's trust and confidence? a. Continuing education b. National and state board examinations c. Ethical conduct d. Regular periodic maintenance and care

c. Ethical conduct

. Because in public health settings, which may include clinics, schools, and health fair screenings, the atmosphere is often less structured and more chaotic at times, which of the following is a true statement? a. Patient confidentiality cannot be expected to be maintained. b. The patient must be responsible for his/her own records. c. Greater care must be taken to ensure confidentiality of patient records. d. Patient records should not be maintained on site.

c. Greater care must be taken to ensure confidentiality of patient records

Which theory states that understanding people's perceptions is necessary in order to motivate an individual to take preventive action? a. Social learning theory b. Diffusion of innovations theory c. Health Belief Model d. Organizational change: stage theory

c. Health Belief Model

. The social learning theory posits that people learn primarily in four ways: direct experience, vicarious experience, inferred knowledge, and which of the following? a. Social pressure to conform b. Modeling authority figures c. Judgments voiced by others d. Desire for new experiences

c. Judgments voiced by others

A normally acceptable P value is which of the following? a. P < 0.99 b. P < 0.95 c. P < 0.05 d. P < 0.01

c. P < 0.05

. Which of the following statements concerning responsibility in communication is true? a. Understanding a message regarding health risk is the same as knowledge. b. People will still maintain their own opinions but only if they have misunderstood the message. c. People's beliefs change very slowly, even when factual information is presented. d. It is not a social responsibility of dental professionals to communicate risk; rather, it is the patient's right of self-determination.

c. People's beliefs change very slowly, even when factual information is presented.

. According to the Health Belief Model, which of the following is one's opinion of the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact? a. Perceived severity b. Perceived susceptibility c. Perceived benefits d. Perceived barriers

c. Perceived benefits

Which of the following concepts represents the first stage of the stages of change theory? a. Decision/determination b. Action c. Precontemplation d. Contemplation

c. Precontemplation

. Which of the following programs provides training to dental professionals on recognizing and reporting suspected cases of domestic violence? a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) b. Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) c. Prevent Abuse and Neglect through Dental Awareness (PANDA) d. Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention (OSAP)

c. Prevent Abuse and Neglect through Dental Awareness (PANDA)

Which of the following types of sampling provides the most external validity, or the degree to which the results of the study can be generalized to settings other than the one included? a. Stratified sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Random sampling d. Convenience sampling

c. Random sampling

. A statistical analysis would most likely be found in which of the sections of a primary research manuscript? a. Abstract b. Materials and methods c. Results d. Discussion

c. Results

Which theory assumes that at any point in time everyone is at a different stage of readiness to make lifestyle changes and that people cycle through the various stages over time? a. Community organization theory b. Social learning theory c. Stages of change theory d. Diffusion of innovations theory

c. Stages of change theory

When a dental hygienist suspects that a child patient is a victim of abuse or neglect, which of the following principles applies? a. The hygienist is bound by patient confidentiality and should not tell anyone. b. The parent or caregiver should be confronted. c. The dental professional is required by law to report any information to the appropriate authorities. d. The hygienist is bound by a moral code but not by any law to report it.

c. The dental professional is required by law to report any information to the appropriate authorities.

A reputable journal is commonly affiliated with a professional group or society, a specialty group, or a reputable scientific publisher. A reputable scientific journal may be a journal that is a popular magazine or published by a commercial firm. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true

c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

Which of the following is true concerning independent and dependent variables? a. The dependent variable is controlled or manipulated by the researcher. b. The independent variable is thought to depend on or to be caused by the dependent variable. c. The independent variable is controlled or manipulated by the researcher and is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable. d. a and c

c. The independent variable is controlled or manipulated by the researcher and is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable.

Evaluating each contributed article for accuracy and reflection of current knowledge, relevancy of content, and issues involving appropriate scientific style and method of writing is which of the following? a. Editorializing b. Peer review c. Validation d. Assessment

c. Validation

. Parametric statistics work best in which of the following cases? a. When the sample is skewed and randomized and small b. When the sample is skewed and randomized and large c. When the sample is adequate and randomized and continuous d. When the sample is large and randomized and adequate

c. When the sample is adequate and randomized and continuous

The shortage of dental professionals has led to new interest in: a. shortening the length of the professional school curriculum. b. increasing support for creation of more dental professional schools. c. introducing a credential for a dental midlevel provider. d. reducing entry restrictions for graduates of foreign dental professional programs.

c. introducing a credential for a dental midlevel provider.

The research statement which assumes that there is no statistically significant difference among the groups being studied is a __________________. a. random sample b. target population c. null hypothesis d. independent variable

c. null hypothesis

. Discrete data are _________________. a. measurements made from a particular value within a defined range b. quantitative in nature c. qualitative in nature d. measurements made from a particular value and defined range that are quantitative in nature

c. qualitative in nature

Successful risk communication: a. convinces the person that the risks outweigh the benefits. b. limits the level of people's understanding of relevant issues. c. reassures those involved that they are adequately informed within the limits of available knowledge. d. ensures that the person will proceed with the desired behavior despite the risks.

c. reassures those involved that they are adequately informed within the limits of available knowledge

During data collection, it is important to use calibrated instruments that are valid and _______________________. a. sophisticated b. honored c. reliable d. justified

c. reliable

As part of social responsibility, a dental hygienist advocates for oral health and wellness by educating about prevention and which of the following? a. Effecting a change in the workforce distribution b. Advocating for increased Medicare coverage c. Increasing the number of schools of dental hygiene d. Advocating for changes in the dental hygienist's scope of practice

d. Advocating for changes in the dental hygienist's scope of practice

Which test allows for comparison among three or more sample means by analyzing interactions between and among the variances of the multiple groups? a. Independent t-test b. T-test for dependent samples c. Nonparametric inferential statistics d. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

d. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act mandate oral health benefits for which of the following populations (with no out-of-pocket costs) and services? a. Children and adults; preventive and restorative b. Children and adults; preventive c. Children; preventive and restorative d. Children; preventive

d. Children; preventive

Of the following, which method is appropriate for determining, prior to a launch, whether the messages are at the appropriate language and literacy level and culturally acceptable to the intended audience? a. An audiovisual presentation to the staff b. Review of the material with local linguistic experts c. Testing through social media d. Focus group

d. Focus group

. The ACA has significantly increased oral health provisions for children from low-income families in which of the following ways? a. Increases in grant funding for school-based sealant programs b. A focus on early childhood cares c. Established loan repayment provisions for workforce d. Increases in grant funding for school-based sealant programs, a focus on early childhood caries, and established loan repayment provisions for workforce

d. Increases in grant funding for school-based sealant programs, a focus on early childhood caries, and established loan repayment provisions for workforce

Which of the following statements concerning communicating risk is true? a. Communicating risk is an easy task. b. Comparative risk analyses are effective. c. Comparative risk analyses convey trust. d. Laypeople are concerned with the risk to themselves

d. Laypeople are concerned with the risk to themselves

. The health care crisis has been recognized, reported, discussed, and debated for more than 50 years; what type of progress has been made? a. Significant b. Good c. Moderate d. Minimal

d. Minimal

Another name for t-test for dependent samples is which of the following? a. Paired samples b. Matched samples c. Repeated measures t-test d. Paired samples, matched samples, and repeated measure t-tests

d. Paired samples, matched samples, and repeated measure t-tests

Who currently has the primary responsibility for ensuring the transfer of personal health information among providers? a. Federal government b. Physician or dentist c. Internet d. Patient

d. Patient

. Which of the following presentation formats is most likely to have a very brief time with an audience? a. Video presentation b. Oral paper c. Round table discussion d. Poster presentation

d. Poster presentation

Which type of sampling prevents the possibility of selection bias by the researcher? a. Purposive sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Systematic sampling d. Random sampling

d. Random sampling

Which of the following scales of measurement is the most powerful? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

d. Ratio

Effectively communicating for shared decision making depends on which of the following? a. Respecting beliefs b. Gathering information consistent with the public's point of view c. Selecting the best vehicle for message delivery d. Respecting beliefs, gathering information consistent with the public's point of view, and providing a professional account of the evidence

d. Respecting beliefs, gathering information consistent with the public's point of view, and providing a professional account of the evidence

. The essential strategic planning steps for effective health communication, in correct order, are which of the following? a. Analyze and segment the target audience, set communication objectives, review the background information, and develop a promotion plan. b. Set communication objectives, develop a promotion plan, pretest the message, and conduct an outcome evaluation. c. Develop a promotion plan, analyze the target audience, pretest the message, and conduct an outcome evaluation. d. Review the background information, analyze the target audience, develop and pretest message concepts, and develop a promotion plan.

d. Review the background information, analyze the target audience, develop and pretest message concepts, and develop a promotion plan.

The independent t-test is also known as which of the following? a. Student's t-test b. Two-sample t-test c. Matched sample d. Student's t-test and two-sample test

d. Student's t-test and two-sample test

Which of the following are foundational to evidence-based decision making (EBDM)? a. Systematic reviews b. Peer reviews c. Meta-analysis d. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis

d. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis

. The most effective way to reach individuals to increase their knowledge or to change behavior is which of the following? a. Send generic messages b. Use targeted materials c. Personalize messages d. Tailor messages

d. Tailor messages

. The current health care system has been able to keep pace with which of the following? a. The number of uninsured patients and expanding populations b. Shifts in demographics and degradation of the environment c. Degradation of the environment and changes in lifestyles and value systems d. The current health care system has not been able to keep pace with the number of uninsured patients, expanding populations, shifts in demographics, degradation of the environment, and changes in lifestyles and value systems.

d. The current health care system has not been able to keep pace with the number of uninsured patients, expanding populations, shifts in demographics, degradation of the environment, and changes in lifestyles and value systems.

. Which of the following statements is true regarding the view that oral health problems are primarily the patient's problem and that the patient must be educated on how to improve oral health? a. This approach is doomed to failure because it skips directly to a generic intervention. b. This approach is recommended because it is a cognitive approach. c. This approach does not assess or validate the patient's point of view or health beliefs. d. This approach is doomed to failure because it skips directly to a generic intervention and does not assess or validate the patient's point of view or health beliefs.

d. This approach is doomed to failure because it skips directly to a generic intervention and does not assess or validate the patient's point of view or health beliefs.

. Which of the following is most often used to measure interval and ratio variables? a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Variance

d. Variance

. A type II beta () error means which of the following? a. The conclusion states that no relationship exists when one actually does. b. The conclusion states that a relationship exists when it does not. c. The null hypothesis is accepted but is actually false. d. a and c

d. a and c

Continuous data use which of the following scales of measurement? a. Interval and ordinal b. Ordinal and ratio c. Ratio and interval d. a and c

d. a and c