pharm test 1 chapters 1-5

drug action

Expected pharmacological response when a drug is absorbed and sent to the receptor sites

Phase __________ studies help to determine whether the potential benefits for the drug outweigh the risks.

III

_______ injections are avoided in pediatric patients because of the associated pain and unpredictable absorption

Intramuscular (IM)

Maintenance dose

smaller continued dose of a drug that maintains therapeutic levels.

Intravenous (IV) medications should be administered using __________ technology.

smart pump

Drugs may be given for local or __________ effects.

systemic

medication

term used for a drug given for therapeutic purposes.

passive diffusion

the movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

dosage

the size or frequency of a dose of a medicine or drug.

Pharmocology

the study of drugs (chemicals) that alter functions of living organisms

Pharmacokinetics

the study of movement of drugs in the body. Includes processes of absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism) & excretion of drugs

Controlled drugs are categorized according to therapeutic usefulness and potential for abuse.

true

In drugs with a longer half-life, doses should be decreased

true

Injections in infants should be administered in the vastus lateralis

true

Naloxone is used to relieve respiratory depression associated with morphine

true

Pediatric drug doses are determined strictly using the child's weight

true

Prescriptions for Schedule II drugs cannot be refilled.

true

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for assuring that new drugs are safe and effective before approving the drugs and allowing them to be marketed.

true

The risk of CNS effects related to drugs is higher in infants than in adults because of the immature blood-brain barrier.

true

Toxic concentrations may stem from a single large dose or repeated small doses.

true

Water-soluble drugs such as antibiotics are distributed in smaller volumes due to the decrease in total body fluid volume. (in geriatric patients)

true

Adverse effects

undesirable secondary effects of a drug besides the desired the primary effects that drug is given for.

Drug therapy

use of drugs to prevent, diagnose or cure disease processes or to relieve S&S without curing the underlying disease.

Drug classification

way to group similar drugs or a group of drugs with common characteristics or uses.

__________ is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.

absorption

local effects

act mainly at the site of application

serum half-life

also called elimination half-time, is time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%.

________ may play a causal role in inducing suicide in pediatric patients.

antidepressants

drug

any chemical substance that influences living systems. Is a chemical that alters basic physiochemical processes in body cells. Can stimulate or inhibit normal cellular functions.

blood-brain barrier

barrier in the central nervous system composed of capillaries with tight bonds which acts to prevent the passage of most ion and large molecular-weight compounds, including some drug, from the blood to the brain

Due to an immature __________, drugs and other chemicals may more easily affect the CNS in young infants.

blood brain barrier

Pharmacotherapeutics

branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs or chemicals used in medicine for the tx, prevention & diagnosis of disease. Also called clinical pharmacology

Interference

by 1 drug with the metabolism or elimination of a 2nd drug . May result in intensified effects of 2nd drug. Ex: Tagamet (cimetidine) inhibits drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver & therefore interferes with metabolism of many drugs (benzodiazepine antianxiety & hypnotics, Ca channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, some antiarrhythmics, beta blockers, & anticonvulsants, theophylline, warfarin). More likely to have adverse reactions & toxic effects if given together.

Activated __________ is considered the "universal" antedote.

charcoal

Drugs are classified according to their effects on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their __________ characteristics.

chemical

Drugs

chemicals that change functions of living organisms

systemic effect

circulated through blood stream and act on various tissues or organs in the body.

Therapeutic effects

clinically desirable actions

Nephrotoxicity

damage to the kidneys by a toxic substance

Hepatoxicity

damage to the liver

Pharmacologic or chemical classification

defines the type of drug according to its pharmacologic family. Ex- salicylate, penicillin, etc.

Therapeutic classification

defines the type of drug according to its use in treating a disease or disorder. Ex- analgesic, anti-inflammatory, etc.

trade or brand name

designated & patented by manufacturer. Amoxil or Polymox for amoxicillin. Can only be used by that manufacturer & is followed by registered trademark sign ®. Trade names are capitalized. Ex: Bayer Aspirin ®., ex:tylenol

Body weight affects drug action mainly in relation to ________

dose

toxic dose

dose of a drug having damaging or harmful effects or producing S&S of toxicity.

lethal dose

dose that causes death

The goals of most pharmacoeconomic research is to identify __________ therapy regimens that provide the desired benefits at the least cost.

drug

active transport

drug molecules are moved from area of lower concentration into area of high concentration. Requires carrier substance and the release of cellular energy.

facilitated diffusion

drug molecules combine with a carrier substance, such as an enzyme or other protein, to facilitate movement

chemical name

identifies the exact chemical structure of the drug according to molecular structure or placement of atoms. Used during early stage of dev before generic name assigned. Not capitalized. Ex: acetylsalicylic acid.

prototype

individual drug that represent groups of drugs. Standard used to compare new drug to or similar drugs to

Distribution

involves the transport of drug molecules within the body.

generic name

is related to the chemical or official name & is independent of the manufacturer. Can be used by any manufacturer in any country. Often indicates the drug group ("cillin" is penicillin group). Written in lower case letters. Ex: aspirin. ex: acetaminophen

Loading dose

large initial dose or doses of a drug given to rapidly reach therapeutic levels

Age-related changes to the liver affects drug __________.

metabolism

Metabolism

method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body.

Routes of Administration

method or way a drug is administered. Can be oral, ID, SQ, IM, IV, topical. Affects drug actions & responses mainly by influencing absorption & distribution

controlled substances

narcotics & other drugs which have high potential for abuse & are regulated under the Controlled Substance Act

addictive effects

occur when 2 drugs with similar pharmacologic actions are taken. Ex: alcohol + sedative = increased sedation.

drug tolerance

occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that larger doses must be given to produce the same effects

Displacement

of one drug from plasma protein-binding sites by a 2nd drug increases the effects of displaced drug. Occurs because displaced drug becomes pharmacologically active. Ex: Aspirin + warfarin = increased anticoagulant effect.

Distribution is the method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransferred by the body.

false

Hyperthyroidism slows metabolism, which shortens drug action and hastens elimination.

false

In children over the age of 2, immature liver function limits the amount of protein binding by drugs.

false

Physical activity in the older adult has no effect on drug response.

false

Total body water, fat stores, and protein amounts have no effect on drugs administered to the pediatric population.

false

dose

The amount of substance given at one time.

Controlled Substances Act

The federal law giving authority to the Drug Enforcement Administration to regulate the sale and use of drugs. enacted in 1970. law which regulates ​​ distribution of opioids & other drugs of abuse

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

By the age of __________, children have developed pharmacokinetic responses that resemble those of adults.

12

In 1997, the __________ was developed as a way to identify potentially inappropriate medications used by the older adult.

Beers Criteria

Synergism

Synergism- occurs when 2 drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effects when taken together than either does when taken alone. Ex: acetaminophen + codeine = increased analgesia.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The agency in the U.S. federal government that has the power to approve and disapprove new drugs.

Ototoxicity

Toxicity to the ears, often drug induced and manifesting as varying degrees of hearing loss that is likely to be permanent.

nonprescription or over-the-counter (otc) drugs

drugs that are considered safe to use without supervision of licensed practitioner and are not considered habit-forming.

Antagonist

drugs that inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites. This prevents natural substances or other drugs from occupying receptor sites & activating cell function. Once drug action occurs, molecules may detach & be metabolized then excreted

prescription drugs

drugs that must be ordered by physician & dispensed by pharmacist. Habit-forming drugs or drugs not safe for use except under supervision of licensed practitioner.

Agonist

drugs that produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occurring hormones, neurotransmitters & other substances. May accelerate or slow normal cellular processes, depending on type of receptor activated. Ex: epinephrine-like drugs act on heart to increase HR & acetyl choline-like drugs act on heart & slow HR

One key to increased medication adherence is __________ the patient regarding administration and adverse effects.

educating

Excretion

elimination of a drug from the body

1. The trade or brand name is related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the manufacturer.

false

Decreased circulation means that __________medications are slowly absorbed.

parenteral

__________ are used in clinical drug trials to compare the medication being tested with a "dummy" medication

placebos

During pregnancy, drugs cross the __________ and may harm the fetus.

placenta

The treatment of chronic illnesses and associated comorbidities results in __________

polypharmacy

Absorption

process that occurs between the time a drug enters the body & the time it enters the blood stream.

Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs are called __________.

prototypes