pharmacology 8-11 exam

Macrominerals

dietary minerals needed by the human body in high quantities.

zinc deficiency causes

dwarfism, retarded sexual maturation(especially in men),

iron

essential for life but toxic in excess. the body has developed systems for balancing iron intake and excretion and for efficiently transporting iron into and out of cells to maintain health. widely distributed in the us food supply.

detergents and soaps

fall into three groups anionic , nonionic, and cationic

methanol is converted into?

formaldehyde and formic acid

fluoride

forms a strong bond with calcium which means that fluoride accumulates in calcified body tissues , such as bones and teeth.

copper

frequently called the "iron twin" because the two are metabolized in much the same way and share functions as components of cell enzymes.

iodine deficiency causes

goiter, congenital hypothyroidism .

iodine poisoning

has corrosive effects in GI tract burning abdominal pain

lithium

id primarily used for for bipolar and unipolar depression it is absorbed distributed and eliminated slowly

when to report medication errors

immediately. so potential life saving measures can be performed

carbohydrates

in food provide about two-thirds of an individuals fuel for daily energy needs.

water soluble vitamins

include 8 members of the vitamin B group and vitamin C(ascorbic acid). all act as coenzymes.

nutrient drug reactions

include food, or certain dietary items influence the activity of a drug

opiods

include morphine, heroin, and codeine these drugs have widely varying potencies and durations of action. all decrease the CNS and sympathetic nervous activity. mild intoxication can cause euphoria, drowsiness, and constricted pupils.

five parts of nutrition

intake, digestion, absorption, metabolism, and elimination.

first stage(med error)

involves prescribing or ordering medication ( most often distractions occur resulting in error)

arsenic

is a cellular toxin that is readily absorbed through the GI tract and lungs. it has a metallic taste and garlic like odor, causing extreme GI irritation.

carbon monoxide

is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonirritating gas present in the exhaust of internal combustion engines in concentrations and is responsible for about 3,500 accidental deaths and suicides every year

fomaldehyde

is a gas available as 40% solution which is used as a disinfectant, fumigant, or deodorant. death is usually caused by circulatory failure

wilsons deisease

is a genetic disorder causing excess storage of copper in the body. without treatment can result in liver and nerve damage.

chlorine

is a major electrolyte along with sodium in the ecf it is a component of gastric hydrochloric acid.

potassium

is a major electrolyte of intacellular fluid it is found in blood, nerve tissue and muscle fibers. needed for normal cardiac and muscle function. deficiency can cause loss of muscle tone, weakness, paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias..

acetaminophen

is a popular alternative to salicylates as an analgesics and antipyretic and a common cause of poisoning

atropine

is a widely prescribed drug. young children are very susceptible to poisoning with this agent. older persons appear to be more sensitive to the CNS effects of it.

parenteral nutrition

is administered intravenously and can be partial or total supplies only part of the patients daily nutrition

methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol

is also called wood alcohol a dose as small as 30 ml can be fatal. 15ml can cause blindness. symptoms of methanol poisoning usually do not appear until 12-24 hours after ingestion.

zinc

is an essential trace element with wide clinical significance. it is important during growth periods, such as pregnacy lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence

essential trace minerals

also called microminerals are defined as those having a required intake of less than 100mg/day. iron, iodine, fluoride, zinc, chrormium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, and copper.

benzene

also present in most types of gasoline. poisoning may result from ingestion or from breathing the concentrated vapors.

cyanide

is an exceedingly potent and rapid-acting poison but one for which specific and effective antidotal therapy is available true medical emergency. gives bitter almond taste on breath

Nutrients

is any element or compound from the diet that supports normal metabolism, growth, reproduction, or other normal body functioning.

vitamin K

is composed of a group of substances with similar biologic activity in blood clotting. found in alfalfa. has two metabolic functions in the body blood clotting and bone development.

poison

is defined as any agent that in small amounts can cause death or serious body injury

cholecalciferol (VITAMIN D)

is not actually a true vitamin because it is made in our own bodies with the help of the suns ultraviolet rays. a deficiency causes rickets

toluene

is present in some cements that is sniffed or huffed as a recreational drug

cocaine

is rapidly metabolized by the liver and its effects are seen quickly in less than 5 minutes lasting only 30 minutes

iron deficiency causes

anemia.

the most common drugs error involve?

antibiotics and analgesics

ethylene glycol is found in

antifreeze, and deicing solutions to carpet and fabric cleaners

herbal supplements

any mixture of ingredients based on plant sources and designed for improvement of health or treatment of certain conditions

cationic

are commonly used for bactericidal purposes in hospitals and homes . can be fatal

benzpdiazepines

are easily absorbed, exhibiting 85% to 99% protein binding the plasma.CNS depressant effects materialize within 30 minutes of acute overdose

Essential Nutrients

are needed by the body for the normal functioning. Cannot be synthesized by the body and thus must be derived from the diet.

macronutrients

are needed by the human body in relatively large amounts and constitute the bulk of the diet. they supply energy as well as essential nutrients, needed for growth, maintenance, and activity.

vitamins

are organic (carbon containing) compounds required for normal human growth, development, and maintenance of normal body function.

benzene and toluene

are solvents used in paint removers, dry cleaning solutions, and rubber and plastic cements.

Essential amino acids

are those components of proteins that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be provided by the diet

sentinel events

are unexpected occurrences involving death or serious physical physiological injury or risk thereof.

acids

are used in many types of industry and laboratories. they are almost always ingested with suicidal intent.

alkalies

are used throughout various industries as well as in cleansers and drain cleaners.

risk management dept

are used to minimize medication errors and examine risks that may cause them.

major minerals

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chlorine.

lead

can occur where there is old house paint or lead pipes. rare in adults but common in children

anionic

common household soaps , and detergents that may cause diarrhea but have no serious effects and no treatment is required

enteral nutrition

complete replacement of oral feeding is indicated for patients who require intensive protein and caloric support and who are unable or unwilling to take oral supplementation.

nonionic

contain phosphates water softeners if ingested they may cause hypocalcemia. does not require treatment

digitalis

contains digoxin which is widely used for the treatment o f heart failure poisoning may result in multiple organ failure and recurrence of toxicity after treatment has ended

ascorbic acid(vit C)

is required for building and maintaining strong tissues for would healing, resistance to infection, and enhanced iron absorption. is thought to lower the incidence of atherosclerosis by aiding the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. A DEFICIENCY CAN RESULT IN SCURVY.

magnesium

is required to form proteins it stimulates muscle contraction and nerve transmission

medication error

is the inappropriate or incorrect administration of a drug that should be preventable through effective system controls involving physicians, pharmacists, nurses, risk management personnel, legal counsel and patients. has three stages

sodium

is the major electrolyte in the extracellular fluid(ecf). it helps body fluid balance. also regulates nerve transmission and cell membrane irritability. primary source is table salt. deficiency causes headache, confusion, nausea, weakness. toxicity causes edema and hypertension

nutrition

is the process of how the body takes in and uses food and other sources of nutrients for growth and repair of tissues.

isopropyl alcohol

is used as a sterilizing agent or as rubbing alcohol

the third stage(med error)

is when the medication is administered and monitored for side effects( often a result of misread prescriptions because of similar labels.

symptoms of lead poisoning

metallic taste in mouth, pain, vomiting, collapse and coma

symptoms of mercury poisoning

metallic taste, salivation, thirst, burning in the throat, discoloration and edema, of oral mucous membranes.

Cobalamin(B12)

promotes normal function of all cells especially normal blood formation. also necessary for proper nervous system function. naturally found in animal products .

polypharmacy

receiving multiple medications, sometimes for the same condition, that have pharmacologic actions.

detection of poisons

requires correct diagnosis, and can stimulate other diseases

essential fatty acids

such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. and are required in amounts equaling 6% to 10% of fat intake(5-10g/day)

total parenteral nutrition

supplies all the patients daily nutritional requirements . a peripheral vein may be used for a short period of time

root cause analysis(rca)

to prevent future mistakes, asking exactly what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent a recurrence.

micronutrients

vitamins and essential trace minerals comprise thisq

fiber

(complex carb) a type of complex carb that does not supply energy or heat to the body.

folate

(folic acid) major source is leafy green veggies. is essential to the formation of hemoglobin and synthesis of amino acids. a deficiency of this can cause enemia.

fat yields

9 kilocalories of energy per 1 g consumed (9 kcal/g)

influential factors of poisons

1. age 2. location: 3.access: 4.containers: 5.supervision:

4 things that occur in substance abuse

1. failure to fulfill parenting, school, or work obligations 2. hazardous behavior, such as driving under the influence 3. recurrent related legal problems, such as driving under the influnce(DUI) 4. continued use of substances despite continuing social or interpersonal problems.

termed to be substance- dependent when

1. tolerance 2. withdrawal 3. increasing consumption 4. desire to quit 5. excessive time spent on abuse 6. fewer occupational, recreational, or social activities 7. continued use while understanding the physiologic and psychological effects

strategies for handling medication errors

1.Assessment: asking about allergies, health conditions, educating the patient. 2.Planning: avoiding abbreviations that can be misunderstood, questioning order that are unclear, and follow all procedures. 3.Implementation: eliminate distractions during administration. 4.Evaluation:assessing the patient for the correct outcomes and determining any adverse effects.

guidelines in reducing medication errors

1.Using an adequate number of health staff who are trained to prepare, dispense, and administer medication 2.Using standardized measurement systems for both inpatient and outpatients. 3.Using prospective error-tracking systems that are run on a consistent basis to target and monitor common patient errors. 4.Clearly defining a system 5.Compiling medication profiles with updated info, allergies. 6. Providing suitable work environment for safe preparation. 7.Electronic medical records and e-prescribing automatically monitor medication errors.

6 factors why medication errors occur

1.use of incorrect abbreviations,2. miscommunication(poor handwriting, similar drug names, dosing unit confusion), 3.missing information(lack of patient information, such as allergies, diseases, drug history),4. Lack of appropriate labeling,5. Environmental factors(noise, lighting, stress, and fatigue), 6. Poor management(unhealthy health care facility culture.

proteins and carbohydrates yield

4kcal/g.

Seven basic nutrients

Proteins, Fatty acids(lipids or fats), Carbohydrates, Fiber, Vitamins, Minerals, Water.

how much calcium is in the human body?

a human who weighs 150lbs has 3 pounds of calcium

calcium

acts in bone formation, impulse conduction, myocardial and skeletal muscle contractions, and blood clotting. deficiencies are usually caused by metabolic rather than nutritional deficits. bone deformities as rickets, osteomalcia, and osteoporosis occur.

iodine

basic function is to of iodine is to participate in the thyroid glands synthesis of the hormone thyroxine which in turn controls the bodys basal metabolic rate .

medication reconciliation

keeping track of a patients medications as they change health-care providers.

acetaminophen poisoning

lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and diaphoresis may occur.

polysubstance abuse

many drug users take more than one drug

most common drug abused is

nicotine and other tobacco products

common poisons

non-prescription drugs, household products, solvents, pesticides, and plants.

mercury poisoning

oftne occurs by the ingestion of inorganic mercuric salts or the inhalation of metalic mercury vapor

salicylates

or aspirin toxicity symptoms are ringing of the ears and virtigo

retinol (vitamin A)

the major function of vitamin A is in the retina of the eye. is an essential part of rhodopsin which is a pigment in the eye commonly known as visual purple. a mild deficiency will cause night blindness. Retinol also maintains healthy epithelial tissue(the outside layer of productive cells covering open surfaces of the body).

results of medication errors

the most common causes of morbidity and preventable death.

tocopherol ( vit E)

the most vital function is its action as an antioxidant. can protect fragile blood cell walls

antihistamines

there is a wide variation among patient tolerance and in the symptoms of poisoning. patients may experience CNS excitement or depression

second stage(med error)

when the medication is dispensed to patients or consumers( often as a result of insufficient or inexperienced staffing).