Pharmacology

TERMINOLOGY (PHARMACOKINETICS) Movement of drug particles from GIT and has reached the blood

Absorption

What activates cholinergic activity in the lung?

Acetylcholine agonist

DETERMINE TYPE OF ABSORPTION means of carrier (enzyme or protein), brings drugs from lower to higher concentration.

Active Transport

This drug activates or stimulate a receptor site. Give an example.

Agonists Digoxin, Epinephrine

What is the nursing priority for MG?

Airway (poss. paralysis)

What are the side effects of Cholinergic or Anticholinergic agents? Select all that apply. 1. diarrhea 2. bradycardia 3. urinary emptying 4. hypersalivation 5. bronchoconstriction 6. myosis

All of the above

Which receptors are most strongly activated when pseudoephedrine (allergic rhinitis) is administered?

Alpha 1

this disease is characterized by atrophy of brain tissue due to a deficiency of cholinergic nerves.

Alzheimer's Dse. (Enzyme cholinesterase breaks down ACh therfore reducing memory.)

A drug that cannot stop production of HCL acid but instead neutralizes it

Antacids

Nurse prepares to give a drug that will prevent receptor activation. Which term would describe action of this drug?

Antagonist

This drug inhibits or blocks the receptor site.

Antagonists

The agents wherein the action potential: Electrical current occurring in nerves and muscles

Antiarrhythmic Agents

What meds are the main reversible treatment component in COPD?

Anticholinergic bronchodilators

What class of meds work against acetylcholine and help reduce bronchospasms and mucus secetion in clients?

Anticholinergics

This sign is characterized by language difficulties seen in alzheimer's patients.

Aphasia

it is a sign of Alzheimer's that deems a pt unable to determine function and purpose of an object.

Apraxia

A problem with the rate or rhythm that has: - Change in the automaticity or conductivity of heart cells - Results from: Electrolyte imbalances; Decreased O2 delivery; Acidosis -> Alters AP; Structural damage; Drugs

Arrhythmia

What drug name indicates the name given by the manufacturer of the drug

BRAND NAMES

A drug therapy that: - Dobutamine (synthetic of Dopamine), Dopamine - Route: IV o Used in ICU/CCU - Not appropriate for chronic HF - Tolerance occur - S/E: tachycardia, hypertension

Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists

What meds are indicated for bronchospasm?

Beta 2 agonists, Cholinergic agonist

How do anticholinergic meds treat symptoms of Parkinsons disease?

Block activity of acetylcholine which helps evens out the imbalance in the brain

What drug name indicates atomic or chemical structure?

CHEMICAL NAMES

TERMINOLOGY The level of drug in the body which produces a therapeutic effect

CRITICAL CONCENTRATION

What should the nurse do when assessing for Ptosis?

Check palpebral fissure

What type of crisis is caused by an overdose of cholinergic drugs?

Cholinergic Crisis

Give an example of drug-enzyme interaction.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Lidocaine is what class of drugs used for Arrhythmia?

Class 1 B

Propranolol is what class of drugs used for Arrhythmia?

Class II

Amiodarone is what class of drugs used for Arrhythmia?

Class III

Verapamil is what class of drugs used for Arrhythmia?

Class IV

This drug binds to the same receptor site. Many drugs, one receptor. The potency of agonist is blocked

Competitive Antagonist

Myasthenia gravis is associated with what kind of muscle weakness?

Descending Muscle Weakness

What are the changes/effect of drugs in the body?

Desirable - Therapeutic Undesirable - S/e and adverse effects

What cough suppressant is derived from opioids but sold OTC?

Dextromethorpan

DETERMINE TYPE OF ABSORPTION It is the movement of drug from higher to lower concentration. Most common way drug is absorbed.

Diffusion

▪ Commonly used in HF ▪ Used also in HF ▪ Reduces s/sx of HF

Digoxin (Lanoxin/Digitalis)

TERMINOLOGY (PHARMACOKINETICS) The drug has reached the target cell or target tissue

Distribution

How does drug cause an effect/change?

Drug enters the body, the drug will bind in the receptors. Receptor means to receive even hormones and chemicals in the body (Neurotransmitters). Once there is bind, there is desirable change called therapeutic effect.

Give examples of Non-Competitive Antagonist.

E.g., Cefuroxime (Cephalosporins) and Omeprazole (PPI) when both given, potency of Cefuroxime will be reduced.

Give examples of Competitive Antagonist.

E.g., Morphine is an agonist, give Naloxone to block E.g., Diazepam is CNS depressant, give Flumazenil to block

When would nurse treat a client with a short acting beta 2 agonists?

Emergency

What drug name indicates the name approved by the medical association of pharmaceutical in the original country of manufacture?

GENERIC NAMES

One of the causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease wherein it injures the mucosa cells and activates pepsin

Gastric Acid

Hallmark sign of Digitalis Toxicity

Halo - any visual disturbance

Common cause of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Helicobacter (H.) pylori

What is the preferred route of meds administration for a client with asthma?

Inhaled

A pt is receiving amoxicillin. Nurse understand that action of this drug is by which process?

Inhibition of bacteria cell wall synthesis

Effect of cholinesterase inhibitors

It breaks down Acetylcholine. So when there is inhibitors, it blocks break down of ACh = ACh remains in the receptor

TERMINOLOGY (PHARMACOKINETICS) Drug enters the body and release of active ingredient

Liberation

What class of meds is used to help prevent clients with asthma for having future attacks?

Long acting beta 2 agonists (LABA)

What Cardiotonic drugs/ Inotropes? Pharmacodynamics: blocks enzyme phosphodiesterase

Milrinone

This type of crisis is caused by an underdose of cholinergic drugs.

Myasthenia Crisis

This disease is common in women 20-40 years of age it is characterized as a degenerative autoimmune disease

Myasthenia Gravis

What is the long term treatment for MG which is characterized by increased acetylcholine receptor binding?

Neostigmine (Prostigmin)

Why is neostigmine used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis?

Neostigmine because there is weakness + paralysis. Drugs are given to temporarily strengthen (the tone) of the muscle -> there will be contraction Neostigmine blocks cholinesterase -> no breakdown -> ACh remains in the receptor -> Muscle contracts (temporarily)

This type of antagonist will bind to a different receptor site. Potency of agonist will be reduced.

Non-Competitive Antagonist

Preferred drug route for PUD, GERD and Gastritis

Oral - Liquid (faster absorption and onset)

Response of the body to the drug is called?

PHARMACOKINETICS

The study of biological effects of chemicals is?

PHARMACOLOGY

How does the proton pump inhibitor work?

PPI inhibits the PP -> does not release HCL acid -> used for px with Peptic Ulcer Dse

Action of drug to the body is called?

Pharmacodynamics

Drug is a foreign body, an antigen. Body reacts to the drug. This term is called?

Pharmacokinetics

The study of the biological effects of chemicals that is introduced to the body.

Pharmacology

DETERMINE TYPE OF ABSORPTION engulfing drug in a vesicle

Pinocytosis

What are some recommended indications for using inhaled steroids?

Prophylaxis to prevent bronchospasm, Chronic control of asthma symptoms, Long term control of inflammation

What inhibiting pump is found in the GIT? It also secretes and release HCL acid.

Proton Pump Inhibitors

What is the initial sign of Myasthenia Gravis?

Ptosis (Weakness in the upper eyelids)

TERMINOLOGY ● The amount of drug administered to reach the critical concentration ● Right Dose + Right Time = Critical Concentration

RECOMMENDED DOSE

A positive tensilon test exhibits what characteristic?

Relieved paralysis

What are the different actions of a drug?

Replace A Missing Substance Increase Cellular Activities Depress Cellular Activities Interfere With the Growth of a Foreign Cell

How do you avoid severe cholinergic effects when administering Edrophonium?

Slow IV administration

How does carbidopa work with levadopa to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Slows down breakdown of levadopa, making more available in the brain

What test renders a positive result during a Myasthenia Crisis?

Tensilon test

True or False: Arrythmia can happen due to calcium overload

True

True or False: the goal of nurses for patients with myasthenia gravis is to improve lifestyle and delay progression of disease.

True

A drug therapy that: - decrease preload: o ACE Inhibitors - Nitrates - Nitroprusside - Hydralazine

Vasodilators

Drug enzyme interaction: what is the function of Cholinesterase inhibitors?

breaks down acetylcholine

What is a drug-enzyme interaction?

combines with enzymes to achieve desired effect

Drug actions may be through where?

o Receptors o Enzymes o Pumps o Chemical Interaction o Altering Metabolic Process

Adrenergic receptors are?

sympathetic receptors o Alpha (α) ▪ α1 ▪ α2 o Beta (β) ▪ β1 ▪ β2

Give 2 antibiotics for the management of H. Pylori

● Clarithromycin ● Amoxicillin ● Tetracycline

10 R's of administering medication

● Right Medication ● Right Dose ● Right Patient ● Right Time ● Right Route ● Right Documentation ● Right Client Education ● Right To Refuse ● Right Assessment ● Right Evaluation