Pharmacology Chapter 3

What are antiadrenergics or sympatholytics?

Drugs that would antagonize the sympathetic response. also referred to as blockers.

What are Efferent Nerves?

also known as motor pathways. carry impulses away from the central nervous system

What are Afferent nerves?

pathways that carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). also known as sensory nerves

What is reuptake?

the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted.

Acetylcholine is broken down by which of the following?

AChE

Define Sympatholytics

AKA adrenergic blockers. general effect is to block or slow the effects of the sympathetic system.

The parasympathetic system uses which of the following neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine

What are the two main neurochemical substances stored/manufactured at the ends of the nerve fibers?

Acetylcholine(ACh) and Norepinephrine (NE).

What does the PNS consist of?

All of the nerves "outside" of the brain and spinal cord

Which receptor is activated by the administration of phenylephrine?

Alpha

Types of adrenergic receptors?

Alpha1: Found in vascular smooth muscle(contracts), pupil(dilates), and pilomotor smooth muscle (Goose bumps). Beta1: Heart (stimulates rate and force. Beta 2: Respiratory (Bronchodilates), Somatic Motor (tremors). Dopamine: Renal (Relaxes arteries).

Which of the following is associated with administration of a parasympatholytic?

Decreased Salivation

What are sympathomimetics?

Drugs that act on norepinephrine receptors, mimic sympathetic responses.

What are Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics?

Drugs that block parasympathetic receptors.

What are Adrenergics/Sympathomimetics?

Drugs that stimulate or mimic the sympathetic receptors? include alpha and or beta drugs

Define Beta receptors

Are either beta1 or beta2. Found primarily in the cardiac muscle, where stimulatoin results in positive chronotropic (increase in rate), dromotropic (Increase in conduction), and Inotropic (increase in contraction). Effects on the cardiac system.

Beta1-receptor stimulation results in a positive chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic effect on the cardiac system. What does each term mean, respectively?

Beta1-receptor stimulation results in an increase in heart rate, an increase in conduction, and an increase in contraction.

Further is depth on Beta 2 receptors

Beta2: found within smooth muscle of the airways and in certain blood vessels, and stimulation occurs in vasodilation and bronchodilation.

Stimulation of the sympathetic system causes which of the following? Decreased heart rate, Bladder Relaxation, Bronchoconstriction, Increased Digestion

Bladder Relaxation

If acetylcholinesterase were inhibited, which of the following effects would you expect on the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Bradycardia and Hypotension

Of the following, which is not considered a part of the peripheral nervous system?

Brain and Spinal Nerves.

After administration of a beta-blocker, which of the following would you suspect?

Bronchoconstriction

All of the following receptors are considered adrenergic except:

Cholinergic

Which of the following occurs after acetylcholine is released to the muscarinic receptor?

Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at both the pre- and postganglionic junctions of the sympathetic system.

False

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter at the preganglionic junction of the sympathetic system.

False

The PNS is not made up of more than one nervous system.

False

The autonomic system (ANS) is made up of the parasympathetic system and the somatic system.

False

The sympathetic system controls digestives actions.

False

Voluntary skeletal muscle movement is not controlled by the somatic system.

False

What are dopamine receptors?

Found in Renal tissues. Stimulation causes relaxation of the renal arteries and increases perfusion to the kidneys.

define alpha receptors

Found primarily in smooth muscle of blood vessels, can be of two types, either alpha1 or alpha2, causes vasoconstriction.

Beta 1 stimulation primarily affects which of the following?

Heart

Receptors that bind with norepinephrine include which of the following? I. Adrenergic II. Alpha III. Beta IV. Muscarinic

I. Adrenergic II. Alpha III. Beta

Which of the following receptors can bind with acetylcholine? I. Cholinergic II. Adrenergic III. Muscarinic IV. Nicotinic

I. Cholinergic, III. Muscarinic. IV. Nicotinic

After giving an antimuscarinic agent, which of the following physiologic responses would you anticipate? I. Increased heart rate II. Increased bronchodilation III. Decreased heart rate IV. Bronchoconstriction

I. Increased heart rate II. Increased Bronchodilation

What are the processes by which norepinephrine can be eliminated? I. Reuptake II. Metabolism by AChE III. Metabolism by MAO IV. Metabolism by COMT

I. Reuptake III.Metabolism by MAO IV. Metabolism by COMT

Which of the following are considered adrenergic receptors? I. Muscarinic receptors II. Beta-receptors III. Nicotinic receptors IV. Alpha-receptors

II. Beta-receptors IV. Alpha- Receptors

A patient is taking the following respiratory medications: ipratropium bromide, tiotropium bromide, albuterol, labetalol, and acetaminophen. Which of the following medications would you recommend discontinuing at this time? I. Labetalol II. Ipratropium bromide III. Albuterol IV. Acetaminophen

II. Ipratropium Bromide III. Albuterol

Which of the following statements are true? I. Acetylcholine is the postganglionic neurotransmitter in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. II. Norepinephrine is the postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic division. III. The nicotinic receptor is found at the preganglionic junction in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. IV. The neuroeffector site in the sympathetic division is the muscarinic receptor

II. Norepinephrine is the postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic division. III. The nicotinic receptor is found at the preganglionic junction in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Medications that block the normal function of the sympathetic system are referred to as which of the following? I. Sympathomimetics II. Parasympatholytics III. Antiadrenergics IV. Sympatholytics

III. Antiadrenergics IV. Sympatholytics

Which of the following would result from the stimulation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? I. Increased heart rate and contractility II. Pupil dilation III. Increased digestion IV. Bronchoconstriction

III. Increased Digestion IV. Bronchoconstriction

Types of cholinergic receptors include which of the following? I. Alpha-receptors II. Beta-receptors III. Muscarinic receptors IV. Nicotinic receptors

III. Muscarinic Receptors IV. Nicotinic Receptors

What are adrenergic receptors?

If the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and the impulse reaches the postsynaptic site, norepinephrine is released and binds with the adrenergic receptors. Found on the glands or smooth or cardiac muscles. Bind with NE.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for all of the following except: Involuntary control, skeletal muscle movement, conduction of sensory information, and voluntary movement.

Involuntary control

Which of the following is not true of sensory information?

It is known as a motor pathway

In the event of stress, which of the following receptors would not respond?

Muscarinic

All of the following are sympathetic antagonists except:

Muscarinics

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) uses what two neurotransmitters?

NE and ACh

What is the name of the site in which the primary action of neurotransmitters take place?

Neuroeffector site

What receptor is found at the presynaptic junction in the sympathetic system and parasympathetic system?

Nicotinic

Which of the following is albuterol is considered?

Noncatecholamine

Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are coordinated via which two systems?

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

Which of the following does not stimulate a receptor to cause a specific response?

Parasympatholytic

Which term best represents a type of medication used to antagonize or block the parasympathetic response?

Parasympatholytics

Bronchodilation is achieved by using which of the following classifications of drugs? I. Parasympatholytics II. Sympatholytics III. Adrenergic agonists

Parasympatholytics and Adrenergic Agonists.

All of the following are considered catecholamines except?

Phenylephrine

All of the following are sympathomimetic drugs except?

Propranolol

What is caused by stimulation of the dopamine receptors?

Relaxation of renal arteries

Which of the following terms describes the process by which norepinephrine is recycled back into the synaptic cleft?

Reuptake

The autonomic nervous system does not regulate: Cardiac Muscle Control, Digestion, Skeletal Muscle Movement, Blood Vessel Constriction

Skeletal Muscle Movement

What is the somatic system responsible for?

Skeletal Muscle Movement

Which of the following is not true of dopamine receptors?

Stimulation causes constrictriction of the renal arteries

Which of the following is expected upon administration of a sympathomimetic?

Stimulation of norepinephrine

What occurs when the alpha-adrenergic agent phenylephrine is applied topically?

Swollen vessels constrict

What division in the autonomic nervous system controls piloerection?

Sympathetic

When a surprise quiz is announced, which division of the autonomic nervous system is likely to be stimulated?

Sympathetic System

The nervous system consists of what?

The Central and Peripheral nervous system

The autonomic nervous system is divided into what?

The Sympathetic (Fight or flight), and Parasympathetic (sleep and eat).

What does the CNS consist of?

The brain and the spinal cord

The relationship between the parasympathetic and sympathetic system is best explained by which of the following statements?

The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems work in a coordinated, opposite fashion to maintain balance

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter found in what part of what system?

The postganglionic junction of the sympathetic system

What are nicotinic receptors?

The receptors to which the neurotransmitter ACh binds as it diffuses across the presynaptic junction in either the parasympathetic or the sympathetic system

Which is not considered a part of a two-junction system?

The somatic nervous system

Acetylcholine binds with muscarinic receptors.

True

Adrenergic receptors are used in the sympathetic system.

True

Adrenergic receptors include dopamine receptors.

True

Afferent nerves are synonymous with sensory nerves.

True

Beta1-receptor stimulation results in an increase in heart rate.

True

Digestion is stimulated upon stimulation of the parasympathetic system.

True

Efferent nerves are also called motor pathways.

True

Efferent nerves send information to the body from the brain.

True

Homeostasis requires proper balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

True

Muscarinic receptors are used in the parasympathetic system.

True

Nicotinic receptors are found at the presynaptic junction in both the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system.

True

Norepinephrine is the neurochemical that binds with adrenergic receptors.

True

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter at the postganglionic junction of the sympathetic system.

True

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

True

Stimulation of the beta2-receptor results in bronchodilation.

True

Sympathetic stimulation can result in inhibition of salivation.

True

Vasoconstriction is the result of alpha1-receptor stimulation.

True

Beta2 stimulation results in which of the following?

Vasodilation and Bronchodilation

What are parasympatholytics?

aka anticholinergic drugs are pharmacologic antagonists of the parasympathetic nervous system?

What are muscarinic receptors?

are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. Found on involuntary muscles or glands.

What is a ganglion?

collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS

What are Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics?

drugs that mimic the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. can also be called cholinergic agonists and muscarinic drugs.

What is the PNS divided into?

somatic nervous system (control skeletal muscles during voluntary movement). and autonomic nervous system ( involuntary or automatic part of PNS.)

What is Acetylcholinesterase?

the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters

Afferent nerves send information to the brain from the body.

true