PHI 115 Exam 2

(Q004) As of April 2017, the number of prisoners on death row in the United States was

2,843.

(Q017) The avoidance of topics that are distractingly controversial is one of the moral goods that is crucial to higher education.

False

(Q018) A utilitarian abolitionist is likely to argue that the death penalty is wrong because it violates basic moral principles.

False

(Q018) Harm reduction is primarily focused on reducing the number of drug users.

False

(Q018) If free speech is viewed as a universal, nonconsequentialist right, then it is wrong to limit free speech unless there is compelling evidence of harm arising from a narrowly defined class of speech.

False

(Q018) The health care debate is primarily about individual actions and decisions.

False

(Q019) Someone who takes a paternalistic viewpoint on drug use would argue that possessing and using drugs should be illegal because drug users are a drain on society.

False

(Q019) Those who criticize speech codes believe that no harm comes from hate speech.

False

(Q020) An equal right to health care necessitates equal access to all available health care resources. Question options:

False

(Q020) Peter Singer says that whether one deserves help is an important factor when deciding whether to give food to the hungry.

False

(Q020) The fact that the courts have decided that speech codes are unconstitutional proves that speech codes are immoral.

False

(Q013) According to Erwin Chemerinsky and Howard Gillman, a reasonable explanation for the recent support among students of censorship includes

a strong urge to protect others against hateful speech.

(Q001) A person's right that obligates others not to interfere with that person's obtaining something is called a

negative right.

(Q007) Singer's argument is based in what moral theory?

utilitarianism

(Q008) According to Catherine Rampell, a columnist for the Washington Post, if speech is violence, it justifies what kind of response?

violence

(Q011) Some have argued that speech critical of an identity group or speech that upsets people in such a group is a form of

violence.

(Q007) Consequentialist arguments against speech codes claim that

speech codes cause more harm than good.

(Q009) The two primary forms of justification for punishment are

that one deserves the punishment and that it will bring about good consequences for society.

(Q010) Supporters of harm-reduction strategies believe that the total amount of harm that drugs cause in our society might actually decrease, even if drug usage increases.

true, because current drug policies and laws lead to more harm than benefit

(Q010) The Supreme Court declared that mandatory death sentences are

unconstitutional.

(Q011) The Supreme Court has held that the execution of mentally disabled persons is

unconstitutional.

(Q013) According to the latest estimates, the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is about

1.2 billion.

(Q006) Each year, about how many people die in the United States due to lack of health coverage?

45,000

(Q005) In 2016, not counting China, what percentage of total worldwide executions took place in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Pakistan combined?

87 percent

(Q017) A Kantian is likely to argue that sentencing murderers to life in prison without parole creates more net happiness in society than executing murderers would.

False

(Q003) According to Mill, why is free speech essential for a democratic government?

Democratic elections require the freedom to debate and criticize policies.

(Q016) A Kantian is likely to argue that more net happiness is created in society by decriminalizing marijuana than is found under the current drug policies.

False

(Q016) Garrett Hardin contends that the rich should aid the poor and hungry but not to the level of marginal utility.

False

(Q006) Which of the following thinkers accepts retributivism?

Immanuel Kant

(Q013) David Degrazia, an advocate for moderate gun control, argues primarily against which premise of common anti-gun-control arguments?

In present-day circumstances in the United States, adequate self-defense requires that competent adults have the option of gun ownership.

(Q008) Which of the following countries has officially abolished, or stopped using, the death penalty?

Mexico

(Q015) A 2015 survey showed that the majority of the current generation of students would opt for censorship of offensive speech, racist speech, and hate speech.

True

(Q016) A campus environment that protects and respects the learning experiences of all students is one of the moral goods that is crucial to higher education.

True

(Q017) As of 2016, more than half of the U.S. population supports legalization of marijuana.

True

(Q017) John Arthur says you are not obligated to give away your kidney because it is part of your body. You have a right to it, and that weighs against whatever duty you have to help.

True

(Q017) The fundamental moral issue involved in the health care debate is justice.

True

(Q018) Peter Singer says that if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.

True

(Q019) Abolitionists have argued that even if the death penalty is a more severe punishment than life in prison, that does not mean the death penalty deters murderers better.

True

(Q019) Peter Singer believes that we should not discriminate against those who are geographically far removed from us when aiding the needy.

True

(Q019) Some egalitarians contend that health care should be distributed equally, even if this means taking resources away from the wealthy to give to the less well-off.

True

(Q020) One of the questions about interpreting the Second Amendment is whether it protects a collective right related to militia service or an individual right.

True

(Q020) Retentionists say that the death penalty protects society from repeat criminals better than any other form of punishment.

True

(Q016) What is a common retentionist reply to the abolitionist claim that if the death penalty discriminates against blacks, it is unjust?

Unjust administration of a punishment does not entail the injustice of the punishment itself.

(Q009) Some argue that we must aid the needy people of other lands because we have

a duty of beneficence.

(Q008) Singer says that giving money to famine relief is

a duty.

(Q003) Garrett Hardin uses the lifeboat metaphor to argue that if the rich help the poor, the result will be

a greater tragedy than that which would result by ignoring the immediate needs of the poor.

(Q003) According to Norman Daniels, claiming a moral right to health care includes the claim that society has a duty to provide

a just allocation of different types of health care services.

(Q009) A commonplace slight or insult conveyed intentionally or unintentionally by words or actions to disadvantaged groups is

a microaggression.

(Q014) Those who wish to eliminate capital punishment are called

abolitionists.

(Q015) John Rawls argues in his A Theory of Justice that people are entitled to

an equal chance to acquire the basic goods of society.

(Q012) Laws and policies designed to restrict the possession, use, and availability of firearms

are called gun control.

(Q008) Why do some proponents of decriminalization believe that utilitarianism is the wrong way to approach issues surrounding drug policy and law?

because utilitarianism views these issues in terms of harm, but the more important concern is justice

(Q005) Speech codes are

campus regulations that ban hate speech.

(Q007) Louis Pojman, in supporting the idea of the death penalty as a form of deterrence, appeals to

common sense.

(Q011) One criticism of libertarianism is that it conflicts with

commonsense morality.

(Q010) The argument against speech codes that they do more harm than good is an appeal to which moral theory?

consequentialism

(Q006) Permitting people to use drugs without incurring criminal penalties is called

decriminalization.

(Q001) Utilitarian retentionists can argue for the death penalty by claiming that it brings about a greater net happiness through

deterrence of future crime.

(Q013) Broad questions about who should get health care, who should provide it, and who should pay for it are ultimately questions about what kind of justice?

distributive

(Q007) Since 1980, drug-related deaths have

doubled.

(Q014) The states with the largest increases in gun ownership also have the largest

drops in violent crimes.

(Q002) An intense craving for a drug and compulsive, uncontrolled use of the drug despite harm done to the user or other people is called

drug addiction.

(Q015) Those who believe that the world's food should be shared equally by everyone are known as

egalitarians.

(Q005) The egalitarian view of justice holds which of the following values as MOST important?

equality

(Q012) The egalitarian theory of justice begins with the idea that

everyone is of equal value and worthy of equal moral consideration.

(Q014) Theories of distributive justice involve questions regarding a distribution of goods that is

fair.

(Q004) Natural law theory supports the use of some mind-altering drugs for recreational purposes.

false, because all mind-altering drugs force the mind into an unnatural state

(Q009) Some utilitarian views hold that illicit drug use is morally permissible even if it causes more overall harm than good.

false, because utilitarianism holds that only those actions that cause more good than harm are morally permissible

(Q010) Medicaid is a health insurance program funded by

federal and state governments together.

(Q012) The act of killing (1) with premeditation; (2) while performing a major crime (felony) such as armed robbery, kidnapping, or rape; or (3) involving particular egregious circumstances such as the deaths of several people or of a child or police officer is generally known as

first-degree murder.

(Q006) The right to express your opinions or ideas without burdensome restraints from government or society is called

free speech.

(Q002) According to Supreme Court rulings, what kind of speech does the First Amendment protect?

hate speech

(Q004) Spoken or written words used to insult, disparage, or attack people based on their social or ethnic group are called

hate speech.

(Q006) Libertarian theories of justice emphasize

individual liberties and negative rights.

(Q003) A legal moralist would argue against drug use by claiming that drug use

is immoral.

(Q014) Some have argued that the term "microaggression" is inappropriate because

it needlessly increases tension between often well-intentioned persons and the aggrieved persons.

(Q011) The doctrine that the government is justified in restricting people's freedom in order to force them to obey moral rules is called the

legal moralism principle.

(Q004) If you believe that you have no duty to help the poor and hungry of the world and that you are not obligated to share your resources with those less fortunate, then your view is consistent with

libertarianism.

(Q004) The libertarian view of justice holds which of the following values as MOST important?

liberty

(Q001) A type of health insurance in which providers contract with an HMO, PPO, or POS to offer health care to a group of patients at discounted costs is called Question options:

managed care.

(Q008) With regard to health care, someone who believes that there are only negative rights would hold that

no one is obligated to help a person acquire health care.

(Q001) The view that holds that free speech is a moral right that is not justified by its outcomes is the

nonconsequentialist perspective.

(Q016) Norman Daniels claims that, to ensure equal opportunity, a just society must ensure that its citizens maintain

normal species functioning.

(Q007) One area of health care in which the United States falls behind other developed countries is in

number of physicians per capita.

(Q009) Someone who believes that health care is a positive right would hold that

others are obligated to help a person acquire health care.

(Q011) Medicare is an insurance program whose coverage includes

people 65 and older.

(Q012) The general notion of justice refers to

persons getting what is fair or what is their due.

(Q002) A person's right that obligates others to help that person obtain something is called a

positive right.

(Q015) Those who support the death penalty are called

retentionists.

(Q005) Justice concerning fair punishment for wrongdoing is known as

retributive justice.

(Q013) The main nonconsequentialist argument for the death penalty is based on what theory of punishment?

retributivism

(Q010) Some critics of Garrett Hardin's view insist that the lifeboat metaphor is simplistic and that it ignores some hard facts about rich and poor nations. One such fact is that

rich nations have been taking advantage of poor ones and therefore bear some of the responsibility for their predicament.

(Q002) "Obamacare" is a name used to refer to

the Affordable Care Act.

(Q002) An abolitionist response to the claim that the death penalty deters future crime might be that

the evidence for deterrence is very weak.

(Q015) The principle that says that authorities are justified in restricting some people's freedoms to prevent harm to others is called

the harm principle.

(Q014) The part of the Affordable Care Act that was eliminated by Congress in 2017 was

the individual mandate requiring individuals, with some exceptions, to have basic health insurance.

(Q003) In Ernest van den Haag's argument that the death penalty is an acceptable punishment even without clear evidence that it deters future crime, he claims that it is better to risk

the lives of convicted murderers than those of innocent people.

(Q005) What is the fundamental right from which most arguments for gun ownership are derived?

the right to self-defense

(Q001) According to the paternalism principle, authorities are justified in restricting some people's freedom to prevent harm to

themselves.

(Q012) Courts in the United States have often found speech codes to be

too vague to be useful.