PHI2100 Exam 1 Review
The following argument commits which fallacy? You had better get straight A's this year. If you don't, I will take away your car and your allowance. appeal to pity none of the above appeal to people appeal to force
Appeal to force
A disjunctive argument form is invalid.
False
A fundamental characteristic of good reasoning is that it is persuasive.
False
A hypothetical argument or syllogism is an invalid reasoning form.
False
A sentence and a statement are equivalent concepts.
False
Affirming the disjunct is a valid form of reasoning.
False
An appeal to force fallacy uses the specific emotional response of pity to create an argument.
False
An appeal to pity fallacy uses the specific emotional response of fear to create an argument.
False
An argument is a collection of sentences one of which is said to follow from the others.
False
An argument is a collection of sentences.
False
An eternal statement is a statement that has a variable value.
False
An occasion statement is a statement that has a fixed truth value.
False
Aristotle developed an area of logic which is called statement or propositional logic.
False
Expressions such as since, because, given that are conclusion indicators.
False
Expressions such as therefore, hence, consequently are premise indicators.
False
If an argument is deductively valid, then all premises and its conclusion must be true.
False
In the logic that we study there are an infinite amount of truth values.
False
It is impossible for an argument to be valid and still have false premises and a false conclusion.
False
Logic as a discipline was developed at the end of the 19th century.
False
The difference between formal and informal fallacies is that formal fallacies depend on the content of the argument and informal fallacies depend on the structure of the argument.
False
The following is an example of a good argument: Some fruits are sweet. Some fruits are oranges. So, some fruits are sweet oranges.
False
The form of affirming the consequent is a valid form.
False
Validity has to do with the content of an argument and not with its structure.
False
A characteristic of validity is that it preserves truth.
True
A counterexample is a specific version of an invalid argument that has true premises and a false conclusion.
True
A deductively valid argument may have false premises and a false conclusion.
True
A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning.
True
A fundamental characteristic of good reasoning is that it is truth perserving
True
A slippery slope fallacy attempts to make a final event the inevitable outcome of an initial act.
True
A syllogism is an argument that consists of two premises and a conclusion and the premises and the conclusion are categorical propositions.
True
An abductively good argument is an argument that tries to find the best hypothesis to explain a phenomenon.
True
An ad hominem fallacy takes place when the speaker diverts the attention of the audience.
True
An aim of logic is to criticize the arguments of others and our own.
True
An argument can have one or more false premises and still be valid.
True
An argument is a collection of statements
True
An argument is deductive valid if it does not have counterexamples.
True
An argument is deductively invalid if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.
True
An argument is deductively valid if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.
True
An argument may be valid even if it has a true premise, a false premise and a false conclusion.
True
An inductively good argument is an argument that makes the conclusion highly likely.
True
An invalid argument is one in which the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises.
True
Aristotle developed an area of logic which is called syllogistic
True
Denying the antecedent is an invalid form.
True
Examples of inductive reasoning form are statistical inferences, analogies, causal inferences.
True
Formal logic studies the logical relations between premises and conclusions in an argument.
True
It is possible in an invalid argument that all the premises are true and the conclusion is true.
True
Logic allows us to investigate the validity of arguments
True
Logic as a discipline was developed at around 6th or 5th century BCE
True
Some common valid reasoning forms are the forms of modus ponens, and modus tollens.
True
Some fundamental concepts in logic are the concepts of validity, and truth-functionality.
True
The fallacy of equivocation is committed when the same terms is used with more than one meaning in the same argument.
True
The following is an example of a valid argument: All dogs are birds. All birds are animals that have wings. So, all dogs are animals that have wings
True
The truth value of a statement is that feature that makes it either true or false.
True
Through the study of logic we learn how to construct complex chains of reasoning.
True
To find a counterexample to an argument that is invalid, we first need to find the structure of the argument.
True
To find the structure of an argument we replace either whole statements or its terms with upper case letters.
True
Truth has to do with the content of an argument and not with its structure
True
Validity has to do with the structure of an argument and not with its content
True
Which fallacy is committed in the following argument: Senator X who holds a law degree said that global warming is not a fact. Therefore, it must be true that the Earth is not getting warmer. Correct! appeal to an unreliable authority appeal to force appeal to people none of the above
appeal to an unreliable authority
Name the type of fallacy committed and explain why the passage is an example of that type. Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim. (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Bk. I Ch. 1) appeal to people equivocation begging the question composition
begging the question
The following argument commits which fallacy? She's the best candidate for the job. I know this, because no one is better qualified. composition appeal to people begging the question equivocation
begging the question
Name the type of fallacy committed and explain why the passage is an example of that type. As far as I'm concerned, we need pay no attention to the president of the college when it comes to education because he has no authority in education. He doesn't even have enough authority to prevent students from staging protest rallies. composition begging the question slippery slope equivocation
equivocation
Name the type of fallacy committed and explain why the passage is an example of that type. I just know that getting the flu shot gives me the flu! Last year, I decided to get the flu vaccine and what do you know? I caught the flu. The same thing happened the year before that, and the year before that! There's no way I'm getting the flu shot again this year. I've had enough of the flu! ad hominem or against the person false cause composition straw man
false cause
The composition fallacy applies to sentences none of the above essays statements
none of the above
The straw man fallacy occurs when one word in the same argument is used with more than one meaning none of the above when the conclusion is assumed by the premises when it is directed against the person rather than the argument the person offers.
none of the above