PHIL1301

Aristotle believed that man takes delight in his senses, and that in fact, all "meaning" for man will be found within the distinctly human experience of being a"

"Rational animal in possession of senses"

Anaximander's account of origins does not appeal to the gods of Homer and Hesiod, but he does not reject them altogether. His name for The One is "____________ ______________________________."

"The Boundless"

Thales' motto is this:

"Water is the cause and element of all things."

Anselm lived and worked during a time when education was very much centered around textual analysis of the Bible. When was this?

11th Century

Aristotle claimed that the essence of man found in his capacity for reflection. By our very nature, man is best summed up as being:

A "rational animal"

Who was Gaunilo?

A monk author of The Lost Island counter example to Anselm's proof an 11th Centry thinker

Anselm arrived in Normandy to study under Lanfranc at a prestigious abbey: this was a Benedictine monastery called?

Abbey of Bec

In Macedonia, Aristotle was tutor to the young Alexander, who would later be known as __________________ _____ ____________.

Alexander the Great

Simply by formulating a question, what necessarily occurs?

An answer, then question, then another answer.

The term "ontological" comes from the Greek word for __________.

Being

In the dialogue entitled ________ we see Socrates refusing to save his life by escaping into exile.

Crito

The idea of "TELOS" is really the key to understanding all of Aristotelian ways. This notion "telos" translates into English - roughly - as:

Design Purpose Function

Which belief from the following list would a stoic not consider legitimate?

Divination Astrology Fate Destiny (The stoics have no problem with any of the items listed)

How old was Socrates at the time of his execution?

Early 70's

What is "epiphenomenalism"? (you may use an example to explain it, if that's easier)

Epiphenomenalism is the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain but have no effects upon any physical events.

Xenophanes is the father of the branch of philosophy dealing with the theory of knowledge, called ________________________________.

Epistemology

What does Socrates call (a) face-to-face conversation? (b) writing?

Face to Face he called "Living Speech" Writing he called "Dead Speech"

Anselm says that actual existence is no greater than only existing in the mind.

False

Aristotle concludes that the "telos", or basic design plan of "being human", involves blind reaction to external stimuli.

False

In an reductio ad absurdum argument, one assumes the opposite of the conclusion one wishes to prove. This is not a method that Anselm employed as he thought it unworthy to the subject of God's existence.

False

Stoics believe in a God that is separate from the world and who oversees it. This God is an ideal, and is in no way part of the world it created.

False

The reductio ad absurdum argument form is not a method that Anselm employed, as he thought it unworthy to the subject of God's existence.

False

Who was the monk living during the 11th Century, who was Anselm's contemporary, that created a counterargument entitles The Lost Island in an effort to refute Anselm's proof for the existence of God?

Gaunilo

_______________, the monk living during the 11th C, who was Anselm's contemporary, created a counterargument called The Lost Island to refute Anselm's proof for the existence of God.

Gaunilo of Marmoutiers

Anselm wrote two important books, the Monologian, and the Proslogion. Monologion means "speech made to oneself", while Proslogion means "speech made to another". Who was the "other" being addressed by Anselm in the Proslogion.

God

Anselm wrote two important books, the Monologion & the Proslogion. Monologion means "speech made to oneself", while Proslogion means "speech made to another". Who was the "other" being addressed by Anselm in the Proslogion?

God

What was the official charge against Socrates? (the reason he was executed)

He was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth

The famous view that "You cannot step twice into the same river" is attributed to the pre-Socratic thinker ________________________________.

Heraclitus

What does Hobbes take human beings to be when reduced into their simplest elements?

Hobbes believes humans are egoistic hedonists, which are greedy and selfish in their simplest forms.

For Hobbes, what is the source of all of our thoughts?

Hobbes believes the source of all of our thoughts is sensation.

Is Hobbes convinced by Descartes' Meditations of the independence of mind and body?

Hobbes claims to be unconvinced by Descartes' arguments concerning the independence of the mind from the body.

Does Hobbes view robots as significantly different from humans? If so, in what way?

Hobbes says that humans are not in principle different from robots that we may make. He says their life is artificially created but is still life.

For Hobbes, is there a natural center to the universe where things rest?

Hobbes says there is no natural center to the universe where things "rest".

"Cogito ergo sum" means ___ _______ ______________ ___ ____.

I think therefore I am

Berkeley believed that all phenomena were ideas. There is a term for this—what is it? EPIPHENOMENALISM or MATERIALISM or IDEALISM

Idealism

The term "ontological" comes from the Greek word for being. Anselm's argument was given this name much later in the 18th C, by one of its critics, __________________ _________.

Immanuel Kant

In discussing eagles, one might observe that even if some tragedy killed all the eagles in the world, we could still perfectly well think about eagles. This is because the 'Form' of eagle persists. The intelligible has this kind of superiority to the visible: ______ ________________.

It endures

What did EPICTETUS (& the Stoics) believe to be the source of a man's unhappiness?

Judgement

If we are to be happy, according to the Stoics, then what must we do?

Keep our wills in harmony with nature

Give five examples of issues that particularly concern philosphers?

Metaphysics Epistemology Ethics Human Nature Relativism

Anselm was a teacher to:

Monks

What is Socrates' view on the invention of writing? Positive or Negative?

Negative. He spoke quite dismissingly of writing. He likens the invention of writing to "dead speech".

Did Locke believe in innate ideas? YES or NO

No

Does Hobbes believe in "Final Causes"?

No, Hobbes believes scientific explanation can no longer mention the final causes of things.

Who was the expansionist ruler in Greece at the height of its Imperialist aspirations?

Pericles

Many of Plato's writings center on the life and thought of _______________.

Socrates

Who is it that said, "The unexamined life is not worth living?"

Socrates

Who said, "The unexamined life is not worth living"?

Socrates

Who was Epictetus:

Stoic philosopher, once a slave, afterwards a freedman. Enchiridion of Epictus is about his discourses

God, says Anselm is ______________, than which no greater can be conceived.

That

During Anselm's day there was much animated debate over Biblical interpretation. There were various schools of thought operating during his time. Which of the following is NOT one of the schools of thought operating during Anselm's day?

The Axiologists

In which dialogue does Socrates refuse to escape into exile?

The Crito

Gaunilo's counter-argument to Anselm is called:

The Lost Island

Gaunilo's counterargument to Anselm's proof for the existence of God was called what?

The Lost Island

Parmenides' conclusion is that there is no "many", only, "_______ _________" exists.

The One

Ansem's famous proof for the existence of God is now called:

The Ontological Arguement

Anselm's designation for God - that, than which no greater can be conceived - is a self-contained argument for God's existence that came to be known by what name?

The Ontological Argument

The Stoics devote considerable attention to "duties" without going too deeply into this idea, state what the Stoics hold to be our primary clear and overriding duty. This duty means that we must concern ourselves - about all - with what sorts of things?

The duty to harmonize our intentions with the law of nature. This is the duty to be virtuous or to protect ourselves, and to concern ourselves above all with the things in our power. Or beliefs, attitudes, and desires.

The term "Stoics" finds its origin in "Stoa poikile", Stoa poikile means:

The painted porch

Explain the common Stoic conception of "God".

Ther are committed to a version of pantheism (God is all and all is God)

The Stoics speak of a certain "wrong turn" that people often make, and they cite this "wrong turn" as the source of distress, despair, resentment, and unhappiness. What is this "wrong turn"?

Thier reaction when they do not get what they want. (Unfulfilled Expectations)

Why did Melchert title the textbook "The Great Conversation?"

To emphasize the conversational and interactive aspect of philosophy.

Aristotle claims that fundamental principles inform us everything else. So, if we're asking the BIG Questions like: 1. What is the meaning of life: 2. What is the best life? 3. What is the best political system? 4. What is the best way to conduct oneself? 5. What is the highest good? Etc... Then what we must first do is:

To look at the nature of who is doing the asking.

"That than which no greater can be conceived" is Anselm's definition of God.

True

According to Plato, education is turning the soul of the student toward the real.

True

Anselm establishes his place by attempting to outline the use & limits of human reason. He applies human reason to both better understand Christian doctrine and to establish Christian doctrine on teh basis of "reason alone"

True

Ansem's project was to speak to believers & non-believers alike (in reference to Christianity) in a way that relied only on reason.

True

Aristotle believed that virtue could be taught.

True

During Anselm's day there was much animated debate over Biblical interpretation. There were various schools of thought operating during his time, including the Rationalists, the Moderates, and the Obscurantists. The Obscurantists accepted Christian doctrine on the faith & authority of scripture alone. The Rationalists arrived at their conclusions about Christian doctrine on the basis of rational analysis. An example of a Rationalists was Berengar, who arrived at his conclusions about Christian doctrine on the basis of linguistic analysis. One example of such linguistic analysis involved: Transubstantiation during the Holy Eucharist. The Moderates were people such as Anslem's teacher. Lanfranc of Bec, who accepted the use of dialectic as a legitimate tool to explicate & understand Christian doctrine. So long as reason did not go too far and attempt to out-muscle the authority of faith, then reason & dialectic were acceptable to Lanfranc.

True

For Aristotle, to "know" something is to understand its causes. The ancient Greek term for systematic understanding of the causes which bring a thing about is "episteme". Episteme is true knowledge.

True

Friendship held a special place in Aristotle's thinking. In his Nichomachean Ethics he wove together an elaborate position equating friendship with "exalted happiness and virtue", and he claimed that the perfect "polis", or political system, would be run by a group of "true friends".

True

In a reductio ad absurdum argument, one assumes the opposite of the conclusion one wishes to prove.

True

It's a fair characterization of Anselm's thought to say that he presents an account of the powers and limitations of human reason in regard to matters of the Christian faith.

True

Phaedo is the Platonic dialogue where Socrates is presented as discussing the "immortality of the soul" with his friends on his last day of life.

True

Plato tells us the Form of the Good is like the sun in being to truth and knowledge what the sun is to light and sight.

True

Plato, if not exactly the "student" of Socrates, was, in the very least, the recorder of Socratic ideas. Plato presented Socrates' ideas in the context of his written dialogues, often inserting Socrates as the main character in the dialogues.

True

Stoics believe that one's attitude towards what befalls him makes an enormous difference, and that one's happiness or unhappiness depends entirely on it.

True

Stoics believe that what make a person unhappy are the judgments one makes on the things that happen to them.

True

That than which no greater can be conceived does not equal "that which is greater than all conceived --- it's for this reason that God is greater, even still, than anything that a mere, finite human mind can conceive. This is why Anselm found no legitimacy to Gaunilo's "Lost Island" counterexample. There is a subtlety to Anselm's argument: its legitimacy resides in its "component of necessity". God must exist. God necessarily exists. Anselm thinks that any rational person who understands the phrase, "That than which no greater can be conceived" will also immediately apprehend the necessity of God's existence.

True

The Myth of the Cave is a pictorial image of the Divided Line.

True

The Stoic believes that there is nothing wrong with pursuing "what is preferred" (things such as health, wealth, reputation, skills, and knowledge.) However, where many people go wrong is in attributing some sort of absolute value to all these things. The mark of their "wrong turn" is their reaction when they do not get what they want" distress, despair, resentment, and general unhappiness.

True

What Anselm said of God is that God is. "That, than which no greater can be conceived".

True

When pondering the biggest questions, Aristotle says, "I am a human being. I am doing the asking, and it is in the nature of a human being to be a RATIONAL ANIMAL.

True

What is "virtue" to the Stoics? How is "virtue" related to "Pleasure"?

VIRTUE for the Stoics is the only true good; It is a life lived in harmony with NATURE, GOD, & according to REASON. The only true good is virtue, pleasure must not be pursued at all. A virtuous person will lead a pleasant life. But if you make the pleasant life your object, you will miss out on both the virtue and the pleasure that accompanies it. The pleasure is a byproduct of virtue.

For the Stoic, the only true good is:

Virtue

What things do the Stoics claim to be in our control, and what things do they claim are not in our control?

What appears in the world is not in our control, but how we deal with it is.

How can one demonstrate that s/he believes something for good reasons? What would s/he need to formally create or outline?

What you seek is an argument. There is some proposition so you need a conclusion, and the reasons he/she offers to convince are called premises.

When reading philosophy, it's very important to approach such reading with what sort of mindset?

With an open-minded mindset

Does Aristotle believe that virtue can be taught? YES or NO

Yes

The founder of Stoicism is:

Zeno of Citium

Who was the founder of STOICISM?

Zeno of Citium

Happiness, according to Plato, is

a condition of harmony among the parts of the soul

Plato tells us the Form of the Good is like the sun in:

being to truth and knowledge what the sun is to light and sight.

At the close of his 1st Meditation, therefore, he concludes that perhaps nothing can be ____________.

certain

Descartes likes _____________ & __________ ideas.

clear & distinct

To Heraclitus, "Justice" is the result of the _____________ between the desires of the wealthy and the poor.

conflict

What was the final charge against Socrates? __________ ___ __________ .

corrupting the youth & impiety.

That than which no greater can be conceived is Anselm's ______________ for God.

definition

Aristotle's term for "happiness" is what? ____________________

eudaemonia

The key to Descartes' sublime insight is that IF "I" am being deceived, THEN I must _________.

exist

Aristotle concludes that ___________ is a thing that requires no further justification but is a "good in its own right", and therefore the Highest Good.

happiness

Anselm formulates his designation in the way he does for the following two reasons

he does not want Got to be limited by what we can conceive & he doesn't want to suggest that a positive conception of God is comprehensible to us.

The one thing Descartes absolutely cannot doubt is that ____ ___ ____________.

he is doubting

The philosopher, Plato says, cultivates dying. He says this because:

he realizes we all fear death and need help to approach it with courage.

The fool claims that, "There is no God" in two ways: 1) The fool says in his heart. "There is no God", as he speaks the words, yet fails to understand what they mean. 2)The fool might, however, understand what the words mean, and yet still claim, "There is no God", in which case the fool has the idea of God in mind yet this fool convicts himself of error every time he thinks, "There is no God". Which is the stronger way the fool errs?

he speaks the words, understanding what they mean.

That "activity of soul in accordance with virtue" is, for Aristotle, the _______ _________.

human good

The soul is immortal Plato tells us, because:

it is a self-mover, a veritable principle of life

The Stoics believe that in order to be happy, one must:

keep one's will in harmony with nature.

For Heraclitus, to be wise is to grasp the _____________________, the "thought which steers all things."

logos

In the dialogue entitled Phaedrus, we encounter an aggressive attack on ________________.

love

The ________is a substance whose matter is ____________.

mind, thought

For Heraclitus, _____________________________-- is the greatest virtue.

moderation

Aristotle's view of human beings is complex, but the main theme is simple. Man is a _______________ _______________.

rational animal

Descartes thought that he must employ his ____________ to locate a foundation for knowledge.

reason

In one place, Plato speaks of the soul as a "unity". Yet, in another, he says the soul has distinct parts, each of which has a function. For instance, there is:

reason, which guides.

Parmenides says not to rely on sensory experience. You must rely on _________________ alone. You must go wherever the argument takes you.

reasoning

Zeno's arguments are of the form that logicians call __________________ ____ __________________________.

reductio ad absurdum

Xenophanes is important because he seems to have been the first to state clearly the ______________________ implications of the new nature philosophy.

religeous

With Anselm, we see a

revival of the dialectical format.

Dreaming has a special function in Descartes' philosophy. It leads him to question ______________ ______________.

sense experience

What is Locke's two sources of ideas? _____________ & _____________ .

simple & complex

Plato sets for himself the goal of refuting __________ and _____________.

skepticism and relativism

Life - a principle of self-motion - is the very essence of the soul. Because nothing can "abandon its own nature," the ___________ cannot _______.

soul cannot die

God, says Anselm, is _____, _____ ________ _____ _____________ _______ ____ _______________.

that, than which no greater can be conceived.

In the Myth of the Cave

the prisoners represent all of us before we begin to search for wisdom

Descartes dismisses ______ ___________ as a source of certain knowledge.

the senses

Plato says that:

there will not be peace in a state until either philosophers are king, or kings are philosophers

Plato's Myth of the Cave can be seen as an allegory identifying the various stages of the ascent to wisdom. The idea is that to really understand things it is necessary to climb higher, out of the cave altogether. This move is like the transition on the Divided Line between the visible and the intelligible world: it is the transition from ______________ to ___________.

things to forms

The ONE THING Descartes can be certain about is his own existence as a _______________ being.

thinking

According to Plato, education is:

turning the soul of the student toward the real

The assumption implicit in Anselm's formulation, is that ___________ itself is a perfection, so that if God does not exist, but is only an idea in one's mind, then God is definitely NOT "that than which no greater can be conceived".

virtue

Dialectic is a purely intellectual discipline which does not rely on the _________ ___ _________ at all.

world of sense