Philo Stock Part 2
* "impartial spectator" in the Theory of Moral Sentiments
ADAM SMITH-
* "inner man" or "impartial spectator" with man's capacity for sympathy, which, together with self-preservation, contribute to the common good
ADAM SMITH-
* "invisible hand" exactly once in The Wealth of Nations.
ADAM SMITH-
* "sympathy" of an "impartial spectator" as the basis for a 1759 work of (*) ethics that was inspired by his teacher Francis Hutcheson.
ADAM SMITH-
* A Theory of Moral Sentiments discussed the "natural progress of opulence" in a huge book which noted the self-interest of brewers, butchers, and bakers in critiquing mercantilism.
ADAM SMITH-
* Lectures on Jurisprudence and The Theory of Moral Sentiments, but this thinker's most famous work included a critique of mercantilism that was later used in Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage
ADAM SMITH-
* The Theory of Moral Sentiments criticized the mercantile commerce that sought to use the amount of precious metals as a measure of wealth
ADAM SMITH-
* Theory of Moral Sentiments, his best known work opens with an analysis of a pin factory to demonstrate the advantages of division of labor
ADAM SMITH-
* argued that frequent exposure to strangers allowed individuals to build propriety and therefore suggested that commercial societies fostered moral values the most.
ADAM SMITH-
* mandated universal education up to age ten in a book which worried that the repetition of one continuous task would dull laborers' minds.
ADAM SMITH-
* noted that because love comes from a "habit of the imagination," it is difficult for a third party to sympathize with, but that most people hold the "social passions" in high esteem
ADAM SMITH-
* philosophical foundation to his other works, including A Treatise on Public Opulence and his Lectures on Jurisprudence
ADAM SMITH-
* psychological theories that individuals act to win the approval of the "impartial spectator," and included sections entitled "On the Propriety of Action" and "Of Sympathy".
ADAM SMITH-
* rejected Hutcheson's hypothesis of a sixth sense to explain morality, instead arguing that morality was determined by many psychological motives.
ADAM SMITH-
* surname concludes that, because moral judgments do not correspond to a previously held desire, they are either not beliefs or not able to motivate, and therefore cannot be both objective and practical
ADAM SMITH-
* surname is held by the Australian philosopher Michael, who wrote The Moral Problem, and by the coiner of the term "evolutionarily stable strategy" who wrote The Evolutionary Theory of Games, Maynard
ADAM SMITH-
* this man argues that the fall of the Roman Empire led to the rise of townsfolk with privileges over country folk.
ADAM SMITH-
* wrote a work in which he traced man's stages as a hunter-gatherer, nomadic agrarian, and feudal farmer;
ADAM SMITH-
* "Of Miracles", its section "Of the origin of ideas" discusses the missing shade of blue. For 10 points, name this work about epistemology by David Hume.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* "Relations of Ideas" and "Matters of Fact" in drawing a contrast between analytic knowledge like algebra and synthetic knowledge of nature, a concept that is known as its author's namesake "fork."
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* "relations of ideas" and "matters of fact," one manifestation of its author's namesake "fork."
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* "relations of ideas" and "matters of fact," which leads the author to question whether we can trust scientific claims, which are based on inductive inferences
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* Christianity is better when founded on faith in a section that denies the existence of the namesake religious phenomena because they contradict the laws of nature.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* Devoid of its author's views on personal identity, it discusses the role of habit in the theory of knowledge. The role that testimony plays in epistemology is subject of its section "Of Miracles," and the section on the difference between impressions and ideas shares the concept of a man who has seen all the spectrum of a colorexcept one shade, known as "The Missing Shade of Blue."
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* Treatise on Human Nature and said to have awoken Immanuel Kant from his "dogmatic slumber," for 10 points, name this philosophical work about knowledge by David Hume.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* allows that a person could problematically conceive of a never-before-seen shade of blue if given all other shades of blue
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* argues that experienced "impressions" are always more complete than (*) "ideas" of thought.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* attacks Pyrronian skepticism for being too broad and advocates replacing it with an "academic" skepticism limited to matters of fact and abstract concepts
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* cause and effect in arguing that we understand complex ideas because of simple ideas, a concept called the Copy Principle
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* claims that less civilized nations report transgressions of the laws of nature more frequently
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* compounding, augmenting, diminishing, or transposing. Another section discusses the reliability of testimony, and argues that events that contradict the law of nature should be discounted
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* declares that mathematical sciences are Relations of Idea, which are distinct from Matters of Fact.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* dismissed the claim that ideas can arise without impressions, a problem raised by determining a missing shade of blue. This work critiques the possibility of a "violation of the laws of nature" in its section "Of Miracles."
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* distinction between chance and probability and describes how events that occur in the universe cannot be determined by chance, in "On Probability."
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* epic poetry to explain the three form of association. It claims that both external observation and internal reflection are necessary in order to understand causal relationships
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* exception to its claim that the memory of an experience is weaker than the experience was itself, this book imagines a seeing person who has never come across a particular shade of blue.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* fictional speech by Epicurus and asks whether we can infer that an unfinished building will be finished
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* how incomplete knowledge of causes leads to a belief in luck in the section "Of Probability". It argues that ideas lack the forcefulness of actual and that the source of all ideas is ultimately impressions in "Of the Origin of Ideas;
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* identifies learning from experiences and inferring causal connections between events as two abilities that humans share with animals.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* pretends to be Epicurus defending his religious beliefs.
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* revision of an earlier work that the author said "fell stillborn from the press."
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
* two approaches to moral philosophy, one of which offers easy and accessible thoughts to the "man of action" and the other of which assumes man wants to analyze his actions
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
Peter van Inwagen attacked this chapter of a larger work by reformulating its argument in terms of "contraventions." This chapter, which argues that no one could believe any reports of the title phenomena after weighing the evidence, is by David Hume: "Of Miracles" [prompt on An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING-
Absence of universal leader in world political system;
ANARCHISM-
Book by Nozick
ANARCHISM-
Conquest of bread
ANARCHISM-
Hebraism vs Helenism
ANARCHISM-
Made views known by high profile assassinations encouraged by Emma Goldman
ANARCHISM-
Marx attacked this terms coiner in the poverty of philosophy
ANARCHISM-
Merged with pacifism by growing up absurd author Paul Goodman
ANARCHISM-
New interpretation 2 parties ego and alter= expanded into social theory of international politics
ANARCHISM-
Peter kropotkin and mikhail Bakunin
ANARCHISM-
Propaganda of the deed
ANARCHISM-
Work that berates nonconformists = our literal practitioners
ANARCHISM-
* Kant argued that a central property of this claim was "not a predicate."
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* Proslogion is an argumentative treatment of this property which starts with the idea of "that than which nothing greater can be thought."
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* St. Anselm attempted to prove this via the "ontological argument." Many "cosmological" arguments in favor of this are based on the assumption that there must be a first mover or first cause;
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* argument from degree is one of the Quinque Viae, or Five Ways, which are five proofs of this contention listed by Thomas Aquinas
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* attempt at establishing this property was rebuked in the essay In Defense of the Fool, by Gaunilo, which proposed a "lost island."
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* justified by the * kalam syllogism
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* posited a "perfect island" and was advanced by Guanilo.
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* religious conclusion whose disbelievers are called atheists
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* watchmaker analogy is a teleological argument for this claim, which is also defended with cosmological and ontological arguments
ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD-
* "Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament" whereas the New Testament provided a "clearer revelation of God's favor" in his essay, "Of Adversity".
BACON-
* "Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament; Adversity is the blessing of the New." He called rational reasoning "anticipation of mind" because it only reinforces what we already know.
BACON-
* "The Great Renewal" and used Salomon's House to portray his ideal model of discovery. He labeled misconceptions founded in human nature and through men's mutual association as the idols of the tribe and of the marketplace in a work that attempts to replace the Aristotelian syllogism with empirical experimentation.
BACON-
* "deep knowledge of philosophy brings the mind around to religion" and collected other thoughts on religion in his work Certain Considerations Touching the Better Pacification and Edification of the Church of England.
BACON-
* "polychrest" and "magic" among the twenty-seven prerogative instances.
BACON-
* 17th-century English author of The New Atlantis and Novum Organum, who contributed to the birth of the Scientific Revolution.
BACON-
* Advancement and Novum Organum contain extended discussions of these entities, which are held to be outmoded notions and are counterposed to the "ideas" of the divine. Bacon presented a fourfold classification of these entities into those of the tribe, the cave, the marketplace, and the theatre.: idols
BACON-
* Aristotle with a new, inductive way of testing knowledge. For 10 points, name this pioneer of the scientific method who wrote Novum Organum
BACON-
* Bensalem and its Saloman's House. In addition to The New Atlantis,
BACON-
* Bernardino Telesio for not going far enough in De Principiis atque Originibus
BACON-
* Cogitata et Visa
BACON-
* English philosopher who wrote the Novum Organum, and is often held to be the father of the scientific method
BACON-
* Francis Bacon helped develop this inductive process that often includes five steps: question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, and analysis. : scientific method
BACON-
* Great Instauration and puts forth the theater, the cave, the market place, and the tribe as the figurative locations of the idols he rails against.
BACON-
* History of Henry VII. Many of his philosophical works were penned for a Latin collection known as the Instauratio Magna, as with his De augmentis scientiarum;
BACON-
* Idols of the Theater and of the Market, which prohibit objective reasoning.
BACON-
* Idols of the Tribe, Cave, and the Theatre in a work that attempts to replace Aristotelian syllogism with eliminative induction
BACON-
* Instauratio Magna
BACON-
* Joabin the Jew, and describes a group of travelers who find a scroll in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Spanish telling them not to land on an island which was converted to Christianity when its inhabitants observed a beam of light at sea
BACON-
* Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions coined this two-word phrase to describe changes in basic assumptions that underlie scientific advancement.: paradigm shifts
BACON-
* Meditationes Sacre contains a Latin aphorism meaning "knowledge is power." Name this English thinker who wrote The New Atlantis and Novum Organum Scientiarum.
BACON-
* Novum Organum was written by this philosopher, who described a society organized for scientific research in his New Atlantis and penned a classification of human knowledge, The Advancement of Learning.
BACON-
* Novum Organum, Bacon proposes these four illusions that hinder the mind. They are named for the tribe, the theatre, the marketplace and the cave.: idols
BACON-
* Salomon's House is a major institution in this 1627 novel where a European trading ship discovers the hidden island of Bensalem after getting lost in the Pacific.: The New Atlantis
BACON-
* The Advancement of Learning identified the biases of individuals as the (*) "idols of the cave" in a book that proposes a method of inductive reasoning.
BACON-
* The Advancement of Learning identified the tribe, den, marketplace and theatre as the "four idols" and imagined a research institution called "Salomon's House" on the island of Bensalem in his New Atlantis
BACON-
* The Advancement of Learning, he wrote about the tribe, the den, the marketplace, and the theater, which are four sources of false ideals, or idols.
BACON-
* The Masculine Birth of Time, cited Solomon's sentence that "all novelty is oblivion" in "Of Vicissitude of Things" and compared his ideal to that of a bee making honey.
BACON-
* The New Atlantis established the doctrine of inductive, empirical methodology. For 10 points, name this 17th-century English philosopher who wrote Novum Organum and spearheaded the Scientific Revolution
BACON-
* The New Atlantis. He championed the scientific method and advocated the use of inductive reasoning in his book Novum Organum.
BACON-
* The Tribe, Den, Marketplace, and Theatre are sources of the four kinds of idols in one of this thinker's works, which pays homage to Aristotle with its title
BACON-
* Thomas Browne was a follower of this thinker, who wrote Valerius Terminus in search of a post-Aristotelian philosophia prima
BACON-
* Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, and Theatre and are the four idols
BACON-
* Utopian work imagined a university called Salomon's House as a part of the land of Bensalem.: The New Atlantis
BACON-
* clarifies the data collected with one's senses by arranging them into "tables of presentation."
BACON-
* compared experimenters to ants and dogmatists to spiders, concluding that the true philosopher should emulate the bee.
BACON-
* credited with developing this system, whose steps include the formulation of a hypothesis, prediction, testing and analysis.: scientific method
BACON-
* criticizes empiricists as ants who amass supplies and rationalists as spiders who spin webs to trap food, before asserting people should imitate bees.
BACON-
* critiqued atheists in his religious Meditationes Sacrae, and said that human nature, individual biases, "ill and unfit choice of words," or tradition can all lead the mind astray in his six-part Instauratio Magna
BACON-
* described an ideal college called Salomon's House in a work about the legendary island of Bensalem, The New Atlantis.
BACON-
* described three forms of false learning as "delicate", "contentious", and "fantastical" in categorizing the "distempers" that impede academic progress
BACON-
* describes how residents of the titular place were sent an ark containing the Old and New Testaments by St. Bartholomew and gathered knowledge in a house named for Salomon.
BACON-
* discusses the fantastical, contentious and delicate forms of the title concept, which he refers to as "distempers."
BACON-
* eleven "pecant humors" that outlined "fantastical" "contentious" and "delicate" as the three distempers of education
BACON-
* empiricist
BACON-
* explained the benefits of consuming opium in a work entitled Sylva Sylvarum.
BACON-
* false notions we learn through received definitions of words as the "Idols of the Market,"
BACON-
* first major philosophical text, a work that also attacked the teaching methods at Oxford; that work was titled (*) The Advance of Learning
BACON-
* governor of the House of Strangers
BACON-
* grounded his classification of human knowledge in a tripartite division of reason, memory, and imagination
BACON-
* ideal society of Bensalem and introduced Salomon's House as a model for the university in The New Atlantis.
BACON-
* ideal university called Salomon's House in a work set on the fictional island of Bensalem.
BACON-
* imagined a utopian university called Salomon's House, and he likened received systems of philosophy to stage plays that misrepresent the world, and thus labeled them "idols of the theatre"
BACON-
* lauds the ancient Greeks for taking a middle position between total skepticism and complete certainty and sets out to "establish degrees of certainty." Identify this work which does things like analyze the nature of heat and outlines an early theory of the scientific method.: Novum Organum
BACON-
* learning as "delicate", "contentious", and "fantastical" in categorizing the "distempers" that impede academic progress
BACON-
* listed "the Tribe," "the Cave," "the Marketplace," and "the Theatre" as causes of inherent mental defects as part of his doctrine of the idols
BACON-
* magic as applied science and categorized matter into twelve segments arising from the interaction of sulfur and mercury "quaternions."
BACON-
* magnum opus was called the Instauratio Magna
BACON-
* one should keep separate the "Book of God" from the "Book of Nature," and outlined three "distempers of learning." He also wrote a work in which a visitor meets Joabin the Jew and visits Solomon's House on the island of Bensalem
BACON-
* outlines doctrines that an individual relies on without regard for their proof in the concept of the "Idols of the Cave".
BACON-
* penned Novum Organum and is a foundational empiricist.
BACON-
* pioneered the scientific method and wrote Novum Organum
BACON-
* printing, gunpowder, and the compass as symbols of personal ambition, national ambition, and the ambition of the human race to extend its grasp
BACON-
* printing, gunpowder, and the compass as symbols of personal ambition, national ambition, and the ambition of the human race to extend its grasp.
BACON-
* proposing that idola fori is one of four ways to confound humanity from truth, he wrote a novel depicting Bensamites, The New Atlantis
BACON-
* quarantined in the "House of Strangers."
BACON-
* reason, memory, and imagination
BACON-
* revised version of that work became the first volume of his projected six-volume work called The Great (*) Instauration.
BACON-
* s institution include "Merchants of Light" who travel around the world gathering knowledge and "Inoculaters" who execute experiments devised by members called "Lamps." Name this fictional educational institution "dedicated to the study of the works and creatures of God" established by a famous lawgiver on a secret island in the South Sea.: Salomon's House
BACON-
* ship passing through the Pillars of Hercules, which illustrates his belief that humanity can be easily deceived by "stage-plays" from various dogmas and philosophies from the "theatre."
BACON-
* spider spinning a web to trap food with a bee gathering honey to make food in an argument rejecting scholasticism
BACON-
* surname with the medieval author of the Opus Maius, "Doctor Mirabilis"
BACON-
* technique can be employed as a procedure of inquiry into new knowledge. It consists of observation, experiment, and the formulation and modification of one or several hypotheses.: scientific method
BACON-
* this philosopher rejected an earlier thinker's conception of "anticipation of nature" in favor of an "interpretation of nature" based on observation
BACON-
* three categories of history, poetry, and philosophy, with the first two being subordinated to philosophy
BACON-
* works contains a discussion of a society that converts to Christianity once its member's see a pillar of light a mile tall in the middle of the ocean from the city of Renfusa
BACON-
* wrote a work in which the governor of the House of Strangers tells a tale about a hierophanic pillar of light arising from the ocean, which the people of Renfusa sail toward.
BACON-
Asia large despotic empires;
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Blacks lack common sense because they prefer glass necklaces to gold
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Dueling = point of honor
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
England lacked love of Virtue
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Essay on causes that may affect men's minds and characters
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Fictional correspondence between usbek and Rica in his Persian letters
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Fictional group of barbaric people enlightened monarchy= Fable of troglodytes
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
If Caesar and Pompey didn't usurp the republic others would have done the same
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Liberty was tranquility of the mind =feeling of safety
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Monarchies rely on honor climate affects nature of people and society
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Native of la brede
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Republics barren soil
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Separation of power
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Slavery in hotter climates
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Spirit of the laws
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Virtue honor and fear ID as guiding principles of Republics
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Women could lead a state but not a household
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
Wrote about Roxana
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU-
* "Epistemology Naturalized"
BENTHAM-
* "Short Review of the Declaration."
BENTHAM-
* "greatest happiness for the greatest number" in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
BENTHAM-
* "greatest happiness principle,"
BENTHAM-
* "greatest happiness principle.
BENTHAM-
* "hedonistic calculus."
BENTHAM-
* "international law," and this author of Fragment on Government devised a formula he called a "moral arithmetic."
BENTHAM-
* "theory of fictions";
BENTHAM-
* 'Can they talk?' but, 'Can they suffer?'" in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
BENTHAM-
* A Fragment on Government and An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, the founder of utilitarianism.
BENTHAM-
* American Revolution, this thinker criticized the Declaration of Independence in his "A Short Review of the Declaration."
BENTHAM-
* An Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation was written by, for 10 points, what English philosopher who was known for originating the concept of the panopticon and for founding utilitarianism?
BENTHAM-
* Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, and another work by this philosopher contrasts social and hedonic calculations of the aggregate and individual forms of a quantity central to his "greatest happiness principle"
BENTHAM-
* Defense of Usury and Fragment on Government, were published around the same time as a work that discusses psychological hedonism
BENTHAM-
* Defense of Usury.
BENTHAM-
* Fragment on Government whose Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation introduced the "greatest happiness principle,"
BENTHAM-
* Not Paul But Jesus and Offences Against One's Self,
BENTHAM-
* Offences Against Oneself developed a "hedonistic calculus"
BENTHAM-
* The Principles of Morals and Legislation describes the greatest happiness principle, making him the founder of Utilitarianism.
BENTHAM-
* U.S. Declaration of Independence a "hodgepodge of confusion"
BENTHAM-
* William Blackstone's Commentaries. He formulated the "felicific calculus" and wrote the Fragment on Government,
BENTHAM-
* action produces.
BENTHAM-
* catalogued fifty bad arguments used by politicians in The Book of Fallacies and wrote a sarcastic pamphlet about libel juries entitled The Art of Packing.
BENTHAM-
* criticized slavery and animal abuse by claiming that "the question is not, 'Can they reason
BENTHAM-
* criticized the tendency for the court to employ "special jurors" in his Elements of the Art of Packing.
BENTHAM-
* defended the right to loan money at interest rates in a series of letters to Adam Smit
BENTHAM-
* determine the moral statuses of actions. In sections such as "whether it hurts population" and "whether it robs women",
BENTHAM-
* diagram the motives and consequences of human action in A Table on the Springs of Action.
BENTHAM-
* dismantles various historical arguments for the criminalization of (*) homosexual sex.
BENTHAM-
* ethical philosophy with the "greatest happiness principle."
BENTHAM-
* idea of natural rights, since rights themselves can only be granted by the law. This man attacked another author's "antipathy to reform"
BENTHAM-
* intensity, duration, and certainty, for the desirability of a given action.
BENTHAM-
* oft-excerpted book by this philosopher advocates expanding the freedom of contract and removing the reliance on tradition in law, and is a response to the legal commentaries of William Blackstone
BENTHAM-
* philosopher formulated felicific calculus, a system for determining one's level of pleasure, a topic discussed in his work, The Principles of Morals and Legislation
BENTHAM-
* philosopher who was a founder of utilitarianism and theorized a model prison called the Panopticon.
BENTHAM-
* preserved in a cabinet at University College London, proposed the creation of a penitentiary that would allow a single watchman to observe all inmates, called the Panopticon.
BENTHAM-
* r argued that rights should be awarded not based on the ability to reason, but based on Review of the Declaration."
BENTHAM-
* relation" as a "fictitious entity" and "community" as a "fictitious body"
BENTHAM-
* should and should not do in his Manual of Political Economy. In one work, this thinker found that the major flaw in Blackstone's Commentaries was his "antipathy to reform.
BENTHAM-
* ttacking the New Testament under the pseudonym Gamaliel Smith,
BENTHAM-
* utilitarianism.
BENTHAM-
* variables "extent", "duration", and "propinquity"
BENTHAM-
* work consists of thirteen letters about Britain setting a legal maximum rate of interest, while another attacks William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England.
BENTHAM-
* "the whole apect of the world would have been altered" had Cleopatra's nose been shorter.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* "very center-point" between nothingness and infinity. He ended one note with verse 16 of Psalm 119 and kept it sewn into his coat for life after seeing fire in a mystical experience
BLAISE PASCAL-
* Louis de Montalte, he criticized Jesuitism and supported Jansenism in his Provincial Letters
BLAISE PASCAL-
* Montaigne's assertion that certainty in mathematical axioms is impossible without God's intervention in "On the Art of Persuasion," and proposed theorems of projective geometry in Essay on Conics
BLAISE PASCAL-
* Pensées argued that the possibility of eternal hell makes it more reasonable to live as though there's a God via his namesake "wager".
BLAISE PASCAL-
* Provincial Letters and Pensées, a French philosopher who is the namesake of a "wager" and a mathematical triangle.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* accept God because, should he exist, the returns would be infinite in an argument known as his Wager.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* attacking the Jesuits, the Provincial Letters, in which he also defended Jansenism
BLAISE PASCAL-
* belief in God represents the possibility of infinite gain while only imposing a finite loss.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* claimed man was the exact point between infinity and nothingness, equally capable of perceiving either. This thinker disputed the idea that a man could adopt a "probable opinion" based on the authority of a priest in a work that condemned casuistry.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* consults with a monk to better understand the concept of proximate power.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* decision to live as if God (*) exists was included in his Pensees.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* divided hypotheses into three categories depending on what absurdities would be implied by accepting th
BLAISE PASCAL-
* divided hypotheses into three categories depending on what absurdities would be implied by accepting the hypothesis as true or false.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* eighteen anonymous documents, he defended Antoine Arnauld and argued against casuistry. This author wrote the anti-Jesuit Provinicial Letters after siding with Jansenism.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* experimented with fluid pressure.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* masqueraded as Louis de Montalte to refute the Jesuit concept of "actual grace" and to support Jansenism in an epistolary work.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* ouis de Montalte in writing a set of eighteen epistles defending Antoine Arnauld
BLAISE PASCAL-
* participated in the Formulary Controversy with a series of letters in which he attacked Antonio Escobar's use of casuistry and lambasted the moral lapses of the Jesuits. After a carriage accident and a subsequent religious vision, he published his Memorial, which led to him taking up the cause of the Jansenists
BLAISE PASCAL-
* posthumous work of this philosopher contains sections such as "Thoughts on Mind and on Style" and "The Misery of Man Without God."
BLAISE PASCAL-
* trivial causes of love, the case for belief in God, and how different the world would be without the distinct nose of Cleopatra.;
BLAISE PASCAL-
* underwent a "Night of Fire," after which he wrote a work asserting that belief in God was logically justified because the consequences of belief are low and the benefits high, in contrast to the high consequences of disbelief.
BLAISE PASCAL-
* 1816 to 1870, it was declared the official philosophy of France, and this phrase also titled a work which blamed hereditary succession of kingship and the failure to immediately declare independence for the troubles of colonial America. For 10 points, name that influential tract of Thomas Paine.
COMMON SENSE-
* Benjamin Rush, this work mentions the absurdity of an island ruling a continent
COMMON SENSE-
* Benjamin Rush, who pushed this document to printers, is responsible for convincing Robert Bell to publish its first edition, which reported its author only to be "an Englishman."
COMMON SENSE-
* Colonies have more than enough resources to best the armed forces of their ruler, Great Britain
COMMON SENSE-
* G.E. Moore, was titled "A Defense of" this
COMMON SENSE-
* G.S. Kirk argues that the disregard for this concept was a unifying feature of pre-Socratics. In the philosophy of science, John McCarthy attempts to "formalize" this concept in artificial intelligence while in biomedical ethics it is advocated for by Howard Leventhal
COMMON SENSE-
* Objective Knowledge, Karl Popper discusses the "Two Faces" of this.
COMMON SENSE-
* The Rights of Man, for 10 points, name this pamphlet written in 1776 by Thomas Paine.
COMMON SENSE-
* Washington's Continental Army "for mittens", though more famously, the author comments on the absurdity of a continent being governed by an island
COMMON SENSE-
* ceremony in which a crown is used to demonstrate that "law is king."
COMMON SENSE-
* certain (*) monarch did little but "make war and give away places"
COMMON SENSE-
* concept beloved by Thomas Reid and his Scottish school, something a proverb claims may not actually be so ubiquitous;
COMMON SENSE-
* contends that friendships with those we detest with "a thousand pores" are nothing but "madness and folly"
COMMON SENSE-
* discusses a group stranded on an island and forced to form a government
COMMON SENSE-
* essay is title a Defense of this concept and is by G.E. Moore. Dugald Stewart, James Mackintosh and the author of Essays on the Intellectual Power of Man advocated it as an answer to Hume's skepticism
COMMON SENSE-
* government is a "necessary evil."
COMMON SENSE-
* human goodness leads to society but government is a result of wickedness.
COMMON SENSE-
* incendiary pamphlet urging colonial separation from England, written by Thomas Paine?
COMMON SENSE-
* more famous essay concerning this concept argues for the certainty of the statement "there are and have been material things" based on statements like "this is my hand."
COMMON SENSE-
* pamphlet that supported the American Revolution and was written by Thomas Paine.
COMMON SENSE-
* part of this work argues that youth is the "seedtime of good habits" in order to justify the timing of its political goals
COMMON SENSE-
* primary method of reasoning used in the treatises of Claude Buffier, who influenced a circle including Dugald Stewart and Thomas Reid which exalted it in Scotland.
COMMON SENSE-
* work points out the absurdity of an island ruling an entire continent in a section that outlines a Continental Charter that will replace the Magna Carta
COMMON SENSE-
Boston variety promoted by neville
CONFUCIANISM-
Education and societal ritual needed to create human goodness
CONFUCIANISM-
Education and spread of arts of Peace
CONFUCIANISM-
Mencius and zhu Xi
CONFUCIANISM-
Ren/filial piety analects ;
CONFUCIANISM-
illustrious Virtue and investigation of things
CONFUCIANISM-
* "I am for the Zhou!" in idolizing the Duke of Zhou,
CONFUCIUS-
* "five excellent practices" which are important to good governance, and his views on education encouraged teaching the "six arts".
CONFUCIUS-
* "men who withdrew from society"
CONFUCIUS-
* "one cannot associate with birds and beasts.";
CONFUCIUS-
* "one day's absence is as long as three years" in a poem concerning kudzu vine
CONFUCIUS-
* "sprout" to describe four feelings from which innate human goodness emerges.
CONFUCIUS-
* "transmitter who invented nothing" and was the first to suggest a limit on the power of a ruler.
CONFUCIUS-
* "what you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others," his so-called "silver rule."
CONFUCIUS-
* Analects, an ancient Chinese philosopher
CONFUCIUS-
* Chinese philosopher, who created the Silver Rule, the inverse of the Golden Rule, in his Analects.
CONFUCIUS-
* Confucius also wrote a commentary called the Ten Wings on this religious text. This work is often used for divinations and it contains sixty-four hexagrams. : I Ching
CONFUCIUS-
* Confucius's disciples, collects his aphorisms. This work is one of the "Four Books" of Chinese classics. : Analects
CONFUCIUS-
* Confucius's sayings was compiled by his followers, and includes his descriptions of concepts such as the Golden Rule.: Analects
CONFUCIUS-
* Father-to-son and ruler-to-ruled are two of this man's [*] five relationships
CONFUCIUS-
* Lu state, and one follower founded a "neo-" version of this man's philosophy.
CONFUCIUS-
* Mencius and author of the Analects, a famous Chinese philosopher
CONFUCIUS-
* Mencius was one member of this school of thought. Name this philosophy formulated by a namesake Chinese philosopher which advocates filial piety. It was the state philosophy of the Han dynasty.
CONFUCIUS-
* Neo-Confucian, who lived in the Sòng dynasty. His idea of géwù encouraged the study the natural world to discover the ways of heaven. This puts him in contrast to the Míng dynasty Neo-Confucian Wáng Yángmíng who saw self study as the superior method.: Zhū Xī
CONFUCIUS-
* Ruler to Subject, Father to Son, and Husband to Wife were among the five relationships subject to filial piety
CONFUCIUS-
* Spring and Autumn Annals
CONFUCIUS-
* Spring and Autumn Period championed Li and Ren,
CONFUCIUS-
* advocated the middle way and taught the five excellent practices that are important to good governance
CONFUCIUS-
* analogous to the divine right of kings, states that just rulers who honor their Confucian responsibility to their subjects have their rules blessed by Tian.: Mandate of Heaven
CONFUCIUS-
* associated with magical properties, scholars question the idea that this person died at the age of 72
CONFUCIUS-
* central figure got down from his carriage in hopes of speaking to a madman, but the latter avoided a conversation by hurrying away
CONFUCIUS-
* cited the examples of the ancient kings Yao and Shun as virtuous leaders. Identify this man whose school of philosophy is called the school of "ru," and whose thought dominated East Asian culture for millennia. Later followers of this man's philosophy included Mencius.
CONFUCIUS-
* concern for the humans, not the horses, who survived a stable fire.
CONFUCIUS-
* conservative disciple of this man's ideas adapted them into the 294-part Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government
CONFUCIUS-
* convincing the the Duke of Qi to withdraw his forces during a meeting at Jiagu
CONFUCIUS-
* doctrine that states that people who do not uphold the five basic relationships are unworthy of being called fathers, elder brothers, husbands, wives, or rulers.: rectification of names
CONFUCIUS-
* espouse the concepts of the ideal person, the rules of propriety, and ideal relationships, also known as junzi, li, and ren
CONFUCIUS-
* ethical Silver Rule believed that ritual helps men cultivate a trait called ren by maintaining the "five relationships."
CONFUCIUS-
* greatest strength
CONFUCIUS-
* key concept in Confucianism is this virtue of humaneness, or uprightness a human should exhibit. Its Chinese character is derived from the words for man and two.: ren
CONFUCIUS-
* later form of Confucianism's Chinese name tells that it was developed in the Sòng and Míng dynasties. The Chéng brothers were critical in forming its orthodox school. However, its most important figure taught at the White Deer Grotto Academy.: Neo
CONFUCIUS-
* minister of the Lu
CONFUCIUS-
* most famous work, he said that at fifteen, he had his "mind bent on learning," which eventually leads to him at age seventy being able to "do what my heart desired without transgressing what was right." Name this thinker whose sayings are in compiled in the Analects.
CONFUCIUS-
* naming and defining relationships must precede social order in a doctrine known as the "Rectification of Names."
CONFUCIUS-
* only fit to drive chariots, the least of his Six Arts
CONFUCIUS-
* philosophy are righteousness and ritual, referred to as yi and li
CONFUCIUS-
* poem as "the place to which one's preoccupations go" in the preface to his Book of Songs
CONFUCIUS-
* reciprocity was the single best word to live by, thus formulating his Silver Rule
CONFUCIUS-
* sense of shame, which is necessary to prevent crimes. In a famous story about this philosopher, he refused to ask about the horses after the stables were burnt.
CONFUCIUS-
* si kou, or criminal law enforcer, by the Grand Minister of Ji.
CONFUCIUS-
* simple manner and slow speech to a group of special men whose name literally means "lord's son"
CONFUCIUS-
* social philosophy centered on the concept of ren, or love, and his political philosophy stressed a conception of virtue known as de. Some of this man's work was expanded by his more pessimistic follower, Xun Zi.
CONFUCIUS-
* theory of zhengming
CONFUCIUS-
* unmoving "pole star" and argued that words must be made to fit (*) reality by rectifying the usage of names.
CONFUCIUS-
* virtue ethics
CONFUCIUS-
Broken windows theory
CRIME-
Cesare Beccaria
CRIME-
Different association theory of Edwin Sutherland
CRIME-
Foucault= society's evolving reaction to this behavior Panopticon / disciple and punish;
CRIME-
McKay and Shaws theory=most common in Burgess concentric zone model
CRIME-
Mertons strain theory natural product of anomie
CRIME-
* "7 + 5 = 12" is within the title mental faculty. For 10 points, name this book which showed that synthetic a priori truths exist, by Immanuel Kant.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* "New Copernican" revolution of philosophy, for 10 points, identify this investigation into synthetic a priori truths, a first of three metaphysical critiques by Immanuel Kant;
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* "antinomies," and its split between phenomena and imperceptible noumena, for his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* "finality of form" to determine an object's beauty. Another work of this type separates principles into maxims and universal moral laws
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* "of Judgment." For 10 points, name this type of work, including those "of Practical Reason" and "of Pure Reason," written by Immanuel Kant.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* "table of categories" and a "table of judgment" are found in a third work of this type that distinguishes between phenomenon and noumenon and declares "7 plus 5 equals 12" to be a synthetic a priori truth.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* Frege claims that it bases one important distinction on the subject-predicate form of grammar
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* Immanuel Kant followed by similarly titled examinations of "judgment" and "practical reason."
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* Immanuel Kant work, the first of his critiques
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* Of quantity, of quality, of relation, and of modality are the divisions into which this work places the twelve categories of understanding. It attempts to establish the necessity of certain propositions through the transcendental ideas
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* Transcendental Aesthetic, analyzed claims such as (*) "7 plus 5 equals 12," and introduced the phenomenon-noumenon spli
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* author, the mind takes an active role in shaping information, creating ideas like time and space, but the author rejects the Rationalist position that nothing is knowable.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* calling external stimuli that live in the noumena things-in-themselves
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* categories such as causality are necessary for any possible (*) experience through its "transcendental analytic" and introduces the concept of inherently unknowable noumena, as opposed to phenomena
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* clarified in the (*) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, and it argues that like mathematics and physics, metaphysics needs to limit itself to matters that are both a priori and synthetic.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* collapsing house to contrast a priori and a posteriori knowledge and the example of seven plus five equals twelve to contrast analytic and synthetic judgements
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* compares logic to a courtyard in its B-preface, written six years after its A-preface.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* comprehend a "manifold" of sense-data via the "unity of apperception," and claims that space and time exist as "forms of intuition" in our heads
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* considers statements such as "the soul is simple" and "the soul is a substance" as the "paralogisms" of its title subject.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* cosmological and physio-theological arguments, and this work states that the title concept should regulate knowledge rather than constitute it in its first section.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* described by its author as a project of analysis, or Zergliederung, of the faculty of understanding, and its second edition had an attack on Cartesian skepticism appended to it titled The Refutation of Idealism
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* divided into a long section on the "Transcendental Doctrine of Method" and a shorter one on the "Transcendental Doctrine of Elements." I
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* ends by describing the "architectonic" and "history" of its title concept, contains a diagram of four sets of three categories arranged in a diamond
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* example of getting a full picture of a house by willfully looking at successive parts up close, in contrast to viewing a ship which approaches involuntarily, to show the validity of causality
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* existence of a priori synthetic truths by Immanuel Kant.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* how one gains experience from creating a unity out of a manifold, and it presents time and space as the two pure forms of intuition.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* impossible to derive that two lines cannot contain space from the definitions of a straight line and the number two. Its author believes that one can never know the empirical ego, since the mind can only experience itself through filtered perception, the transcendental ego.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* interpret and impose order on the world, and claims that a priori knowledge can be either analytic or synthetic. For 10 points, name this work by Immanuel Kant, the first of his Critiques.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* notable commentary on this work was written by the author of Philosophy of As If, Hans Vaihinger.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* phenomenal and a noumenal world, the latter of which is unknowabl
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* philosophical tract by Immanuel Kant that defines metaphysics as the titular pursuit.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* possibility of metaphysics, though it does show how other synthetic a priori propositions are possible.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* proposed that results from geometry and simple physics might be potential synthetic a priori truths
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* s book's universality was attacked by Heidegger in the Davos debate, and its so-called "principle of significance" was attacked in Peter Strawson's The Bounds of Sense.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* section in this work claims that the application of mathematical methods to philosophy "will succeed in only building card-castles."
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* synthetic a priori truth, written before a similar work on Practical Reason, by Immanuel Kant.
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* thinkers built on this work's assertion that a concept is "something universal which serves as a rule."
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* three ideas of the world, the thinker, and the being of all beings in one section and introduces the history, discipline, architectonic, and canon of the titular concept in "Transcendental Doctrines of Method." C
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* work argues that the existence of things in space is a necessary condition for inner experience in a section added to its second edition, "The Refutation of Idealism."
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* work offers such equally reasonable negative explanations as the absence of a beginning to time and the lack of an absolute condition for all things as "antinomies" to discredit the fields of rational psychology, rational cosmology, and natural theology
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* work's section "The Metaphysical Deduction" explains the evolution of pure concepts of understanding, which are called "categories."
CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON-
* "contradictory movement" that occurs "behind the backs" of the two main parties described within it
DAS KAPITAL-
* "general formula" in a chapter that distinguishes between the C-M-C and M-C-M forms of circulation
DAS KAPITAL-
* CMC pathway has been replaced by the MCM pathway. Karl Kautsky
DAS KAPITAL-
* Theories of Surplus Value. In this work, the titular concept's "production begets, with the inexorability of a law of nature, its own negation.";
DAS KAPITAL-
* delves into conditions during the fifteenth and sixteenth century, during which the discovery of gold in the Americas and the driving of peasants off the land accelerated a "primitive" process.
DAS KAPITAL-
* economic text in three volumes, written by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.
DAS KAPITAL-
* edited by Engels and written by Karl Marx.
DAS KAPITAL-
* people experience alienation when they do not own the product of their work. This text argues that industry creates (*) profit by forcing workers to perform surplus labor, a theory called the "labor theory of value."
DAS KAPITAL-
* section of this text introduces the idea of "commodity fetishism."
DAS KAPITAL-
* states that the old dialectic method "must be turned right side up again, if you would discover the rational kernel within the mystical shell."
DAS KAPITAL-
* studies the transformation problem, the problem of the relationship between value and market prices
DAS KAPITAL-
* system of value in which an object is worth the amount of work put into it, the labor theory of value.
DAS KAPITAL-
* terms the monetization of social relationships as "commodity fetishism."
DAS KAPITAL-
* "ontologization" of Marx through a "New International."
DERRIDA-
* "potion" or "poison" is the subject of his analysis of Phaedrus in "Plato's Pharmacy."
DERRIDA-
* "trace" of its opposite. He included the essay "Cogito and the History of Madness" in his book Writing and Difference.
DERRIDA-
* Algerian-born French philosopher who wrote Of Grammatology and developed deconstruction.
DERRIDA-
* Echographies of Television, in his most famous work he tackles "The Chain of Supplements" (*) and posits "the concept of writing should define the field of a science"
DERRIDA-
* French philosopher who coined the term "differance" and wrote Of Grammatology, the founder of deconstructionism.
DERRIDA-
* French thinker who wrote Writing and Difference and Of Grammatology and founded deconstructionism.
DERRIDA-
* French-Algerian philosopher who wrote Of Grammatology and advocated finding hidden meanings in texts through deconstruction.
DERRIDA-
* Glas caused a sensation at a Johns Hopkins conference with his paper (*) "Structure, Sign, and Play."
DERRIDA-
* His Glas is a two-columned book containing Hegelian philosophy on one side and discussions of Jean Genet on the other
DERRIDA-
* Jewish-French anti-philosopher; the author of Of Grammatology and founder of deconstructionism;
DERRIDA-
* Limited Inc. and Spectres of Marx described a concept which combines the meanings of the words "differ" and "defer" and about the futility of escaping infinite context, which led him to write "there is nothing outside the text."
DERRIDA-
* Margins of Philosophy introduced the concepts of "logocentrism" and différance.
DERRIDA-
* Michael Thomas recently published a work about the "Reception" of this philosopher. He addressed the "Poetics of Tobacco" and Madame de Maintenon in his "Counterfeit Money" volume of Given Time.
DERRIDA-
* Of Grammatology, the father of Deconstruction.
DERRIDA-
* Plato in Dissemination and wrote an autobiography titled Circumfession. Believing that the meaning of a word is "deferred" to the meanings of words it contrasts with, a critical position of this thinker's posits that neither speech nor writing is primary to the other
DERRIDA-
* Searle criticized this philosopher's work in his essay Reiterating the Difference, to which this man responded in the afterword of another work.
DERRIDA-
* Specters of Marx denoted a form of language prefiguring both speech and writing as "arche-writing," enlisting it in his critique of logocentrism
DERRIDA-
* Specters of Marx, for 10 points, name this French deconstructionist who wrote Of Grammatology.
DERRIDA-
* Speech and Phenomena, he critiqued Husserl's "metaphysics of presence" through the notion of différance.
DERRIDA-
* The Post Card and Specters of Marx was inspired by Ferdinand de Saussure's idea of signs to explore the importance of dichotomies in literary works, thus developing an approach that would be used by Paul de Man
DERRIDA-
* Two hundred pages of love letters to no one can be found in his Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond, and he employed his most noted philosophical tool to analyze communism in his 1993 work Specters of Marx.
DERRIDA-
* Western philosophy's tendency to characterize the pure (*) presence of voice as something that is violated by the mediation of writing. That work infamously declares: "There is nothing outside the text"
DERRIDA-
* adopted from Heidegger the technique of dealing with an inadequate word by writing it and crossing it out, called sous rature
DERRIDA-
* analyst of conceptual distinctions, he wrote Margins of Philosophy, Writing and Difference, and Speech and Phenomena.
DERRIDA-
* analyzes a discipline he terms spectropoetics and also attacks Etienne Condillac, who he attacked in another book
DERRIDA-
* argued that one should engage with unstable structures through flexible play in an essay about the "rupture" of the center in Western thought
DERRIDA-
* argued that philosophy's attempts to create natural meaning by erasing the metaphorical origins of the words it uses is doomed because of the fundamental "irreducibility of metaphor".
DERRIDA-
* argued that the reversal of the Platonistic hierarchies and a reversal-reduction of Platonism are the two phases of one of his central ideas.
DERRIDA-
* attacked Foucault's interpretation of Descartes in his "Cogito and the History of Madness," and his Geschlecht I-IV discussed the issues of race and sex in the works of Martin Heidegger.
DERRIDA-
* author of "Structure, Sign, and Play" formulated the "trace" and wrote another work that maintains that concepts like "light and dark" exist in uneven binary pairs and introduced the term "differance".
DERRIDA-
* author of Specters of Marx wrote a book that examines ellipses in the Western philosophical tradition to argue that logocentrism has been privileged in Western culture over writing, which this man subverted in coining the term "differance".
DERRIDA-
* communication is structured by the necessity of being repeatable even in the absence of a receiver, which he calls "iterability".
DERRIDA-
* contrasted writing, which is controlled by the "metaphysics of presence," with a form of language not derived from speech or writing called "arche-writing."
DERRIDA-
* criticized another author's attempt to write a "history of silence" through archaeology, claiming that one could achieve this only by being silent about silence.
DERRIDA-
* criticizing Foucault for claiming that Descartes dismissed insanity as a subject unworthy of philosophy
DERRIDA-
* deconstructionist who wrote Of Grammatology.
DERRIDA-
* describes organized crime as a "phantom state".
DERRIDA-
* development of the concept of underemployment and describes them as "plagues of capital" and part of the title legacy.
DERRIDA-
* example of the incest taboo being natural and cultural demonstrated how "play" could be introduced to a structure
DERRIDA-
* first section of one work by this thinker asserts that Western thought privileges phonetic languages and speech over writing.
DERRIDA-
* impulse to focus on the center of a text "pallogocentrism," and characterized the instability of meaning through the constant shifting of signifiers and signifieds as "difference."
DERRIDA-
* nother of this philosopher's works juxtapose a dissection of Hegel with a celebration of Jean Genet's writings
DERRIDA-
* rise of the "New International" and seeks to understanding the Messianic Affirmation of the title thinker
DERRIDA-
* scenario where a host treats a foreigner or other person as being in their proper place without asking for reciprocity as "absolute hospitality."
DERRIDA-
* shows Plato standing behind a seated Socrates. Another asserts that the present is dependent on the past, which he calls "hauntology."
DERRIDA-
* thinker discusses the ambivalence of "pharmakon" in an essay on Phaedrus, "Plato's Pharmacy."
DERRIDA-
* writing that impacts the soul of the reader while maintaining the distinction between intention and conveyance "arche-writing."
DERRIDA-
* "Esthetic experience is imaginative"
DEWEY-
* "Great Community."
DEWEY-
* "Is Logic a Dualistic Science?"
DEWEY-
* "Qualitative thought" and "Affective Thought" in Philosophy and Civilization
DEWEY-
* "The Ego as Cause." In other works, he wrote a chapter entitled "The United States, Incorporated"
DEWEY-
* "The Reflex Arc Concept of Psychology"
DEWEY-
* "The Reflex-Arc Concept in Psychology" and Art as Experience, for 10 points, name this American pragmatist who wrote Democracy and Education.
DEWEY-
* "What Humanism Means to Me"
DEWEY-
* "grasp the nature of experience itself."
DEWEY-
* "negative externalities"
DEWEY-
* "social intelligence"
DEWEY-
* American liberal philosopher who wrote Democracy and Education
DEWEY-
* American philosopher and psychologist associated with pragmatism and credited with founding functional psychology.
DEWEY-
* American pragmatist philosopher who wrote The Public and its Problems and Democracy and Education.
DEWEY-
* American pragmatist who wrote Art as Experience and Democracy and Education.
DEWEY-
* Democracy and Education
DEWEY-
* Freedom and Culture and Democracy and Education
DEWEY-
* Knowing and the Known
DEWEY-
* Knowing and the Known,
DEWEY-
* Rorty's Achieving Our Country extols this philosopher as embodying the American spirit of Whitman's Democratic Vistas
DEWEY-
* Sydney Hook was known as this thinker's "bulldog."
DEWEY-
* The Public and Its Problems
DEWEY-
* The Public and its Problems praised Keats' regard for imitation in a work that claims aesthetic creation and encounters are as important as works of (*) art themselves
DEWEY-
* The Quest for Certainty, an American philosopher who wrote all kinds of works on democracy and education.
DEWEY-
* This man's ideas and Frederick Taylor's scientific management inspired the "platoons" of the Gary Plan
DEWEY-
* advocated making "nature and the science of nature the willing servants of human good,"
DEWEY-
* aesthetics and challenged the stimulus-response model in an early Psychological Review article
DEWEY-
* approach to the theory of knowledge, preferring to use terms like "theory of inquiry."
DEWEY-
* argued that the view of true reality as being ideal privileges contemplative over experimental knowledge in the lecture "Changed Conceptions of the Ideal and the Real,"
DEWEY-
* called his philosophy "instrumentalism."
DEWEY-
* co-written with Arthur Bentley this thinker articulates the long standing "terminological problem,"
DEWEY-
* communication is the key to turning the "Great Society"
DEWEY-
* corporate influence and vulgar pop culture had created an "eclipse," but not the "phantom" imagined by Walter Lippman
DEWEY-
* delivered in Japan and collected as Reconstruction in Philosophy.
DEWEY-
* derisively claimed "the libertarian is the only believer in causation"
DEWEY-
* differentiated between self-action, interaction, and transaction.
DEWEY-
* disputed Descartes' claim that all experience is subjective, positing instead that the experiencing mind is part of nature.
DEWEY-
* distinguished between existential and ideational propositions in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry
DEWEY-
* divided moral frameworks into deontological theories of right, teleological theories of good, and theories of virtue.
DEWEY-
* e "progressive Left" in contrast to the "critical Left" of Lyotard
DEWEY-
* e Carleton Beals and investigated Soviet charges against Leon Trotsky
DEWEY-
* emphasized the aesthetic value of man's passage from disturbance to harmony
DEWEY-
* extending voting rights and that communication between citizens and politicians was instrumental to democracy.
DEWEY-
* f Walter Lippmann, who held that "the public" was a phantom
DEWEY-
* false metaphysical and epistemological distinction between sensory stimulation and motor response in "The Reflex-Arc Concept in Psychology." ;
DEWEY-
* formation of the mind resulted from an interplay between the individual and community.
DEWEY-
* founding the Laboratory School of Chicago
DEWEY-
* freedom's importance lies in one's ability to be an individualized self,
DEWEY-
* goal of (*) schooling as socialization.
DEWEY-
* hinder our ability to understand aesthetics in Art as Experience
DEWEY-
* humans interact with the world through self-guided activity in "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." T
DEWEY-
* imagined corporate takeover, and wrote about the "free play of intelligence."
DEWEY-
* last worthwhile American philosopher by Richard Rorty,
DEWEY-
* led an academic committee which sought to exonerate Leon Trotsky
DEWEY-
* man as the "live creature"
DEWEY-
* metaphysicians who reify their biases for stable processes into principles that exist "outside of experience" commit the "philosophical fallacy.
DEWEY-
* misguided types of inquiry labeled "Self-Action," "Interaction," and "Transaction."
DEWEY-
* n stated that the value of freedom was the presence of the "power to be an individualized self" in The Public and Its Problems.
DEWEY-
* pedagogical theories of Rousseau and Plato, and argues for in favor of experiential, progressive education.
DEWEY-
* play should be integrated into the standard curriculum and that many shared interests and "full and free... interplay"
DEWEY-
* problematic situations should be resolved through a process of inquiry that doesn't merely alter the opinions of the inquirers, but rather produces what he termed a "consummatory" state of affairs
DEWEY-
* purpose of aesthetics is to reforge the connection between everyday life and (*) fine art
DEWEY-
* purposes of education include self-realization and social reform, and helped to found the progressive New School on these theories
DEWEY-
* refuted Walter Lippmann's view that journalists should transmit information from the elite to common people in a book that defines "the public" as a group of citizens indirectly bonded by the effects of events.
DEWEY-
* rejected traditional epistemology for his "theory of inquiry"
DEWEY-
* responded to Walter Lippmann's claim that the modern public could not successfully participate in democracy
DEWEY-
* schools should not be seen as a preparation for civic life but instead as continuous extensions of civil society.
DEWEY-
* self-directed students acting as a community.
DEWEY-
* social consultations aimed at addressing public problems
DEWEY-
* stabler aspects of existence the "philosophic fallacy" in his Experience and Nature.
DEWEY-
* stressed socialization and learning by doing
DEWEY-
* term "epistemology"
DEWEY-
* thinker argued that an organism interacts with its environment through self-guided activity in an essay criticizing the then-dominant conception of the reflex arc
DEWEY-
* title form of government is dependent on how the second title concept conditions people to be a part of the community
DEWEY-
* traditional notions of stimulus and response.
DEWEY-
* unification of action, feeling, and meaning, and another work by this philosopher refuted the critiques of Walter Lippmann
DEWEY-
* updated Plato's theories on childhood and Rousseau's Emile
DEWEY-
* wrote that the "primary ineluctable facts of birth and death"
DEWEY-
* A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
EDMUND BURKE-
* A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of The (*) Sublime and Beautiful argued that governments based on abstractions lead to tyranny and that gradual political reform is preferable to violent revolt in a work inspired by a recent event
EDMUND BURKE-
* A Vindication of Natural Society argued for the preservation of "prejudices" through gradual change and condemned the radical political action of its title.
EDMUND BURKE-
* English author whose Reflections on the Revolution in France were disputed in The Rights of Man by Thomas Paine;
EDMUND BURKE-
* Joseph de Maistre, who is often considered his French equivalent
EDMUND BURKE-
* Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Man and Thomas Paine's Rights of Man and predicted that the title conflict would end badly because it was based on abstract principles which didn't take into account society's complexities.
EDMUND BURKE-
* Pitkin's The Concept of Representation he argues that this thinker's view of government is to "enact what is best for this nation" which explains why he coined the phrase "virtual representation" in his letter to Hercules Langshire.
EDMUND BURKE-
* Reflections on the Revolution in France.
EDMUND BURKE-
* Robert Dodsley, this man founded the Annual Register magazine and completed a work posthumously published as An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the History of England.
EDMUND BURKE-
* Vindication of Natural Society examines the four causes of the two title concepts, which are contrasted as that which pleases and that which can compel and destroy. T
EDMUND BURKE-
* argued for a government based on enumerated rights and not on abstract concepts like "freedom" and "rights of man," which he argued could easily be used to incite dictatorship
EDMUND BURKE-
* began as a response to a sermon given by Richard Price praising the Glorious Revolution.
EDMUND BURKE-
* contrasted two concepts, one of which is merely pleasing, while the other is pleasing in its terrible destructive power.
EDMUND BURKE-
* denounced the treatment of the titular governor in his "The Nawab of Arcot's Debts" in a political work, but a different work led him to fund James Barry's work in Rome for his style.
EDMUND BURKE-
* distinguished the sublime from the beautiful, advocated gradual change in an essay translated into French by Louis XVI.
EDMUND BURKE-
* examines how the titular conflict fails because its foundations are "abstract" which led Thomas Paine to write The Rights of Man against him.
EDMUND BURKE-
* expanded his point that ambition is the driver of both human progress and misery into a full analysis of how European civilizing forces in America moralized and undermined the courage of (*) Native Americans.
EDMUND BURKE-
* first publication was a satirical imitation of the style of an anti-religious contemporary, which was so accurate that many reviewers did not realize it was satire.
EDMUND BURKE-
* literary theorist with this surname created the "dramatistic Pentad" to characterize an act and wrote A Rhetoric of Motives
EDMUND BURKE-
* man used Aristotle's four causes to examine the two title concepts that he distinguishes as the (*) aesthetically pleasing and the destructively compelling.
EDMUND BURKE-
* member of the Whig party who wrote A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas into the Sublime and Beautiful as well as Reflections on the Revolution in France.
EDMUND BURKE-
* obscurity is what allows the mysterious first title concept to exist
EDMUND BURKE-
* philosopher with this surname wrote an essay that championed the Petition of Right because it granted rights based not on "abstract principles," but on "patrimony."
EDMUND BURKE-
* political philosopher who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France
EDMUND BURKE-
* political society results from mistrust in existing laws of natural society and claims that all forms of government are founded on a "grand error" since they protect citizens from each other but not from rulers.
EDMUND BURKE-
* questioned the use of "discussing a man's abstract right to food or to medicine" in a work that was written as a response to Charles-Jean-Francois Depont.
EDMUND BURKE-
* responded to the Declaratory Act with a work stating that the British Empire embodied the perfect reconciliation of civil liberty and command.
EDMUND BURKE-
* satirized Lord Bolingbroke in A Vindication of Natural Society, led the prosecution in the impeachment trial of Warren Hastings
EDMUND BURKE-
* surname wrote a treatise on aesthetics that associated one title concept with "delicacy" and the other with "terror." T
EDMUND BURKE-
* written in response to a sermon by Reverend Richard Price, he attacked a "literary cabal" for spreading atheistic influence, asserted that the title event was a result of viewing liberty in isolation, and severely criticized Jacobin control over governing institutions.
EDMUND BURKE-
* wrote that the progress of history would destroy the tyranny of government in a satire that extended Lord Bolingbroke's opposition of religion to politics
EDMUND BURKE-
* "Shadowgraphs" and "Diapsalmata" uses a theory of social prudence to defeat boredom in its section "Crop Rotation."
EITHER/OR-
* God titled "Ultimatum," while the rest of its second part is narrated by Judge (*) Wilhelm;
EITHER/OR-
* Hedonists, like the author of the "Seducer's Diary" live only in the present and are grouped with abstract intellectuals as aesthetes in this work. Subtitled "A Fragment on Life,"
EITHER/OR-
* Johannes Climacus describes how he woos women mostly because he finds it interesting in this work's section "Diary of a Seducer."
EITHER/OR-
* advocates staving off boredom with "crop rotation." Stages on Life's Way is a follow-up to this book, in whose second section Judge Vilhelm tries to convince "A" of the validity of marriage
EITHER/OR-
* aesthetic life view is contrasted with the ethical and religious in this 1834 work, which is attributed to Victor Eremita.
EITHER/OR-
* affirms Aristotelian logic against Hegel. This book consists of two sections written by "A" and "Judge Vilhelm," who represent the aesthetic and ethical stages of existence.
EITHER/OR-
* boredom by comparing it with the fertility that arises from the rotation of crops. It encourages inwardness and the unified consciousness of the ethical thinker Judge Williams
EITHER/OR-
* claims that the victory of married love lies in an internal history beyond immediacy. The narrator of one section of this book describes seeing his first love at a performance of Eugène Scribe's First Love
EITHER/OR-
* concludes with an upbuilding discourse that asserts, "against God we are always in the wrong."
EITHER/OR-
* describes how a modern Antigone becomes a virgo mater because she alone knows that Oedipus married his mother. This work notes that Mozart uses the most abstract medium to represent the "sensuous-erotic genius" of Don Giovanni.
EITHER/OR-
* lectures of Friedrich Schelling that its author was attending. It traces the movement of the beautiful from time to space in a section on the "validity of marriage".
EITHER/OR-
* man purchases a writing desk at a second-hand store and hacks it open to find two manuscripts. A person in this work asks "Who deserves to be the unhappiest?"
EITHER/OR-
* notes (*) Don Giovanni's ceaseless search for variety in "The Musical Erotic." Johannes Climacus woos and tosses aside Cordelia in its section "The Seducer's Diary."
EITHER/OR-
* part of this work consists of letters, one of which is named "Ultimatum," while another discusses the validity of marriage, those letters were written by Judge Wilhelm
EITHER/OR-
* portion of this text examines Scribe's The First Love while narrating its author's infatuation with a woman he meets at the play. Another portion of this book uses the example of an empty grave to question whether it is a person who is immortal or a person who must die who is ultimately "The Unhappiest One."
EITHER/OR-
* section addressed to the Symparanekromenoi (SIM-pah-rah-neh-KROmeh-noi), a club that writes posthumous papers. It asks "What is a poet?" in its group of aphorisms, Diapsalmata. T
EITHER/OR-
* t "against God we are always in the wrong" in a discourse supposedly recovered from the letters of Judge Wilhelm
EITHER/OR-
* Diogenes Learteus states that its founder advised Pythocles to "avoid all sorts of education" and called Plato's followers "Flatterers of Dionysius."
EPICUREANISM-
* Expounded in the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius, for 10 points, name this philosophical school, which held that the only evil was suffering,
EPICUREANISM-
* Hermann Usener published a massive compilation of works inspired by this philosopher's school. This man conjectured that the gods occupied an area devoid of atoms called the metakosmia
EPICUREANISM-
* Leucippus and the younger Atomists, they held the world was made of continuously falling atoms of varying sizes and shapes, and believed that atoms had free will and could enact a clinamen, or swerve, to converge and combine
EPICUREANISM-
* Lucretius was an ardent follower of this man, who argued that the perfect life was characterized by freedom from distress and freedom from pain, known as ataraxia and aponia, respectively.
EPICUREANISM-
* Oenoanda, which is in modern-day Turkey, its tenets were carved onto a large stone wall
EPICUREANISM-
* Philodemus' writings for this school, such as a poem outlining the tetrapharmakos, were found in the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.
EPICUREANISM-
* Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to William Short saying that they belonged to this school of philosophy, which received some support in the Renaissance starting with Lorenzo Valla
EPICUREANISM-
* concept of clinamen in a poem written in the philosophical tradition of this man, who divided one concept in his own philosophy into (*) "static" and "kinetic" types.
EPICUREANISM-
* description of this school's philosophy is found in a manuscript in the Vatican library which closely resembles its founder's Principle Doctrines.
EPICUREANISM-
* namesake school of philosophy holds that pleasure is the ultimate good.
EPICUREANISM-
* pain and fear, called ataraxia and aponia
EPICUREANISM-
* philosophical school that ultimately dominated over one established by Aristippus of Cyrene
EPICUREANISM-
* pleasure-seeking?
EPICUREANISM-
* school's belief that atoms moved independently in a process called (*) klinamen or "swerve" was described in De rerum natura by Lucretius.
EPICUREANISM-
* school's founder established feelings, preconceptions, and sense-perceptions as three criteria of truth.
EPICUREANISM-
* school's philosophy is the focus of Lucretius' epic De Rerum Natura, and it is based on the atomistic theory of Democritus;
EPICUREANISM-
* term clinamen to describe the unexplainable swerving of atoms, was Lucretius.
EPICUREANISM-
* tradition founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, the Cyrenaic school. Its adherents included Diogenes of Oinoanda, the Younger Idomeneus, and Pythocles, and it put forth the doctrine of "tetrapharmakios."
EPICUREANISM-
* tried to attain ataraxia by denying the existence of an afterlife. Identify this ancient Greek school that met in The Garden and which is often contrasted with Stoicism.
EPICUREANISM-
* Alexander Hegius and follower of Rodolphus Agricola created a version of the Greek New Testament called the Textus Receptus, and he also wrote the (*) Handbook of a Christian Knight
ERASMUS-
* Dutch humanist, the author of In Praise of Folly
ERASMUS-
* Etienne Dolet wrote a response to this thinker's attack on the Ciceronian style, while various rearrangements of the sentence "Your letter pleased me greatly" feature in his Copia.
ERASMUS-
* Greek New Testament
ERASMUS-
* Inebriation and Ignorance
ERASMUS-
* Julius Excluded from Heaven, and was followed by the Novum Instrumentum Omne,
ERASMUS-
* St. Peter tells a pope to "build yourself a new paradise" after that pope tries to break into heaven with the key of his treasury
ERASMUS-
* gave 195 variations on the phrase "your letter pleased me greatly" in his textbook Copia
ERASMUS-
* most famous for a work whose title figure was born in the "pagan Eden"
ERASMUS-
* oration delivered by the titular child of Plutus who was suckled by Drunkeness and Ignorance and is followed by Sloth and Self-Love; that work was written during this thinker's stay with his friend Thomas More;
ERASMUS-
* "geometrically ordered" work which sets out the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza.
ETHICS-
* "perception", "reason", and "intuition" are ordered by level of reliability in its hierarchy of knowledge.
ETHICS-
* "self-caused" and "substance" in the "Of God" section, while he argues that our key weakness is our inability to rein in our emotions in the fourth section, "Of Human Bondage."
ETHICS-
* "vegetative" and "ethical" parts. One part of it outlines the five dispositions of the soul, or hexis. It examines the third type of action, the non-voluntary, in another section that claims that choice, will, and deliberation are characteristic of both positive and negative actions
ETHICS-
* Anscombe coined the term "consequentialism" in a 1958 essay about the modern type of this field of philosophy. Henry Sidgwick outlined egoism, intuitionism, and universalism as the methods of this philosophical field
ETHICS-
* Benevolence, cruelty, and despair are among the forty-eight terms included in a dictionary of emotions found in its third part.
ETHICS-
* Bennett's "A Study of" this work argues that when we say something has a property, we are implying that the universe has that property at a certain location.
ETHICS-
* Fletcher proposed a type of this based on achieving agape (uh gah PAY), which he called its "situational" type
ETHICS-
* G.E. Moore wrote a book on the principles of this subject, in which he described the naturalistic fallacy
ETHICS-
* G.E. Moore's best known work also references them
ETHICS-
* Natura naturata is predicated by God, who is the one substance of the universe, a position later termed pantheism.
ETHICS-
* Peter Singer wrote a book about the "practical" kind of this field, which considers the problem of whether to divert a trolley in the path of one person in order to save the lives of five others
ETHICS-
* Separate sections of this book claim that a thing is more perfect the more active as opposed to passive it is, and that a thing is more real the more perfect it is. Another section argues that the human will is only a necessary and not a free cause of action, as the will is entirely dependent on the external will of God
ETHICS-
* Sidgwick purports to describe "the methods" of these, and Simone de Beauvoir wrote a short treatise about those "of ambiguity."
ETHICS-
* Spinoza's book on this philosophical subject is divided according to a "geometric" scheme. Aristotle's book on this describes the highest aim in life as happiness, and is named after his son Nicomachus. name this subject within philosophy which is concerned with questions of morality.
ETHICS-
* Thought and Extension are two of the attributes of God according to this book, whose final section, "Of Human Freedom", follows its section "Of Human Bondage".
ETHICS-
* analogy of an archer to describe how a magnanimous man exercises the Doctrine of the Mean, and it argues that the end goal of life is happiness, or eudemonia.
ETHICS-
* analyzed physically or non-physically in terms of extension and thought, respectively.
ETHICS-
* asserts that humility should be avoided because it leads to sorrow
ETHICS-
* attacked as an atheist because it equates God with Nature.
ETHICS-
* cites practical judgment called "phronesis" as one of the five intellectual virtues the soul needs to find truth
ETHICS-
* classifies justice as either (*) distributive or rectificatory.
ETHICS-
* cobbler exchanging one shoe with a farmer for one harvest to explain why justice must be distributed proportionally in a section that distinguishes between rectificatory and distributive justice
ETHICS-
* contemplative wisdom can only be obtained after all other moral virtues are present
ETHICS-
* contrasts the "continent," who successfully resist irrational internal pressures, with the "incontinent," who fail to do so.
ETHICS-
* defines God as the entirety of existence, leading its author to be accused of pantheism
ETHICS-
* defines sensory perception, reason, and intuition as the three types of knowledge, and claims, in its third section, that humans deem things good because they strive for them
ETHICS-
* definition of happiness insists that happiness be evaluated over the course of a complete life, so that children cannot be said to be happy and Priam cannot be unhappy just because he is experiencing old age.
ETHICS-
* depends on something else for its own existence as a "mode", which is contrasted with a "substance", which is independent
ETHICS-
* differentiated from random experience as a source of knowledge, and actions and passions, which are the two varieties of affects, are attributed to changes in one's striving for perseverance, or conatus.
ETHICS-
* discusses humanity's acquisition of ideas, which its author earlier addressed in "On the Improvement of the Understanding."
ETHICS-
* discusses the "Origin and Nature of the Emotions," while the second claims that "extension is an attribute of God" in a discussion of the "Origin and Nature of the Mind."
ETHICS-
* distinguishes one general form and many particular forms of justice in its fifth book. That work's last chapter advocates political life if the ideal (*) contemplative life is unattainable, and earlier advocates for eudaimonia, or happiness, as derived from virtues which are themselves the mean between two extremes.
ETHICS-
* e fifth section states that freedom is a result of understanding that emotions are governed by the laws of nature.
ETHICS-
* emotivist form of this, and G.E. Moore advocated an intuitionist form of it. The "virtue" form of it is distinct from consequentialism, which is part of Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism, and deontology, which is the form of it used in Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative.
ETHICS-
* erson who does something in ignorance of the consequences acts involuntarily only if he later realizes what he has done, but even then, he bears some responsibility for the ignorance itself.
ETHICS-
* everything "strives to persevere its being", a concept referred to as conatus. Its format was influenced by (*) Euclid's Elements, as its propositions are "demonstrated in geometrical order".
ETHICS-
* five intellectual virtues which govern scientific and everyday reasoning
ETHICS-
* good of anything with a function lies in the satisfactory performance of that function, and asserts that the function of a human is rational activity.
ETHICS-
* humans seek to continue their current mode of life but are fearful when threatened by power
ETHICS-
* interpreted as stating that every virtue lies between a vice of excess and a vice of deficiency; that is the Doctrine of the Mean.
ETHICS-
* killed by a falling stone to argue against (*) miracles, and in its fourth part discusses the tendency of man to be tied down by uncontrolled passions
ETHICS-
* many who argue against hedonism do so insincerely, but for good reasons.
ETHICS-
* mere (*) strength of will to be less praiseworthy than active virtue, but more so than weakness of will, or incontinence, and asserts that the virtue of a particular trait usually lies between two extremes in its "doctrine of the mean."
ETHICS-
* meta form is considered the most imprecisely defined part of moral philosophy, while its normative form attempts to define proper (*) conduct, such as in the Golden Rule;
ETHICS-
* most famous work of Baruch Spinoza, as well as a "Nicomachean" treatise by Aristotle
ETHICS-
* ninth section outlines three types of friendship claiming friendships based on utility or pleasure will dissolve. It uses the example of an archer who must aim between two extremes to demonstrate the doctrine of the mean
ETHICS-
* one should draw conclusions "roughly and in outline," since many rules hold only for the most part
ETHICS-
* practical wisdom as phronesis, and it claims that excellence is "not an act, but a habit." Postulating that man's ultimate goal in life is a form of happiness called eudaimonia,
ETHICS-
* property kalokagathaia; that work begins by refusing to agree with a poem by Theognis and was once believed to be by a Rhodesian student named Eudemus.
ETHICS-
* proposition Substance is by nature prior to its affections in its 1st part, Of God, while the fourth part is called Of Human Bondage. Another work with this word in its title focuses on the concept of eudamia which is a form of satisfied happiness, and contains the doctrine of the mean
ETHICS-
* states that everything strives to persevere in being and claims that every material thing is represented by an "adequate idea
ETHICS-
* theory of moral philosophy which investigates qualities conducive to the "flourishing" of a human being.
ETHICS-
* time has no beginning or end and that nothing is free except God, who is a sanctuary of ignorance
ETHICS-
* too much love for a thing that is "liable to many variations and that we can never fully possess" is "a sickness of the mind"
ETHICS-
* ultimate goal of life, eudaimonia. For 10 points, name this work of moral philosophy, edited by and named for the son of Aristotle
ETHICS-
* virtue ethics
ETHICS-
* virtue is defined as the quality of easily doing what is right, in contrast to mere strength of will, which it calls (*) akrasia
ETHICS-
* we can attribute nothing to a defect in nature because nature is the same everywhere, while in another section he notes that we call the eternal being "God or Nature."
ETHICS-
* who does anything for the sake of pleasure is self-indulgent, by citing Neoptolemus in Sophocles's play Philoctetes, who merely listened to Odysseus for a noble purpose
ETHICS-
* "Hell is other people," and is titled No Exit; those works are by Soren Kierkegaard and Jean-Paul Sartre
EXISTENTIALISM-
* "Other" and the "Look" are two concepts associated with this school of thought, which is also associated with the author of The Rebel and The Myth of Sisyphus as well as the author of Being and Nothingness.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* "abandonment" and "anguish."
EXISTENTIALISM-
* "bad faith" in Being and Nothingness. Its concept of Dasein was introduced in Being and Time, by Martin Heidegger.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* "seven modes of the encompassing," and another wrote about I-it and I-thou relationships
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Christian version of this theory is described by The Sickness Unto Death
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Difference and Being and Time, Martin Heidegger, was associated with this school of thought
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Heidegger responded to this work in a famous letter to his student Jean Beaufret.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Hubert Dreyfus called upon this philosophy to criticize artificial intelligence in What Computers Can't Do. Name this school of philosophy embodied by Jean-Paul Sartre, facets of which deal with feelings of nothingness and angst, alienation from society, and man's place in a seemingly absurd world.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Jean-Paul Sartre essay, which explains the applicability of his philosophy
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Jean-Paul Sartre offers that his system is not one of despair and contemplative quietism but it is a recognition of the condition he and his readers find themselves
EXISTENTIALISM-
* John Macquarrie published Studies in a Christian type of this, a movement he's associated with, while a Catholic type is associated with the man who coined this word, Gabriel Marcel
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Karl Jaspers and Martin Buber, this school of philosophy has a "feminist" type espoused by the author of The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Merleau-Ponty was closely associated with two philosophers of this school.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Nausea has a basis in this philosophical movement espoused by its author, Jean-Paul Sartre. This philosophical movement asserts that we should focus on our own "being" in the face of the absurdity of the world.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Rejecting the Cartesian ego, a proponent of this movement described the authentic being-for-itself as a being who rejects bad faith and creates its own meaning in an absurd world through its own existence
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Sartre and Camus
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Sartre's "Existentialism is a Humanism" coined this three-word slogan, which is a reversal of traditional views. It implies that humans do not have inherent value, but must create it themselves. : existence precedes essence
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Shestov and Berdyaev were Russian proponents of this school, as was the German author of Way to Wisdom, Karl Jaspers
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Soren Kierkegaard, Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre
EXISTENTIALISM-
* The Phenomenology of Perception, and was named Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* Tillich and Jaspers;
EXISTENTIALISM-
* analyzed the "practico-inert", which limits human activity or "praxis", in his Critique of Dialectical Reason
EXISTENTIALISM-
* consider Kierkegaard to be the first philosopher from this movement, which claimed that the individual must be the starting point of philosophy. Other members of it included Simone de Beauvoir and Martin Heidegger.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* considers a young man whose brother is killed by enemy forces, concluding that Kantian and Christian ethics cannot help him decide whether to join the army or tend to his bereaved mother.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* deceased Robert Solomon wrote books called From Rationalism to this, From Hegel to this, and a book tying it to the Meaning of Life while Anne-Marie Cazalis attempted to create a fashion movement connected with this system
EXISTENTIALISM-
* defined suicide as an attempt to escape the absurdity of being, which he compared to eternally pushing a boulder up a hill.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* expressed in this movement's maxim "existence precedes essence"
EXISTENTIALISM-
* identified with the "for-itself" and "in-itself" from an essay which introduced self-deception as "bad faith".
EXISTENTIALISM-
* key tenet of "mauvaise foi" or "bad faith" and authored books called this and Human Emotions and a book claiming this Is a Humanism.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* lecture at the Club Maintenant, coined the phrase "existence precedes essence."
EXISTENTIALISM-
* morality of Maggie Tulliver in The Mill on the Floss has the same origin as the desire of La Sanseverina in The Charterhouse of Parma
EXISTENTIALISM-
* philosophy "is a Humanism" according to a 1945 lecture that argues that one's essence is created as a result of living
EXISTENTIALISM-
* philosophy, often compared to nihilism, asserts that there is no intrinsic meaning to life and that individuals must create their own meaning. It was espoused by thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre.
EXISTENTIALISM-
* responding to the Communists' accusations of quietism
EXISTENTIALISM-
* treatment of the intersubjective self discussed lovers experiencing each other as ambiguous subjects and others, and the look that brings self-awareness of being-for-others
EXISTENTIALISM-
* urged a leap to faith to overcome despair, a state of sin
EXISTENTIALISM-
* wrote a book that concerns a story about Agnes and the merman and considers four "Problemata."
EXISTENTIALISM-
* "Is there a teleological suspension of the ethical?" as one its three "Problemata." Written under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* "frogs in life's swamp" who fall in love with a princess but give up after realizing that "the rich brewer's widow" is more attainable
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* "is there a teleological suspension of the ethical?"
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* Abraham is described as a "Knight of Faith" for his willingness to sacrifice Isaac in, for ten points, what work by Soren Kierkegaard
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* Agnes and The Merman, Amor and Psyche, and Agamemnon at Aulus to establish the outer world of aesthetics and ethics.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* Knight of Faith,
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* Soren Kierkegaard
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* Two major figures discussed in this work are compared to two ballet dancers: one who can hold a pose during a leap and a landing and one who leaps beautifully but lands awkwardly
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* Written under the pseudonym John the Silent and published the same year as its author's Either/Or, this work centers on (*) Abraham's decision to sacrifice his son Isaac
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* absolute duty to obey God in the second problema. It takes its title from Phillipians 2:21
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* author sarcastically claims that people of his day are so potent and enflamed that they conceive as easily as a partridge hen hearing the voice of a cock, which prefaces his discussion of "concealment" and "recognition" as part of drama
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* biblical passage from four angles in its section "Exordium" before comparing the Knight of Faith with the Knight of Infinite Resignation
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* cannot understand the central character, who chooses to embrace absurdity. In contrast to Socrates, who strives asymptotically as a Knight of Infinity, that character is portrayed as a Knight of Faith.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* chapters are used to explain the actions of a person who is contrasted with the knight of infinite resignation, the knight of faith
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* derived from Philippians 2:12.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* discusses Agamemnon's sacrifice of his daughter Iphigenia, and was probably inspired by the end of its author's relationship with Regine Olsen
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* discusses how (*) Agamemnon has to decide between his duty to his country and his duty to his daughter Iphigenia
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* discusses the teleological suspension of the ethical of Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* easy path of Knight of Infinite Resignation
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* ends speaking of a disciple of Heraclitus who wished "only to go further." One section concludes that either "faith never existed, because it has always existed" or " the individual as the individual is higher than the universal", exemplifying one of the central paradoxes.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* ends with a discussion of Heraclitus, while earlier the author discusses a "teleological suspension of the ethical" in one of three chapters entitled "Problema."
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* epilogue cites spice traders who threw cargo into the sea to raise prices and wonders if an analogous delusion is what the present generation needs.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* first of its three problemata by concluding that the religious sphere is beyond the ethical. For 10 points, name this work that analyzes the "teleological suspension of the ethical" during Abraham's near-sacrifice of Isaac, written by Johannes de silento, a pseudonym of Søren Kierkegaard.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* interpreted as being about the failure of the author's relationship with Regine Olsen, asks whether there is an absolute duty to God and whether there is a teleological suspension of the ethical.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* knight of faith is exemplified by Abraham and his willingness to sacrifice Isaac.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* ostensibly written by Johannes de Silentio, about authentic religiousity, actually by Soren Kierkegaard
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* paradox that the individual "determines his relation to the universal by his relation to the absolute," not vice versa.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* preface applauds Descartes for not making it "obligatory for every man to doubt," and one section of this work tells of a man who would rather his child think him a monster than lose faith in God
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* preface to this philosophical book, the author compares himself to a poet and says he is not a philosopher.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* questions why every young girl does not compare herself to the Virgin Mary, and claims that Mary has no need of admiration because she transcended heroism through suffering
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* quotes Gloucester's "I, then, am rudely stamped" as exemplifying the formation of the demoniacal from the inability to endure pity.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* repeatedly mocks the poet's necessary recourse to sympathy, including while discussing the heroism of a figure from Aristotle's Poetics who heeds the oracle at Delphi.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* sacrifice of Isaac, by Soren Kierkegaard
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* section of this work examines the difference between "disclosure" and "hiddenness" in a story from Aristotle's Poetics about a groom who is told by the Oracle of Delphi that his marriage will bring disaster and in the myth of Amor and Psyche.
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* telelogical suspension of the ethical. For 10 points, name this work which asks three questions regarding Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac, a work of Soren Kierkegaard;
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* work ends by mentioning a student who claimed you cannot pass even once through the same (*) river, and pities Heraclitus for having a such a disciple
FEAR AND TREMBLING-
* "Concept of a Person," Harry Frankfurt argued that it is connected to second-order desires, and paradoxes concerning this idea are sometimes known as "Frankfurt cases," due to a 1969 paper of his
FREE WILL-
* "the duration" in order to argue against Kant's claim that this subject can only exist outside of time and space. Lucretius' poem On the Nature of Things posits that the "swerve" of atoms is the origin of this philosophical concept
FREE WILL-
* "varieties of [this concept] worth wanting" proposes that intuition pumps have been unconsciously used to explain it
FREE WILL-
* Bergson described duration in a book titled for "Time" and this concept.
FREE WILL-
* Challenges to this idea include Laplace's demon. Bergson paired this concept with Time, and Sartre believed that this concept is absolute as an axiom of existentialism
FREE WILL-
* Compatibilism is a belief stating that this concept can be reconciled with determinism, which is distinguished from the extreme position of fatalism
FREE WILL-
* Compatibilism is the stance that this can exist alongside determinism.
FREE WILL-
* Daniel Dennett defended this concept from that attack by arguing that rather than a concrete future there can only be expectations.
FREE WILL-
* Evidence against this concept's existence can be found in Libet's experiments on the Bereitschaftpotential.
FREE WILL-
* Fischer has proposed a "Garden of Forking Paths" model of this idea, and in a book in which he coined the notions of sphexishness and intuition pumps, Elbow Room, Daniel Dennett wrote about the "varieties" of this which are "worth wanting.
FREE WILL-
* Frankfurt contrasted different narcotic addicts in an article claiming this concept arises from "second-order desires."
FREE WILL-
* God and immortality, this is assumed by practical reason but outside the realm of pure reason among Kant's three metaphysical concerns
FREE WILL-
* Harry Frankfurt posited that this thing is connected only with "effective" desires
FREE WILL-
* James proposed a two stage model of this idea - that model was compared to biological evolution by Ernst Mayr
FREE WILL-
* Non-causal, event-causal, and agent-causal accounts of this idea belong to incompatibilist theories of it, while compatibilist theories of this idea attempt to reconcile it with determinism
FREE WILL-
* Plantinga argued that God could only create worlds where this concept exists in its namesake "Defense" against the problem of (*) evil
FREE WILL-
* Robert Kane champions an incompatibilist theory of it, which supports this phenomenon's existence
FREE WILL-
* Schopenhauer attempted to derive this property from self-consciousness by positing three types of freedom
FREE WILL-
* Schopenhauer divided this concept into "physical," "intellectual," and "moral" types in an essay written for a contest held by the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences
FREE WILL-
* Schopenhauer wrote an essay asserting that this concept exists outside of the realm of human actions
FREE WILL-
* Source models attempt to trace the ultimate origins of this philosophical concept
FREE WILL-
* Strawson argued against this concept a 1983 work which examined the "cognitive phenomenology" of belief in it.
FREE WILL-
* Wanderer and His Shadow introduced and The Gay Science explained another kind of, FTP, what term that Nietzsche paired with "to power"?;
FREE WILL-
* ability to make your own choices.
FREE WILL-
* argued against the existence of this concept using his "Basic Argument" in a 1986 book titled for this concept "and Belief."
FREE WILL-
* conflation of quality with quantity was paired with "time" in Henri Bergson's doctoral thesis, while Thomas Hobbes thought that form of it as absurd as "accidents of bread in cheese" and defined it as one's last appetite or aversion preceding action
FREE WILL-
* contrasted with determinism
FREE WILL-
* dialogue named for this concept, Evodius talks about eternal and temporal law with Augustine
FREE WILL-
* doctrine of incompatibilism, it has been stated that Laplace's demon is an argument against this concept.
FREE WILL-
* existence is that it is incompatible with Calvinistic predestination
FREE WILL-
* explained in (*) Daniel Dennett's Elbow Room. Because it does not possess this property, the ass in Buridan's thought experiment will eventually die.
FREE WILL-
* if God's foreknowledge precludes this concept, and compatibilists accept both this concept and its seeming opposite, determinism
FREE WILL-
* proposed and then filtered. Aquinas stated that man has it because rationality trumps natural instinct, unlike in animals.
FREE WILL-
* reconciled with a fixed universe
FREE WILL-
* reject the existence of this idea include fatalism and a belief in divine foreknowledge.
FREE WILL-
* rejected by Jean Calvin and opposed to the idea of predestination, this concept is defined as the ability of a rational actor to choose a course of action from among various alternatives.
FREE WILL-
* thinker argued that knowledge exists to serve it, since Schopenhauer believed The World consists of it and Representation
FREE WILL-
* two-stage model of this concept, which compatibilists attempt to reconcile with determinism
FREE WILL-
* types of this concept "worth wanting" and contrasts humans and digger wasps; that work is Daniel Dennett's Elbow Room.
FREE WILL-
* New Yorker, she wrote about Eichmann in Jerusalem
HANNAH ARENDT-
* On Violence, this philosopher distinguished vita contemplativa from vita activa and arranged labor, work, and action in ascending order of importance another work
HANNAH ARENDT-
* Origins of Totalitarianism is a work by, for 10 points, what lover of Martin Heidegger who related the trial of a Nazi war criminal in her Eichmann in Jerusalem?
HANNAH ARENDT-
* She spent four days attending the trial of a man in a glass box to write another book about the banality of evil.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* The Human Condition asserted that a one figure's reliance on "stock phrases and self-invented cliches" and misinterpretation of Kant's categorical imperative led to his being an exemplar of the (*) "banality of evil."
HANNAH ARENDT-
* The Human Condition work contains an epilogue that examines the Hungarian revolution. That book analyzes anti-Semitism and imperialism before considering its title subject, and it contends that while Italian fascism glorified the state, Nazism and Stalinism both opposed the state. Another work by her concludes that the title figure appeared more a clown than a monster, having displayed little evidence of anti-Semitism or even mental instability during his trial.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* The Origins of Totalitarianism and Eichmann in Jerusalem
HANNAH ARENDT-
* aforementioned work by this author explained the historical antecedents of Nazism and Stalinism, while another claimed that its subject was not inherently anti-Semitic, but merely someone who carried out his duty.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* analyzes de Gobineau and other pioneers of "race-thinking"
HANNAH ARENDT-
* better known for a work about a figure defined by stock phrases and cliches who is brought to the House of Justice
HANNAH ARENDT-
* biography of Rahel Varnhagen, and the third volume of her last work was published as Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* critiqued Berthold Brecht in Men in Dark Times. "On Violence" and "Lying in Politics"
HANNAH ARENDT-
* described how the "social realm" was added in Greco-Roman civilizations to the public and private realms.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* described how the Western philosophical tradition has subordinated the life of action and appearance to that of contemplation in The Human Condition.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* described how the subject of one work required family connections to get his first job at the Vacuum Oil Company to show that he was not very intelligent.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* discussed the actions of the titular governmental types, whose horrors she claimed had created a new set of philosophical categories. For 10 points, name the philosopher, who wrote about Nazism and Stalinism in The Origins of Totalitarianism.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* divided another philosopher's conception of love into cupiditas and three types of caritas. Another of this thinker's works asserts that its central subject "can destroy power[; but] is utterly incapable of creating it."
HANNAH ARENDT-
* entity as anything but the "most radical denial of freedom." The author of The Human Condition;
HANNAH ARENDT-
* erm "natality" to refer to the role of birth as a rich metaphor for politicalchange
HANNAH ARENDT-
* governmental system promoted by the superfluous masses which analyzed the rise of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* noted the inefficacy of declarations of human rights that are not incorporated into positive law in On Revolution.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* philosopher explained Melville's Billy Budd as an allegory of the French Revolution, and concluded that idealistic violence and "absolute goodness" are as threatening as absolute evil
HANNAH ARENDT-
* political theorist who coined the phrase "banality of evil" and wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism and Eichmann in Jerusalem.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* postulates labor, work, and action as the three facets of a concept contrasted with the contemplative life, the vita activa.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* precursors to imperialismin the middle section of a book that examines the commonalities between Germany and the Soviet Union inthe 1930s
HANNAH ARENDT-
* rejected scapegoat theory as an explanation of anti-Semitism in the first volume of a work whose second volume dealt with imperialism
HANNAH ARENDT-
* social realm had diverged from the public and private realms following Roman times in a work describing work, labor, and action as the vita activa, while another work begins by eschewing the need to philosophically "understand
HANNAH ARENDT-
* sociologist described freedom and plurality as the hallmarks of the vita activa in The Human Condition
HANNAH ARENDT-
* theory of judgement incorporated both major theory incorporated both an actor model and a spectator model, and that theory of judgement was developed in relation to viva contemplativa, or actions of the mind, in The Human Condition
HANNAH ARENDT-
* thinker's doctoral thesis, written under Karl Jaspers, was titled Love and Saint Augustine
HANNAH ARENDT-
* titular concept was simply the "most radical denial of freedom" in a work tracing the genesis of Stalinism and Nazism.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism and described the title figure's "banality of evil" in Eichmann in Jerusalem.
HANNAH ARENDT-
* "Dasein" to posit his "question of being." For 10 points, name this German author of Being and Time, a fervent Nazi supporter.
HEIDEGGER-
* "The Question Concerning Technology" taught (*) Hannah Arendt and served as a rector of the University of Freiburg
HEIDEGGER-
* "The Self-Assertion of the German University" after being named the rector of the University of Freiburg. Name this philosopher who introduced the idea of Dasein to reflect personhood in Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* "What Are Poets For?" and "The Origin of the Work of Art." He succeeded Edmund Husserl as the chair of philosophy at Freiburg University, where he delivered the speech "What is Metaphysics?
HEIDEGGER-
* "What is Metaphysics?" describes a character who consists of existence, (*) thrownness, and fallenness in a book that contemplates the meaning of Angst
HEIDEGGER-
* "enframing" describes a Greek temple to explain the rift between "Earth" and "World".
HEIDEGGER-
* "kehre."
HEIDEGGER-
* "playing forth" to describe the swaying of alternate beginnings in a work organized into six "joinings," his Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning).
HEIDEGGER-
* "turn" or "Die Kehre."
HEIDEGGER-
* "virtuous circle" rather than a "vicious circle" in examining both the title entity and the process of creating it
HEIDEGGER-
* "what is it to dwell?" in "Building, Dwelling, Thinking" and considered the effects of a "destitute time" on the works of Rilke in "What Are Poets For?", both of which appear in his Poetry, Language, Thought
HEIDEGGER-
* Alan Sokal wrote an entirely fake article about this field as it relates to quantum gravity, and the philosophical version of this method was developed by Hans-Georg Gadamer in his Truth and Method.Name this field, which is the art of interpreting texts.: hermeneutics
HEIDEGGER-
* Contributions Name this German existentialist who argued that Western philosophy had hitherto misunderstood the nature of "being" in his unfinished Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* Derrida borrowed this philosopher's technique of sous rature, or erasure, which involves striking out a word but leaving it visible.
HEIDEGGER-
* Frankfurt School theorist critiqued Heidegger's obscure prose in The Jargon of Authenticity. This author of Negative Dialectics included some music criticism in his Aesthetic Theory. : Theodor Adorno
HEIDEGGER-
* Friedrich Holderlin
HEIDEGGER-
* German philosopher and author of What is Called Thinking? and On the Way to Language wrote Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* German philosopher who considered the meaning of existence as dasein in his book Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* German words for "there" and "to be" name this philosophical concept, which Heidegger uses to denote the "entity which each of us himself is." : Dasein
HEIDEGGER-
* Greek temple as an example of something that has lost the ability to effect the struggle between "Earth" and "World" in a work that discusses a pair of boots painted by Van Gogh.
HEIDEGGER-
* Husserl who wrote Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister" discussed the hermeneutic circle between fundamental ontology and specific modes of existence in another work
HEIDEGGER-
* Jeff Malpas analyzed this philosopher's concept of place in a book about his "topology." In What Computers Can't Do, Hubert Dreyfus applied this philosopher's arguments about the impossibility of representing meaning through predicate logic to criticize attempts to produce strong AI by manipulating formal symbols.
HEIDEGGER-
* Max Weber, he gave a noted address at Freiburg, though his was called "What is Metaphysics?"
HEIDEGGER-
* Nader El-Biziri's Being at Home Among Things examines this philosopher's argument that in dwelling on earth we inhabit the poetic rather than the scientific, an argument outlined in this man's Building Dwelling Thinking
HEIDEGGER-
* Nazi-sympathizing phenomenologist who introduced the concept of Dasein in Being and Time
HEIDEGGER-
* Nazis and who wrote Being and Time
HEIDEGGER-
* Off the Beaten Track.
HEIDEGGER-
* One pioneer of philosophical hermeneutics was this German, who used the term dasein to describe the experience of "being" that is unique to humans in his Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* Pre-Socratics, namely Parmenides, humanity has misunderstood what it means "to be," arguing that our notions of "common sense" lead us to errors in understanding
HEIDEGGER-
* Prominent embodiment advocate Hubert Dreyfus has argued that artificial intelligence will continue to fail unless it adopts a more phenomenological approach akin to that of this philosopher who wrote Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* Sloterdijk's "Rules for the Human Zoo" was written as a response to an essay by this philosopher, which itself was a response to an essay by Sartre, arguing that Sartre had misread this philosopher
HEIDEGGER-
* The Question Concerning Technology and "The Origin of the Work of Art" wrote that a hammer can be approached from the perspective of presence-at-hand or readiness-to-hand
HEIDEGGER-
* The Question Concerning Technology contrasted the definable causes of "fear" with the indefinable cause of "angst" in his most famous work, which introduces the concept of "being-there," or the Dasein
HEIDEGGER-
* Theodor Adorno criticized his work in Jargon of Authenticity, and Nikolas Kompridis formulated reflective disclosure as an extension of this philosopher's assertion that humans assign meaning to things based on the context in which they learn about them.
HEIDEGGER-
* This philosopher introduced that use of dasein in his magnum opus, Being and Time. This man's shift from "doing" to "dwelling" in philosophical work and thinking during the 1940s is known as "the turn."
HEIDEGGER-
* This work opens with a quote from Plato's Sophist that states "We, however, who used to think we understood it, have now become perplexed" in reference to the first title concept. Name this work of philosophy, which advocates an "authentic" orientation towards the "ownmost possibility" of one's death. This book uses the example of a hammer to show how people see objects in terms of their usefulness. : Sein und Zeit [or Being and Time]
HEIDEGGER-
* Victor Farias wrote a book attacking the ideas of this philosopher. Adorno charged that this philosopher's language mystifies and conceals existing (*) ideologies in a book accusing him of using "jargon."
HEIDEGGER-
* Western philosophy should be subject to "Destruktion," influencing Derrida's deconstructionism.
HEIDEGGER-
* What is Called Thinking? and outlined "Two Ways of Transcendental Deduction" in Kant and the Problems of Metaphysics.
HEIDEGGER-
* What is Philosophy? and also wrote about Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, though he is better known for a work which introduced ontological hermeneutics
HEIDEGGER-
* Wilhelm Dilthey on this thinker, who at times described his works as a study in the "hermeneutics of being."
HEIDEGGER-
* adapted the ancient Greek concept of aletheia, meaning "disclosure," and related it to his own notion of (*) "world disclosure."
HEIDEGGER-
* analyzes the word deinotaton in the "Ode on Man" from Sophocles's Antigone in a lecture course that analyzes the title river of a German poem as an enigma that encompasses both locality and journeying.
HEIDEGGER-
* author of The Origin of the Work of Art differentiated "being" from "a being" and described the uniquely human condition of Dasein.
HEIDEGGER-
* between the Greek words "aitia" and "poiesis" and illustrated the four traditional modes of causality using the example of a silver chalice before asserting that enframing rather than instrumentality is the essence of technology.
HEIDEGGER-
* book by this man equates the two title concepts for the "being for whom being is the question", the Dasein
HEIDEGGER-
* chastises science for only studying what is instead of what is not.
HEIDEGGER-
* compared a hydroelectric power plant to a windmill in a work that contrasts the "supreme danger" and "saving power" of the title concept.
HEIDEGGER-
* concept of "Dasein" in his Being and Time(Sartre read his work and wrote Being and Nothingness as a response but Heidegger claimed that he read his work wrong), and who was a supporter of the Nazis.
HEIDEGGER-
* concept's prioritizing does not lead to the "vicious subjectivizing of the totality of entities" according to a work which defines it as an entity which, "in its very Being, that Being is an issue for it." Give this philosophical term that refers to the experience of being that is unique to humans. : dasein
HEIDEGGER-
* concepts argued that technology is fundamentally a way of enframing. Resolution is described as an acceptance of another of this philosopher's concepts, which is described as manifesting the freedom of man to choose himself and take hold of himself.
HEIDEGGER-
* controversially became a member of the Nazi Party in 1933; his student Hannah Arendt wrote about the trial of another Nazi three decades later in this book. : Eichmann in Jerusalem
HEIDEGGER-
* critique of Kant in the work Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. This Nazi supporter proposed the concept of Dasein, or "existence," in Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* dedicated to Husserl, drew on ideas from phenomenology to analyze self-conscious existence, which it called Dasein. : Being and Time
HEIDEGGER-
* described the existence of the individual as being engaged with other people and things, which he called "Dasein"
HEIDEGGER-
* described the way "mere things" are made into tools for an end. That essay also contrasts gentler machines with more modern "abominations" that alter man's relationship with the world and points out that a certain Greek word meant both (*) "art" and "craft"
HEIDEGGER-
* e The Question Concerning Technology.
HEIDEGGER-
* either term Heidegger uses in Being and Time for two ways that Dasein relates to inert objects in the world. One is more objective and distant, and the other sees an object such as a hammer in terms of its usefulness. : present-at-hand or ready-to-hand
HEIDEGGER-
* etymology of the Greek word aletheia to show that truth is a "bringing forth," which is in conflict with the "penumbra" of unrepresented truths
HEIDEGGER-
* examines the feeling of dread and "deepest boredom" that humans encounter when they contemplate the nothing
HEIDEGGER-
* f sein and dasein, for 10 points, name this Nazi- sympathizing philosopher who wrote Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* famous work begins by inquiring about an entity about to consider its own being; he called that entity Dasein.
HEIDEGGER-
* formulated by this thinker is considered via questions of fallenness and thrownness and comes from a term for existence
HEIDEGGER-
* formulator of the concept of "Gestell" described "Angst" as a way in which another concept is shown as a contingent being.
HEIDEGGER-
* goal is to "destroy the history of ontology". That book by this man distinguishes between the states of "present-at-hand" and "ready-to-hand"
HEIDEGGER-
* he argues that a certain type of Dasein can be a philosophy, and in which he claims that the titular philosopher reducing the problem of ontology to asking whether a priori judgements are possible. : Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
HEIDEGGER-
* hermeneutic circle;
HEIDEGGER-
* hymn in relation to Holderlin's poem ODer Ister,O while he argued that each new work of art inherently changes the meaning of existence in his essay Origin of the Work of Ar
HEIDEGGER-
* include Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics and On the Way to Language.
HEIDEGGER-
* incomplete second half of his most famous work was to be a complete history of philosophy, culminating in its destruction=Being and Time
HEIDEGGER-
* later works discuss the oneness of the earth, the sky, divinities, and mortals as the "fourfold." He discussed how a person's self is neutered by "Das Man," or "the they," in a book that uses the example of a hammer to explain his concept of "readiness to hand."
HEIDEGGER-
* magnum opus argued that individual existences are "thrown" into the world and used the example of reaching for a hammer to illustrate the distinction between things which are present-at-hand and those which are ready-at-hand
HEIDEGGER-
* ontological form of being he termed "Dasein" in his magnum opus
HEIDEGGER-
* originally delivered as the lecture series "Insight Into What Is," Heidegger compared a hydroelectric dam with Holderlin's poetry to argue that the title concept is a "challenging forth" rather than a "bringing forth." : The Question Concerning Technology
HEIDEGGER-
* people should be more authentic in their interactions, responding to the "call of conscience" to achieve their possibilities.
HEIDEGGER-
* post-Kantian German philosopher, who argued that experience was grounded in intentionality and care. He coined the term Dasein to refer to a state of being that understands itself through its own existence.
HEIDEGGER-
* quoting Plato's Sophist, Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* rejected his influence on existentialism, and worked under Edmund Husserl at the University of Freiburg
HEIDEGGER-
* rejected the scholastic interpretation of Aristotle's categories of subjects. He wrote about John Duns Scotus in his doctoral thesis, and later wrote an essay titled The Question of Technology
HEIDEGGER-
* silver chalice to illustrate Aristotle's four causes in a work that contrasts forms of revealing, or aletheia, called bringing-forth and challenging-forth
HEIDEGGER-
* sometime Nazi who described human existence as "thrownness" into the world and analyzed a form of being called Dasein in his Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* special type of participating in society in "On the Origins of the Work of Art," found in Poetry, Language, and Thought.
HEIDEGGER-
* thinker's two volume work on Nietzsche calls him the culmination of metaphysics. This philosopher is better known for discussing dasein in Being and Time.
HEIDEGGER-
* this teacher of Hannah Arendt argued that the three fundamental human features are factuality, existentiality, and fallenness
HEIDEGGER-
* this thinker contrasted a poetic description of the Rhine with the power generated by a hydroelectric plant on the river. He defined an inauthentic person's failure to properly orient towards Death as a cause of Angst and wrote that a human's existence is a "thrownness" into the "there" of the world.
HEIDEGGER-
* use of clothing and tools as "the naturalized character of prostheses." One of his works contrasts the role of the windmill in pre-industrial states with the construction of a hydroelectric plant on the Rhine to argue that technology has reframed Being
HEIDEGGER-
* viewing objects as a means to an end as being "ready-to-hand", as opposed to "present-at-hand". Heidegger never finished this work, so the part on the second title concept is incomplete.: Being and Time
HEIDEGGER-
* work only managed to complete one of the three sections it was originally going to have, leaving its sections on Kant and Aristotle unfinished. Name this 1927 work of philosophy about the relationship between the two title concepts that spends much time discussing "angst" and "authenticity." : Being and Time
HEIDEGGER-
* wrote an analysis of Vincent van Gogh's painting "A Pair of Shoes," called (*) "The Origin of the Work of Art," along with a work in which he contrasts the "openness to being" to Nietzsche's "will to power," Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics.
HEIDEGGER-
* "contingency" and "solidarity," this quality titles a Richard Rorty work.
IRONY-
* "verbal" form of this quality is similar to sarcasm. For 10 points, name this quality, a difference between what is stated and what is implied;
IRONY-
* Rime of the Ancient Mariner in which there is water everywhere but not a drop to drink.
IRONY-
* backwards question mark has often been proposed as a symbol for this term.
IRONY-
* cosmic form of this term refers to when a god or other greater being is toying with fate of a human being.
IRONY-
* dramatic form of this term occurs when the audience knows something that a character does not, as seen in Othello and Oedipus Rex
IRONY-
* literary device in which there is a sharp difference between what a character says and what actually happens.
IRONY-
* sentence can be denoted by a backwards question mark. Its "dramatic" variety occurs in literature when the audience knows something unknown to the characters
IRONY-
* "Justice as Fairness;"
JOHN RAWLS-
* "Original Position" involves multiple parties under a "veil of ignorance," such that no party has an advantage in making a choice, part of this man's idea of Justice as Fairness.
JOHN RAWLS-
* "Peoples are equal and parties to their own agreements." In addition to Political Liberalism and The Law of Peoples, Amartya Sen criticized this thinker's most famous work in the book The Idea of Justice
JOHN RAWLS-
* "Social Unity and Primary Goods" to Amartya Sen's work Utilitarianism and Beyond. One of this man's works grudgingly accommodates what he terms decent hierarchical peoples, which are in opposition to liberal peoples; that work generalizes his philosophy to international relations and is entitled The Law of Peoples
JOHN RAWLS-
* "The Role of Civil Disobedience" in the "Duty and Obligation" section of his most famous work and studied allocations of economic goods to theorize that inequalities are justified only when they benefit the most disadvantaged, which he termed the "difference principle.;
JOHN RAWLS-
* "The Supreme Court as an Exemplar" of this thinker's conception of public reason. That work by this thinker aims to create a meta-system which can support "a plurality of reasonable but incompatible public doctrines."
JOHN RAWLS-
* "background culture" and took a "wide view" of the title phenomenon in The Idea of Public Reason Revisited.
JOHN RAWLS-
* "four-stage sequence" of prior philosophizing, constitution-formation, legislature-selection, and bureaucracy-creation
JOHN RAWLS-
* "overlapping consensus," and changed his views through a process of reflective equilibrium.
JOHN RAWLS-
* American author of Political Liberalism, who posited a thought experiment featuring the "veil of ignorance" to argue for a fair society in A Theory of Justice.
JOHN RAWLS-
* John Harsanyi anticipated this man's major innovation, but used it to argue for utilitarianism.
JOHN RAWLS-
* Political Liberalism was a reworking of another work in which this man introduced the liberty principle. That work also stated that inequalities must be arranged so that they benefit the least-advantaged.
JOHN RAWLS-
* Sandel criticized this philosopher's Kantian approach in a book on the "limits" of his most famous subject
JOHN RAWLS-
* The Law of Peoples prompted Robert Nozick to write Anarchy, State, and Utopia
JOHN RAWLS-
* The Law of Peoples rejected utilitarian measurements of happiness, instead creating a list of "primary goods" valued by citizens, whom he argued possessed "two moral powers" that include following a "conception of the good."
JOHN RAWLS-
* analogy to the ordering of words in a dictionary to describe the "lexical" priority of some rules over others.
JOHN RAWLS-
* argued that utilitarians should appeal to a practice-based notion of rules in his "Two Concepts of Rules."
JOHN RAWLS-
* attempted to provide solutions to the problems left open by both natural-right and classical social contract theories by introducing the idea of an "overlapping consensus."
JOHN RAWLS-
* attempts to free decision-making from differing moral convictions to form an "overlapping consensus".
JOHN RAWLS-
* called political theories that depend on compliant actors and favorable social conditions "ideal theory."
JOHN RAWLS-
* claims that decisions affecting all people should be free of personal judgment and determined by public reason
JOHN RAWLS-
* complained that classical utilitarianism does not take the difference between individuals seriously and defended one principle by arguing that it causes a congruence of good for society
JOHN RAWLS-
* defender of the difference principle posited an original position in which "no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status" but must make law behind "a veil of ignorance."
JOHN RAWLS-
* delineated eight principles for humankind in The Law of Peoples.
JOHN RAWLS-
* describe a method by which, through adjusting one's general principles so that they mutually support one another, one can arrive at a state of (*) "reflective equilibrium."
JOHN RAWLS-
* discussed the extent to which liberal democracies can deal with political arguments based on moral doctrines in "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" and Political Liberalism.
JOHN RAWLS-
* formulator of the Lexical Difference Principle, another of his works contains addresses the idea that government should be neutral between competing conceptions of the good by arguing for what he terms "overlapping consensus" and is entitled Political Liberalism
JOHN RAWLS-
* forth eight principles for determining the international order in a book that envisages a world in which the evils of history no longer occur, called a "realistic utopia."
JOHN RAWLS-
* idea of the original position, in which decisions about society are made from behind a "veil of ignorance."
JOHN RAWLS-
* imagined a nation called Kazanistan that is decent but not liberal.
JOHN RAWLS-
* individual's specific judgments and general beliefs are completely coherent in his proposed state of reflective equilibrium
JOHN RAWLS-
* lays out principles such as "Peoples have the right of self-defense but no right to war"
JOHN RAWLS-
* maximin rule would cause "determinate-persons" to discard average utilitarianism in favor of the Difference Principle.
JOHN RAWLS-
* mentor of Christine Korsgaard, Thomas Scanlon, and Amartya Sen
JOHN RAWLS-
* outlines the eight principles of citizens who share a common government, morality, and sympathies within a "realistic utopia."
JOHN RAWLS-
* people can agree on political ideas and also accept different normative doctrines, an idea he termed "overlapping consensus."
JOHN RAWLS-
* proposed "outlaw states" and "burdened societies" as two examples where non-ideal theory had to replace ideal theory. He stressed that individuals ought to aim for an impossible status in which all their beliefs cohere, called reflective equilibrium.
JOHN RAWLS-
* proposed a method of operating under the assumptions of ideal theory before attempting to reform the non-ideal world
JOHN RAWLS-
* rejected capitalism and state socialism in a work that claims only democracy and liberal socialism fulfill the two forms of the title principle.
JOHN RAWLS-
* reliance on maximin allocation was attacked by John Harsanyi
JOHN RAWLS-
* reworked his paper "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited
JOHN RAWLS-
* s "liberty principle," this man argued that inequalities are only justified if they benefit those (*) worst off, which he called the "difference principle."
JOHN RAWLS-
* second half of a book laying out eight principles for interactions among nations. This philosopher cited Kenneth Arrow
JOHN RAWLS-
* support the same laws for different reasons in his conception of "overlapping consensus",
JOHN RAWLS-
* treated organizations such as the UN and WTO as voluntary organizations, and not ones that are organized internally, in his last major work.
JOHN RAWLS-
* without prior knowledge, people would maximize the amount of utility accorded to those lowest in status, in a thought experiment in which humans engineer society from behind a "veil of ignorance.
JOHN RAWLS-
* wrote that all inequalities should benefit the worst-off, according to his difference principle
JOHN RAWLS-
* "veil of ignorance"
JUSTICE-
* After Virtue, Alisdair MacIntyre contrasts views of Aristotle and Hume on this topic - that book asks "Which rationality?" and "whose" version of this idea we should accept.
JUSTICE-
* Hume wrote that public utility is the sole origin of this concept and imagined societies where this concept is not necessary
JUSTICE-
* Lawrence Kohlberg claimed that people used this type of operation to reach his highest stage
JUSTICE-
* Michael Sandel condemns "deontological liberalism" and its results in a 1982 book on the limits of this
JUSTICE-
* Posner famously wrote about the economics of this, while the best-known account of it describes the "reflective equilibrium" where theories are tested against moral judgments, and posits that this concept is equivalent to fairness at a certain original position.
JUSTICE-
* Susan Okin asks whether this idea requires the abolition of gender both within and outside the family in her 1989 tome on this, gender, and the family.
JUSTICE-
* Tomasi is the author of a book that examines "Liberalism beyond" this concept, and in another work, a man named Thrasymachus claims that it is nothing but the interests of the stronger.
JUSTICE-
* Treatise of Human Nature, Hume claimed that this concept was the "support of society," and asked whether it was a natural or an artificial virtue.
JUSTICE-
* Walzer introduces his idea of "complex equality" and puts forth a "defense of pluralism and equality" in his book on this concept
JUSTICE-
* Zehr and Gerry Johnstone write about the restorative type of this. The distributive type of this is the subject of a theory by John Rawls, who built his conception of this concept on liberty and equality, equating this concept with fairness
JUSTICE-
* application of Wittgenstein's ideas to this concept is the subject of a 1972 book by Hannah Pitkin, and in a work on The Philosophy of Moral Development, Lawrence Kohlberg examined "moral stages and the idea of" this concept.
JUSTICE-
* book of this name, which contains the chapter "Arguing Affirmative Action" before summarizing Aristotle, adapts a lecture taught by Michael Sandel at Harvard
JUSTICE-
* contemporary work on this topic conceives of it as "fairness" and incorporates a "difference principle" to aid in achieving it;
JUSTICE-
* ideal city is an analogy for this trait in Plato's Republic, in which Socrates seeks to define it.
JUSTICE-
* judicial system,
JUSTICE-
* quality is undesirable according to Thrasymachus's second objection.
JUSTICE-
* symbolized by a blind "lady" holding a scale, often equated with people getting what they deserve.
JUSTICE-
* "common" type of this state is defined via an infinitary hierarchical definition in David Lewis's Convention.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Ayer analyzed this concept with the example of a serial lottery winner in his book titled for The Problem of this concept
KNOWLEDGE-
* Collier discussed the effects of hallucinogenic drugs in arguing against a definition of this concept put forth in a 1967 essay by Alvin Goldman, which defends a causal theory of this concept.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Forms and achieved through recollection, according to the dialogue Meno. The world of the Forms outside the Cave represents this concept reached by philosophers in the Allegory of the Cave
KNOWLEDGE-
* Francis Bacon equated with power.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Gettier contested a definition of this concept considered in Plato's Theaetetus, that of "justified true belief."
KNOWLEDGE-
* Gettier gave scenarios such as "The Cow in the Field" to suggest that this concept was different from justified true belief.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Gettier problems are used to argue against the traditional definition of this concept as (*) justified true belief.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Goldman added a "causal condition" to a common three-part definition for this concept
KNOWLEDGE-
* Goldman advanced a causal theory of this state in which a fact p may cause someone to believe that p
KNOWLEDGE-
* Kant distinguished between a priori and a posteriori types of this concept to ask if this concept could be obtained without observation.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Moore's paradox considers assertions made in spite of this concept. Foucault writes about power-hyphen-this in The History of Sexuality, and Foucault's major methodological work analyzes the basic unit of discourse, which he calls the statement, and is titled after the "archeology" of this concept
KNOWLEDGE-
* Platonic dialogue on this topic features Socrates comparing the mind to an aviary to distinguish between possessing and having.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Robert (*) Nozick proposed four conditions, two of which are counterfactuals, which comprise his "truth-tracking" theory of this concept
KNOWLEDGE-
* Ryle distinguished between the "how" and "that" forms of this state
KNOWLEDGE-
* Smith's belief that the man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket; that counterexample was introduced by Edmund Gettier
KNOWLEDGE-
* Theaetetus deals with the definition of this concept.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Theatetus is a Platonic dialogue that tries to define this concept, which is also the subject of the Gettier problems, which asks if this concept is "justified true belief."
KNOWLEDGE-
* Three different accounts of this thing equate it with perception, true judgement, and true judgement with an account.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Timothy Williamson, this concept is unanalyzable.
KNOWLEDGE-
* comes from the soul's recollection on previous lives
KNOWLEDGE-
* considers the possibility of zookeepers disguising mules as zebras and puts forth the relative alternatives theory of this concept.
KNOWLEDGE-
* definition causes "cow in the field" problems. Edmund Gettier refused to equate this thing with (*) justified true belief
KNOWLEDGE-
* degree of luck
KNOWLEDGE-
* epistemology;
KNOWLEDGE-
* evil demon challenges the extent of this concept, which can come in a posteriori or a priori types.
KNOWLEDGE-
* houses with barn facades and a job interviewee with 10 coins in his pocket challenge the classical definition of this concept
KNOWLEDGE-
* imagines that (*) Smith believes a man with ten coins in his pocket will get a job. Michel Foucault combines this term and power with a slash, and he described the disunity underlying discursive formations in a book on "The Archaeology of" it
KNOWLEDGE-
* nature of evidence and "the right to be sure" appear in A.J. Ayer's essay about the "Problem" of this concept.
KNOWLEDGE-
* proper "growth" of this concept is assessed in Karl Popper's Conjectures and Refutations
KNOWLEDGE-
* proposed a thought experiment in which all one has of this is due to a demon, and Quine's argument that no statement can be truly analytic allows him to support a doctrine holding that certainty in this is impossible, called fallibilism
KNOWLEDGE-
* propositional variety is distinguished from the procedural variety, and it can be classified as a priori or a posteriori.
KNOWLEDGE-
* subject of epistemology.
KNOWLEDGE-
* three-page paper about this concept examines such situations as Jones' ownership of a Ford and two people competing for a job application
KNOWLEDGE-
* truth and its belief implies that it is this, while another philosopher discussed how this can be derived either through statements about "relations of ideas" or through "matters of fact" in Hume's fork.
KNOWLEDGE-
* Alexander the Great to argue that a substance was a concept complete enough to allow all of its possible predicates to be deduced from it, and that consequently, any substance mirrors the properties of the entire universe.
LEIBNIZ-
* Discourse on Metaphysics divided truths into "truths of reason," which rested on the principle of contradiction, and "truths of fact" which relied on a principle he described in his correspondence with Samuel Clarke: his principle of sufficient reason
LEIBNIZ-
* Discourse on Metaphysics stated that everything happens for a reason, which is his Principle of Sufficient Reason
LEIBNIZ-
* Fontenelle failed to write a chronology of his life. In an oft analysed anecdote this thinker makes a bet with an "ingenious gentleman" to find two identical leaves.
LEIBNIZ-
* German philosopher who wrote New Essays on Human Understanding, Theodicy, and Monadology, the inspiration of Pangloss in Voltaire's Candide
LEIBNIZ-
* German polymath who believed in immaterial windowless unities called monads, and wrote that God must have created the best possible world before co-discovering calculus
LEIBNIZ-
* German rationalist author of Theodicy claimed there are infinite substances which each contain all their past and future predicates in his Discourse on Metaphysics. He called those non-interacting substances monads.
LEIBNIZ-
* In his 1710 essay on the theodicy, this German philosopher argued that God chose the best of all possible worlds. He may be more famous for being lampooned as Dr. Pangloss in Candide or for writing Monadologie.
LEIBNIZ-
* Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity were only mathematically implemented in the 20th century
LEIBNIZ-
* Leibniz was the first major European philosopher to study this Chinese text about divination notable for its hexagrams. : I Ching
LEIBNIZ-
* Leibniz' theodicy, which states that God created an imperfect world because it allows humans to improve through comparison with true good, is often categorized as a type of theodicy named for this saint. This early Christian philosopher attacked Gnosticism in Against Heresies.: Saint Irenaeus
LEIBNIZ-
* Llull's Ars Magna inspired this man's plans for an "alphabet of human thought."
LEIBNIZ-
* Much of Leibniz's philosophy is gathered from letters he wrote to this French author of The Search After Truth. This Cartesian believed that we see external objects using ideas in God, who is the only true cause of anything.: Nicolas Malebranche
LEIBNIZ-
* New Essays on Human Understanding asserted that God is always (*) omnipotent in a work addressing the problem of evil, Theodicee, and submitted that everything consists of a single type of fundamental particle in another work
LEIBNIZ-
* Predicate-in-Notion Principle and his concept of the Identity of Indiscernibles.
LEIBNIZ-
* Principle of Sufficient Reason means that this is the "best of all possible worlds."
LEIBNIZ-
* That alterego, Theophilus, rejects the "tabula rasa" in a work meant to rebut Locke, New Essays on Human Understanding
LEIBNIZ-
* Theodicy he argued that this world is "optimal among all possible worlds," for which he was satirized as the Professor Pangloss in Voltaire's Candide.
LEIBNIZ-
* Theodicy who co-discovered calculus
LEIBNIZ-
* Voltaire parodied this theory of Leibniz, which declares that there is always an explanation for occurrences, truths, and the existence of things.: Principal of Sufficient Reason
LEIBNIZ-
* alter ego of this man attacks the empiricist position of Philalethes, arguing in favor of innatism
LEIBNIZ-
* any extrinsic difference between two substances, such as a difference in spatio-temporal location, must be due to some additional intrinsic difference.
LEIBNIZ-
* argued against Spinoza's monism by positing an infinitude of extensionless entities which manifest the universe, a contention which also denied the possibility of mind-body dualism;
LEIBNIZ-
* argued against the Cartesian account of substances by noting that matter is divisible, and wrote that since substances cannot interact, God has established mind and body in a "pre-established harmony."
LEIBNIZ-
* argued that for any (*) identical objects, any property of one is shared by the other, which is sometimes called his law
LEIBNIZ-
* argument that a substance expresses the whole universe, this philosopher developed the idea of "petits perceptions," found in a book in which he represented himself as Theophilius and John Locke as Philalethe
LEIBNIZ-
* believed that Descartes's formulation of the ontological argument was invalid since it did not have a premise that a perfect being is possible
LEIBNIZ-
* called everything that is true of an individual substance at a particular time its "complete concept."
LEIBNIZ-
* chapter by chapter rebuttal of John Locke in his work, A New Essay on Human Understanding. Name this philosopher who wrote about monads and was the basis for Dr. Pangloss in Candide.
LEIBNIZ-
* claimed that extension can only arise from things without extension, posting a single type of substantial form that is simple and indivisible.
LEIBNIZ-
* corresponded with Samuel Clarke,
LEIBNIZ-
* correspondence with De Volder resulted in his account of substance, which differs from Aristotle's in that properties are not required to be possessed throughout the (*) entire existence of an object.
LEIBNIZ-
* correspondence with Samuel Clarke until his death, and he claimed that we formulate perceptions subconsciously, which he called petites perceptions.
LEIBNIZ-
* described the universe as being composed of irreducibly simple units called monads
LEIBNIZ-
* developed integral and differential calculus independently from Isaac Newton
LEIBNIZ-
* discussed monads in depth in the The Monadology. He composed some New Essays on Human Understanding but achieved greater fame as a mathematician.
LEIBNIZ-
* doctrine of marks and traces
LEIBNIZ-
* e Pythagoreans used this term for the beginning number of a series, and Giordano Bruno theorized three types of them as "God, souls and atoms" in a book titled for this term, "Number, and Figure." Name these indestructible substances which are synchronized with each other by God but which are immaterial because they lack spatial extension.: monads
LEIBNIZ-
* existence of simple substances that interact with each other via the Principle of (*) Pre-Established Harmony;
LEIBNIZ-
* extensive correspondence with this French theologian laid the groundwork for his Discourse on Metaphysics and Monadology. Blaise Pascal defended this leading Jansenist in Les Provinciales.: Antoine Arnauld
LEIBNIZ-
* foreigner Lady Masham helped spark his major philosophical feud
LEIBNIZ-
* formulator of the Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles took on the persona of Theophilus (thee-AWE-fill-us) in his chapter-by-chapter refutation of Locke entitled New Essays of Human Understanding
LEIBNIZ-
* four days this thinker spent in 1676 with Baruch Spinoza are examined in the new book The Courtier and the Heretic
LEIBNIZ-
* interlocutor as "Philalethe" in a chapter-by- chapter rebuttal of a work by John Locke. In addition to his Discourse on Metaphysics and the posthumously printed "New Essays on Human Understanding," he inspired Schopenhauer's discourse on the "Fourfold Root" of an idea that he devised, the "principle of Sufficient Reason."
LEIBNIZ-
* introduced a theoretical, irreducibly simple "substantial form of being." For 10 points, name this formulator of the "principle of sufficient reason and author of Monadology
LEIBNIZ-
* invoked Duns Scotus' (SKOH-tuss) term "haecceity" (hack-SEE-uh-tee) to argue that something is only a substance if it has a complete individual concept in Discourse on (*) Metaphysics
LEIBNIZ-
* key component of Leibniz's later metaphysics was his proposition that all beings are composed of these mind-like simple substances that possess perception. : monads
LEIBNIZ-
* lengthy correspondence with Samuel (*) Clarke.
LEIBNIZ-
* man put forth his concept of a possible world in his Theodicee. This German was satirized as Pangloss in Voltaire's Candide.
LEIBNIZ-
* medieval philosophers were valuable resources in a work that attempted to critique a dispute between Malabranche and Arnauld.
LEIBNIZ-
* no physical causation; rather God designed everything to occur the way it does and created "pre-established harmony."
LEIBNIZ-
* objects that share all properties are identical is this thinker's principle of the identity of indiscernibles
LEIBNIZ-
* opposed the "mechanics" of Descartes with his own system of motion called "dynamics," and he strongly endorsed the "principle of sufficient reason," or the notion that this is the best of all possible worlds
LEIBNIZ-
* optimistic philosopher proposed that we live in the "best of all possible worlds" in his Théodicée, which coined the term theodicy for attempts to answer the problem of evil.
LEIBNIZ-
* polymath criticized John Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities in New Essays on Human Understanding. He believed that God chose to make this world out of "monads."
LEIBNIZ-
* posited that a list of a substance's predications make up a complete notion of the substance. His namesake law states that if two objects have exactly the same properties, then they are the same object.
LEIBNIZ-
* possibility of an unordered universe with the analogy of deriving a function whose graph traces over randomly drawn points
LEIBNIZ-
* predicate-in-notion principle has a namesake "law" concerning the identity of indiscernibles.
LEIBNIZ-
* presented himself as Theophilus in a refutation of a contemporary titled the New Essays.
LEIBNIZ-
* principle articulated by Leibniz suggests that for everything that exists, there must be an explanation for its existence. : the principle of sufficient reason
LEIBNIZ-
* principle of sufficient reason to argue that the reason for this world is that it is the best of all possible worlds in Monadology.
LEIBNIZ-
* principle of the identity of indiscernibles. This thinker, who satirized a John Locke title in his New Essays on Human Understanding and wrote the Theodicy, believed that everything was made up of entities that have unity, harmony, and the capacity for action.
LEIBNIZ-
* principle which states that all truths must have a cause.: principle of sufficient reason
LEIBNIZ-
* prolific inventor of mechanical calculators and invented a namesake Wheel
LEIBNIZ-
* refutation of Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and a Discourse on Metaphysics used the principle of sufficient reason to address the problem of evil in his Theodicy
LEIBNIZ-
* rejected deduction in favor of innate knowledge and compared the mind to a block of marble in a book containing a line by line refutation of a work by the author of the Reasonableness of Christianity
LEIBNIZ-
* repeatedly trying to convince him that every living thing was filled with infinite tiny copies of itself ready to burst out like one of those creepy Russian dolls, Malebranche maintained a correspondence with this German monad enthusiast, known for his Newton-independent contributions to calculus.
LEIBNIZ-
* replaced causation with his idea of "pre-established harmony."
LEIBNIZ-
* represented himself as Theophilus and John Locke as Philalethe in his chapter-by-chapter critique of Locke's New Essays on Human Understanding, and he expounded his idea of the Principle of Plentitude in his Theodicee.
LEIBNIZ-
* revive anglophone scholarship on this philosopher's interest in China, with whom this philosopher wanted to establish a "commerce of light."
LEIBNIZ-
* subjects of all true statements contain their predicates within themselves, his so called "predicate-in-notion" principle of truth. Name this philosopher who claimed that our world is the best of all possible worlds in his Theodicy, and who invented calculus independently of Newton.
LEIBNIZ-
* substances also being nonextendable, indivisible, and windowless
LEIBNIZ-
* unsuccessful summit between this man and the Jansenist theologian Antoine Arnauld, which was aimed at reunifying Protestants and Catholics, this writer put forth his theory of "the soul in a point" in his New Physical Hypothesis.
LEIBNIZ-
* "There are three classes of intellects: one which comprehends by itself; another which appreciates what others comprehended; and a third which neither comprehends by itself nor by the showing of others."
MACHIAVELLI-
* "it is much safer to be (*) feared than loved."
MACHIAVELLI-
* Chicago professor's Thoughts on Machiavelli focused on anticlericalism. This political theorist got a cult following in the 50s as he studied al-Farabi and Spinoza and supported "esoteric writing" as the philosopher's defense against persecution. : Leo Strauss
MACHIAVELLI-
* Discourses on Livy also praises Cesare Borgia for his strength and claims it is better for the title ruler to be feared than loved.
MACHIAVELLI-
* Discourses on Livy warned the titular figure of another work to be both a lion and a fox.
MACHIAVELLI-
* Florentine Renaissance thinker who split all regimes into republics and principalities, covering the former in Discourses on Livy and the latter in The Prince.
MACHIAVELLI-
* In The Prince, Machiavelli claims that this concept is a lady that must be beaten. Lady Philosophy tells Boethius that he has been undone by the personification of this concept in Book II of The Consolation of Philosophy. : Fortune
MACHIAVELLI-
* Italian historian and philosopher who provided his view of the perfect republic in his Discourses on Livy.
MACHIAVELLI-
* Italian political philosopher who wrote Discourses on Livy and a work dedicated to Lorenzo Medici, The Prince
MACHIAVELLI-
* Italian realist diplomat emphasized the importance of virtu. In The Prince, he advised Lorenzo II de' Medici to be feared rather than loved or hated.
MACHIAVELLI-
* Luccan ruler Castruccio Castracani and completed a seven chapter treatise on The Art of War
MACHIAVELLI-
* Machiavelli praised Brutus in his "Discourses on" this Roman historian who authored Ab Urbe Condita, a history of Rome from its founding to the reign of Augustus. : Titus Livius
MACHIAVELLI-
* Machiavelli's The Prince likens this aspect of life to a river which the prince must dam, or a woman he must beat. Lady Philosophy allegorizes this other thing as a woman in Boethius's The Consolation of Philosophy. : Fortune
MACHIAVELLI-
* Prince is a work by this Italian statesman.
MACHIAVELLI-
* Strauss wrote wrote "Thoughts on" this thinker, in which he claimed that this thinker's "anti-theological ire" was the source of modernity. This thinker wrote Discourses on Livy and The Prince.
MACHIAVELLI-
* The Prince, Machiavelli compares this entity to a woman who must be beaten into submission. Boethius popularized one depiction of this figure in The Consolation of Philosophy, which laments her "fickle bounty." : fortune
MACHIAVELLI-
* What is Political Philosophy? argued that philosophers have historically been forced to censor their ideas, requiring careful interpretation of their texts, in his book Persecution and the Art of Writing. Name this political philosopher whose students included Paul Wolfowitz. : Leo Strauss
MACHIAVELLI-
* actions in another writer's book Ab urbe condita, a history of Rome
MACHIAVELLI-
* animal was likened to philosophers who know "many little things" in an essay by Isaiah Berlin, unlike "hedgehogs" who see the world through one big idea. Name this animal. In another allegory for leadership, another thinker contrasted it with the lion, since it can discover traps but cannot frighten wolves. : foxes
MACHIAVELLI-
* argued that a good leader must be both lion and fox in a monograph arguing that it is better to be feared than loved, his The Prince.
MACHIAVELLI-
* argued that the secure life available through lawful regimes like France was not actually a life of liberty
MACHIAVELLI-
* argues solid laws and a strong military are the two essential components of successful state, and it a compares the fickleness of fortune to a lady
MACHIAVELLI-
* asserts that founding fathers can inspire continued loyalty in the law. That book also argues that states must maintain vivere libero for all citizens by constantly revising themselves and claims that rulers who strive to preserve freedom over their own power exhibit true virtue
MACHIAVELLI-
* calls for Christianity to resemble ancient Roman religion in order to become a more effective civil religion
MACHIAVELLI-
* chapter XVIII, Machiavelli says that one must be like two beasts. The first is the fox, which can frighten off wolves, and the second is this one, which can recognize traps. : lions
MACHIAVELLI-
* claimed that the people were "more prudent and of better judgment" than lone rulers.
MACHIAVELLI-
* compares the effectiveness of the (*) cruelty of Hannibal and Scipio Africanus and outlines the virtues of Cesare Borgia to illustrate its claim that it is better for the title figure to be feared than to be loved
MACHIAVELLI-
* contrasts the dangers of independent barons with the security of appointed bureaucrats
MACHIAVELLI-
* critique of Roman history in his Discourses on Livy.
MACHIAVELLI-
* dedication to Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici in his book The Prince.
MACHIAVELLI-
* discusses the concepts of Virtù and Fortuna. Name this work which at one point essentially says that the end justifies the means. It is by the same author of the Discourses on Livy and is considered a work of realpolitik.
MACHIAVELLI-
* examined The Prince in his Thoughts on Machiavelli. He criticized moral relativism in Natural Right and History. : Leo Strauss
MACHIAVELLI-
* late chapter of The Prince, Machiavelli advises a middle road between ignoring all advice and relying on the counsel of these individuals, who might take advantage of self-absorbed princes. : flatterers
MACHIAVELLI-
* lengthy discussion of conspiracies and asserts that political debate and dissent are essential to the formation of a healthy republic.
MACHIAVELLI-
* magistrate Piero Soderini; for example, he prevailed on Soderini to use a local militia instead of mercenaries for defense;
MACHIAVELLI-
* not Sun Tzu, this man wrote a version of The Art of War
MACHIAVELLI-
* notes that "armed prophets have been victorious, and all unarmed prophets have been destroyed"
MACHIAVELLI-
* one work, Machiavelli praised one man with this surname in contrast to Soderini. That man founded the Roman Republic, and another man with this surname conspired with Cassius to kill Julius Caesar. : Brutus
MACHIAVELLI-
* opening of a book by this philosopher resolves to "open a new route" by basing judgments on "respect for antiquity" much like how jurisprudence and medicine draw on ancient precedents. This thinker cited Rome's ability to switch between the strategies of Fabius and Scipio during the Second Punic War as an example of the superiority of republics to kings
MACHIAVELLI-
* other book, Machiavelli drew lessons from ancient Rome to assess the challenges of running republics. : Discourses on Livy
MACHIAVELLI-
* other work by Machiavelli, a commentary on a Roman historian's Ab Urbe Condita, uses a distinction between the vivere sicuro and the vivere libero to support the establishment of republics. : Discourses on Livy
MACHIAVELLI-
* preface to one work by this thinker states that it has always been more dangerous to discover new countries than to found new institutions; that work argues that the defeats of the Samnites and Latins had more to do with skill than luck as the author deals with the titular Roman historian
MACHIAVELLI-
* quality is contrasted with prudence throughout The Prince. Machiavelli compares it to a woman who must be beaten if necessary. In an earlier work, Boethius compared it to a goddess spinning a wheel.: fortune
MACHIAVELLI-
* republic over other forms of government in his Discourses on Livy.
MACHIAVELLI-
* series of dialogues between Fabrizio and Cosimo to frame The Art of War, and in his most famous work he claimed that it is more important to be feared than loved. Name this Italian political philosopher who used Cesare Borgia as the inspiration for The Prince.
MACHIAVELLI-
* served under Piero Soderini, but lost his respect for him after that man gave up his post of gonfaloniere of justice. Name this Florentine diplomat who had been tortured by the Medici. After losing his job, he spent a lot of time writing about things like virtu and fortuna, and he wrote one work dedicated to Lorenzo de' Medici.
MACHIAVELLI-
* the Mandrake, the Golden Ass, and the History of Florence
MACHIAVELLI-
* title figure should emulate Cesare Borgia and be both a lion and a fox and that it is better for the title ruler to be feared than to be loved.
MACHIAVELLI-
* use of mercenaries and insists that lady fortune must be overcome by (*) force
MACHIAVELLI-
* use of mercenaries and makes frequent references to the personification of Lady Fortune
MACHIAVELLI-
* wrote The Prince and dedicated it to Lorenzo de' Medici
MACHIAVELLI-
* wrote it is safer to be feared than loved, and he described different ways for leaders to gain and maintain power. Name this thinker who worked for Piero Soderini
MACHIAVELLI-
* "On Truth and Falsity", this work claims the human mind is better known than the body;
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* "malicious demon" could not deceive all his senses
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* "myriagon" and a "chiliagon" to distinguish between imagination and pure intellect
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* "pretender" in Pierre Gassendi's objections to it
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* Abbe Claude Picot to its author's philosophy. This work compares a sick man to a faulty clock, and compares separating a mountain from a valley to separating existence from God.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* Bernard Williams notes that the word "I" in parts of this work may refer to the reader
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* Dedicated to the Sorbonne, it is intended to be read in six days, reading one section per day
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* Husserl asserted that this work "gave transcendental phenomenology a new impulse" in a series of lectures which examines those aspects of this work that have "eternal significance"
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* asserts that perception "by the intellect alone", rather than any physical properties, allows one to identify a piece of wax
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* attempts to establish the existence of God by arguing that the idea of God is neither adventitious nor invented, but must be innate
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* author notes that the properties of a piece of wax can change, suggesting that wax is known not by the senses but by the mind alone. The sixth of these distinguishes res extensis and res cogitans
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* book notes that the intellect can understand a thousand-sided chiliagon without imagining one, and claims each person has a "natural light" in the mind, which lets its author establish the "clear and distinct" criterion for truth
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* compares man to a clock made of faulty wheels and counter-weights to show that man can err from nature
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* condenses ideas from the earlier Discourse on Method, by Rene Descartes
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* e section of this text divides ideas into "innate," "adventitious," and "factitious" types
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* essay also answers the question as to what kind of thing the writer is with the answer "a thinking thing".
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* establishing the world's existence from the principle "I am a thing that thinks," by Descartes.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* evil demon is tricking the author,
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* final part concerns the mind-body problem, building off the author's earlier conclusion that he truly does exist. For 10 points, identify this work by Rene Descartes that encourages systematic doubt of everything.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* first section of this text hypothesizes a "malicious demon" that deceives all senses, prompting the author to methodically doubt everything but himself.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* first section, the author compares himself to naked people who think they wear purple clothes and those who suffer from the glass delusion.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* fourth part of this work, "On Truth and Falsity", the author declares that he is an "intermediate between God and nothingness."
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* fourth section concludes that errors arise from the will being wider in range than the understanding, and that by focusing on things that one clearly and distinctly understands, one can eliminate error.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* framed as a series of writings on pure inquiry that each span a day, wherein the author takes a skeptical position, such as meditating on a piece of wax and suggesting the world around him was created by an evil genius.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* his mind must exist, even if he is being deceived by a powerful "evil demon." For 10 points, name this work written after Discourse on Method by Rene Descartes.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* includes an appendix, with replies to the criticisms of Hobbes and Gassendi, where the author asserts that atheists can't do science. The author introduces the concept of self-validation of existence in this work, which compares habits of thinking to slaves dreaming of sunrise.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* independently conceive of an infinite being.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* knowledge is based on understanding by imagining a changing piece of (*) wax,
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* opening letter states its author will use (*) geometric methods to prove the existence of God.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* rejects the notion that the author could derive existence from causes other than a perfect God in order to demonstrate God's existence and concludes that God "cannot be a deceiver".
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* second section of this work asserts that the nature of the mind is more easy to know than that of the body, presaging this work's argument
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* second section, meant to be read a day after its first, describes a faculty called the "natural light" and establishes the "clear and distinct" test.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* senses cannot lead one to God
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* series of objections by Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Gassendi, it claims things are to be perceived "by the intellect alone" after asking if wax is still wax once exposed to flame. It presents innate, invented, and adventitious distinctions between ideas of God in its third section
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* sixth and final one of these essays distinguishes between understanding and imagination and proves the exis- tence of material things based on the fact that God is no deceiver.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* states that it is in part motivated by the prospect of "persuad[ing] infidels", and its second section concludes that "bodies...are not properly perceived by the senses...but by the intellect alone;" that section sets out to show that "the nature of the human mind...is more easily known than the body".
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* takes place in six consecutive Days and seeks to prove there is a god.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* the author notes that he cannot imagine the individual sides of a thousand-sided "chiliagon" as easily as he can three sides of a triangle
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* third essay in this collection argues for the exis- tence of God because it is the only possible creator of myself
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* third part of this work proves that the external world exists because God is not a deceiver. For 10 points, name this work, whose author attempts to discard everything of which he is not certain and build a foundation for knowledge, the magnum opus of René Descartes.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* thus rationalism is needed, by Rene Descartes.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* two plus three equals five even in dreams. This work asserts that shape is not an essential characteristic of wax because it can be melted.
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* wax grows alternately hot and cold to illustrate a point about changing natures, while this text also asserts that the wax of that candle was not the same thing as its whiteness or the sweetness of honey
MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY-
* 13 essential aspects of his faith in his commentary on the halakah.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* Aristotelian philosophy with Judaism.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* Commentary on the Mishnah, Mishneh Torah, and Guide for the Perplexed;
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* God can only be talked about in statements about what God is not
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* Guide for the Perplexed
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* Influenced by neo-Platonists, he believed that it was only possible to describe God through what he was not, his so called negative theology
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* Jewish philosophy is partly metaphysical
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* Mishneh Torah was written for Joseph ben Judah
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* against the anthropomorphism of God
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* analyzes Ezekiel's vision of a chariot, or merkavah
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* belief in the world-to-come in his Treatise on Resurrection.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* claims that one should help poor people out of sadness rather than pity in a section that outlines this mans' eight levels of giving, or Tzedakah.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* commentaries on the Mishnah and The Guide for the Perplexed, a medieval Jewish philosopher.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* controversially listed the eternity of God, the incorporeal nature of God
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* examines the merkavah vision and criticizes the methods, but not the conclusions of the kalam scholars
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* invented the idea that it is better to acquit a thousand guilty persons than put a single innocent one to death
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* most famous work, he deals with the 613 laws of Moses, called the mitzvot
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* presents the Parable of Palace to illustrate those who have come close to certainty in spiritual matters
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* rejects the Aristotelian and kalam views of creation in that work
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* resurrection among his thirteen articles of faith in one work
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* take fourteen forms, or shorash, in The Book of Commandments
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* thirteen principles of faith and, though he is not Muslim, this man's most famous work is written in Arabic.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* thirteen principles, including the incorporeality of God and the coming of the Messiah.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* used the example of a winged elephant to demonstrate how belief in a corporeal god is tantamount to idolatry
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* written in letter form to Rabbi Joseph Ben Judah
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* wrote a fourteen-volume work systematically compiling Jewish law and a work which rejects the kalam theory of creation and argues that God can only be described with negative terms.
MOSES MAIMONIDES-
* "a state which dwarfs its men...will find that with small men no little thing can be accomplished."
ON LIBERTY-
* "greatest centralization of information"
ON LIBERTY-
* "harm principle."
ON LIBERTY-
* "the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others"
ON LIBERTY-
* "tyranny of the majority,"
ON LIBERTY-
* Fitzwilliam Stevens criticized this work for turning the creed of the French Revolution into a religious system in his work Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
ON LIBERTY-
* John Stuart Mill work
ON LIBERTY-
* against the principles of the Calvinist view of self-will.
ON LIBERTY-
* argues for Wilhelm von Humboldt's position that the goal of man should be individuality
ON LIBERTY-
* attacks Muslim countries for banning pork
ON LIBERTY-
* attacks the Christianity of its author's day for stagnating unchallenged, and advocates "pagan self-assertion."
ON LIBERTY-
* barbarians are incapable of sovereignty over themselves
ON LIBERTY-
* champions individual freedom.
ON LIBERTY-
* cites Akbar the Great as an example of a compassionate tyrant
ON LIBERTY-
* clarify the meaning of the two maxims which, according to the author, form its entire doctrine.
ON LIBERTY-
* concludes by championing the "greatest dissemination of power"
ON LIBERTY-
* contemporary popular opinion held "more of positive truth" than the ideas of Rousseau, Rousseau's "bombshell" ideas forced public opinion to "recombine in a better form."
ON LIBERTY-
* control of society should be applied to that which concerns society;
ON LIBERTY-
* counters the problem of what happens when a person renders himself incapable of fulfilling his public duties.
ON LIBERTY-
* defends colonization and ruling over barbarians on the grounds that it worked for Charlemagn
ON LIBERTY-
* desire not to add unnecessarily to government power.
ON LIBERTY-
* encourages eccentric experimentation and "self-creation" that allows genius to thrive
ON LIBERTY-
* ends by giving three reasons for resisting government interference
ON LIBERTY-
* equivocal on the question of whether fornication and gambling should be tolerated, noting that public gambling-houses should not be permitted
ON LIBERTY-
* excuses the tyrannical dictatorship of Akbar the Great because he ruled over barbarians incapable of (*) sovereignty
ON LIBERTY-
* final chapter of this work, "Applications,"
ON LIBERTY-
* final section argues for the taxation of stimulants and for mandatory education, and also discusses the sale of poisons.
ON LIBERTY-
* fourth chapter uses the banning pork in Muslim societies
ON LIBERTY-
* humans should aim for "individuality of power and development,"
ON LIBERTY-
* importance of Individuality, and describes it as "one of the components of well-being"
ON LIBERTY-
* laments that current society "pinches" men in a section claims that Europe could soon resemble the homogeneous China
ON LIBERTY-
* make all people think alike
ON LIBERTY-
* non-believers should be punished by a country's ban on eating pork.
ON LIBERTY-
* objectionable law since it restricts innocuous choices and violates this work's most significant rule
ON LIBERTY-
* only interfere with an individual's rights if those rights threaten another's, which it calls the "harm principle."
ON LIBERTY-
* only reason that someone should be prevented from doing what they want is to prevent harm to others
ON LIBERTY-
* outlines its "infallibility argument" by describing how Marcus Aurelius, despite his wisdom, engaged in persecution of Christianity.
ON LIBERTY-
* quotes John Sterling in regarding "pagan self-assertion" and "Christian self-denial" as elements of human worth
ON LIBERTY-
* right to think, assemble, and pursue interests can only breach the rights of others to prevent the physical or mental damage of others.
ON LIBERTY-
* second section considers the executions of Socrates and Jesus to argue that one can never be sure that some opinion is false, and that it is wrong to stifle even a false opinion.
ON LIBERTY-
* third section of this work begins with the claim that control of the individual should be applied to things which concern the individual
ON LIBERTY-
* truth does not always triumph
ON LIBERTY-
* ttacked by James Fitzjames Stephen
ON LIBERTY-
* use of coercion is to prevent harm. For 10 points, name this 1859 essay condemning infringements on personal freedom, written by John Stuart Mill.
ON LIBERTY-
* utilitarian essay by John Stuart Mill.
ON LIBERTY-
* warns against Europe becoming like China by adopting an educational and political system
ON LIBERTY-
* when Man fails to see Diversity, he loses the ability to conceive of it.
ON LIBERTY-
* 158 theological assertions and their (*) negations. This philosopher recounted how Fulbert hired a group of thieves to castrate him in History of My Calamities
PETER ABELARD-
* Anselm of Laon but hated it, despite the fact that both are today considered major writers of Scholasticism.
PETER ABELARD-
* Epistle to the Romans, this man claimed that the only punishment faced by unbaptized infants is separation from God, prefiguring the idea of limbo.
PETER ABELARD-
* French Scholastic, the author of Sic et Non who had a famous love affair with a woman named Heloise.
PETER ABELARD-
* French philosopher castrated for his love affair with Heloise.
PETER ABELARD-
* Historia Calamitatum documented an affair that caused Fulbert to have him castrated
PETER ABELARD-
* Historia Calamitatum, this Frenchman described his castration due to a secret marriage to an Argenteuil nun with whom he often swapped letters
PETER ABELARD-
* History of My Calamities recounts how he incited Fulbert's anger and got gastrated.
PETER ABELARD-
* History of My Troubles, (*) describes his famous love affair, which produced a son named Astrolabe, while his best-known work as a logician is Sic et non.
PETER ABELARD-
* Know Yourself, and was condemned for his nominalist doctrines at the Council of Soissons
PETER ABELARD-
* Neo-Platonism in his work Some Gloseses on Porphyry. This man prublished his autobiography, which resembles Augustine's Confessions, as Historia Calamitatum
PETER ABELARD-
* Oratory of the Paraclete assembled citations from opposing patristic authorities on 158 questions in one book
PETER ABELARD-
* Roscelin of Compiegne and Guillaume de Champeaux by saying that language is incapable of demonstrating the truth of physical objects.
PETER ABELARD-
* Scholastic philosopher who wrote Sic et Non and had an affair with Héloïse d'Argenteuil
PETER ABELARD-
* Scholastic philosopher who wrote Sic et Non, famed for his love affair with Heloise.
PETER ABELARD-
* Sic et Non and married Héloïse
PETER ABELARD-
* Sic et Non got him condemned by the Council of Soissons and hated by Bernard of Clairvaux;
PETER ABELARD-
* St. Anselm's Cur Deus Homo?, this man claimed that the role of the Christ's death was to exemplify perfect love
PETER ABELARD-
* St. Augustine's Doctrine of Original Sin by applying his own Doctrine of Limbo, which was promulgated by Innocent III.
PETER ABELARD-
* Theologia Scholarium and a rational account of the Trinity in his Theologia Summi Boni and he rejected the realism of his teachers Roscelin and William of Champeaux
PETER ABELARD-
* William of Champeaux and theology under Anselm of Laon, though he later came into conflict with both of his teachers.
PETER ABELARD-
* argued that considering the contradictions of church fathers led truth, something he accomplished by addressing 158 questions with the titular responses.
PETER ABELARD-
* argues that the mind's vices make one disposed to sin in his moral treatise Ethics, or Know Thyself
PETER ABELARD-
* author of a poem for his son Astrolabe collected (*) 158 questions in his most famous work, which answered each with a quote from various church fathers and contrasting commentary
PETER ABELARD-
* autobiographical work entitled Historia calamitatum
PETER ABELARD-
* begins with a prologue that states one should not rashly pass judgments on saints whose writings contradict each other.
PETER ABELARD-
* biblical contradictions entitled Sic et Non was widely used to teach logic and dialectic, he is most famous for his love affair and ensuing castration.
PETER ABELARD-
* contention that reason has a role to play in interpreting faith angered "anti-dialecticians" such as Bernard of Clairvaux, who had nineteen of this philosopher's propositions condemned at the Council of Siens
PETER ABELARD-
* conversation about ethics between three people who came to him in a dream in The Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian.
PETER ABELARD-
* correspondence he maintained with a nun at Argenteuil
PETER ABELARD-
* early scholastic and lover of Heloise.
PETER ABELARD-
* entailment as central to his Dialectica, and Innocent III supported his definition of limbo.
PETER ABELARD-
* famous work juxtaposed several quotations from various fathers of the Church as a method of applying doctrinal interpretation.
PETER ABELARD-
* image of the lion wounded by Heracles as a "res ficta" in commentaries on Porphyry, who was also the subject of his Glosulae.
PETER ABELARD-
* logica vetus in his Logica Ingredientibus.
PETER ABELARD-
* man wrote that verbs possess a vis copulativa that distinguishes them from nouns in his Dialectica.
PETER ABELARD-
* meaning of the word aliquid as applied to the body of Christ, which he explained has no meaning when referring to Christ-as-God, but meaning when referring to Christ-as-man
PETER ABELARD-
* prologue to another work, this philosopher wrote that church students "should not rashly pass judgement" on "the writings of the saints" before providing patristic citations for 158 yes-or-no questions.
PETER ABELARD-
* sin lies in intentions, not actions, in Know Thyself, and also wrote Dialogue Between a Philosopher, a Jew, and a Christian
PETER ABELARD-
* teacher, William of Champeaux, the "supreme master" of dialectic in an autobiographical letter that recounts how Anselm of Laon persecuted him.
PETER ABELARD-
* treatise on Ethics that was subtitled "know yourself". Alberic of Paris showed inconsistencies in this man's principles of topical inference, while this man's attack on the Petrobrusian heresy is one of only two accounts of it
PETER ABELARD-
* Cebes and Simmias
PHAEDRUS-
* Crito's earlier failure to convince Socrates to flee captivity.
PHAEDRUS-
* Socrates discusses the art of rhetoric after reading a discourse by Lysias that suggests that those who are not in love make better sexual partners.
PHAEDRUS-
* Socrates uses the image of a charioteer attempting to drive two winged horses of different qualities of stock to represent the soul,
PHAEDRUS-
* chorus of cicadas
PHAEDRUS-
* compares his words to the epitaph of Midas's tomb
PHAEDRUS-
* discussion of how we have never truly perceived things that are equal, which is called the Imperfection Argument.
PHAEDRUS-
* explains that freshly woven cloaks continue to exist after their maker's death
PHAEDRUS-
* good friend Socrates compares his surroundings, which are a "fair-resting place"
PHAEDRUS-
* hot-cold and asleep-awake dichotomies to expound the notion of opposites, Cebes introduces that character's "Theory of Recollection" argument
PHAEDRUS-
* lines can be read in any order because they do not succeed each other logically.
PHAEDRUS-
* native of Philus, a Pythagorean community. One character in this work uses the argument that because wet is the opposite of dry, there must be an afterlife, and claims that philosophy is the preparation for death.
PHAEDRUS-
* no alternation between sleeping and waking, the tale of Endymion would have no meaning.
PHAEDRUS-
* potion", "remedy", or "poison" is the starting point for Jacques Derrida's reading of this dialogue, titled "Plato's Pharmacy."
PHAEDRUS-
* re-grow wings in response to an emotion that was also treated in The Symposium.
PHAEDRUS-
* sacred to Achelous.
PHAEDRUS-
* sees one character attempting to make Aesop's fables into verse with his wife Xanthippe
PHAEDRUS-
* soul is immortal, opens in a prison with Simmias and Xanthippe. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue that depicts the death of Socrates;
PHAEDRUS-
* this Platonic dialogue, our good friend Socrates compares his surroundings, which are a "fair-resting place"
PHAEDRUS-
* title character is told that his master composed music based on Aesop's Fables in a dream
PHAEDRUS-
* "prejudices" and failure to understand women are lampooned at the start of Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil,
PHILOSOPHERS-
* al-Ghazali's attack on this vocation was refuted in The Incoherence of the Incoherence, by Averroes.
PHILOSOPHERS-
* belittles burhan demonstrations. Diogenes Laertius wrote on the Lives and Opinions of Eminent ones.
PHILOSOPHERS-
* eleventh thesis on Feuerbach implies that these people must learn to (*) change the world. A man sometimes called the first of this vocation profited off an olive oil press and predicted an eclipse in Miletus
PHILOSOPHERS-
* ethnically-Greek one threw himself into Mount Etna
PHILOSOPHERS-
* vocation of Empedocles and Thales, two pre-Socratic ones who sought after truth;
PHILOSOPHERS-
* Athenian democracy sentenced its central figure to suicide by hemlock for poisoning the Athenian youth through his questioning authority
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* Meletus is the chief opponent of this work's protagonist, who declares an ignorant man to be the wisest of all, utters the maxim "the unexamined life is not worth living,"
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* Platonic dialogue about the redress of Socrates during his trial;
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* central character's belief in spiritual beings, he is still branded an atheist in this work, whose characters include (*) Lycon and Anytus.
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* describes himself as a gadfly stinging the youth of Athens. Ending with a death sentence, for 10 points, name this dialogue by Plato about the trial of Socrates.
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* insane argument in this work is rebutted by considering that a trainer is the only person in the world that improves the lot of horses
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* monologue of its main character, claiming that he is the wisest through knowing nothing, and is the gadfly sent to spur the horse of Athens.
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* protagonist states that Aristophanes' comedic plays are mostly responsible for his undoing and that his reputation as an annoying busybody stems from the duty assigned to him by the gods.
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* speaker in this work recalls a father who treats his two sons as foals or calves with many people to look over them
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* work by the author of Euthyphroe
PLATO'S APOLOGY-
* "Birth" is chronicled in Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish;
PRISONS-
* Emma Goldman
PRISONS-
* Foucault also borrowed the idea of the Panopticon, one of these in which all inhabitants can be observed from one place, in his Discipline and Punish
PRISONS-
* George Beaumont, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote about these entities before penning Democracy in America
PRISONS-
* Jeremy Bentham created an idealized version of these institutions called the Panopticon
PRISONS-
* One critique of these places argues that they give people "the Cain mark on their foreheads," and calls these places "A Social Crime and Failure"
PRISONS-
* Presidio Modelo one in Cuba was based off one that implemented an "unequal gaze," and was designed by Jeremy Bentham.
PRISONS-
* Tasmania, Alexander Maconochie created a system used in these entities that was later reused in the Elmira System
PRISONS-
* circular one in which observers can watch any of the inhabitants at any time without the inhabitants' knowledge was devised by Jeremy Bentham and dubbed the Panopticon.
PRISONS-
* institutions examined in Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish
PRISONS-
* institutions that currently house Jerry Sandusky and Bernie Madoff, places where society locks up criminals
PRISONS-
* splits one of the title concepts into Cellular, Organic, Genetic, and Combinatory varieties
PRISONS-
* tour of these places with Gustave de Beaumont that Alexis de Tocqueville gathered information for his book Democracy in America
PRISONS-
* work about these institutions are characterized by an "unequal gaze" between two groups within them; that work also claims that they "cannot fail to produce delinquents," and that they create "disciplinary careers."
PRISONS-
Analogies rowdy crowd betting businessmen and athletes most praiseworthy
PYTHAGORAS-
Croton bases tradition
PYTHAGORAS-
Cult investigating mystical properties of numbers;
PYTHAGORAS-
Early adherent Zalmoxis
PYTHAGORAS-
Eat not the heart/ do not stir fire with a sword
PYTHAGORAS-
Followers hippasus drowned after discovering 2^½ was not a fraction
PYTHAGORAS-
Golden verses
PYTHAGORAS-
Had thigh made of gold
PYTHAGORAS-
Maxims called acusmata attributed to him
PYTHAGORAS-
Metempsychosis led to vegetarianism
PYTHAGORAS-
Miracles predict number of fish in a pond
PYTHAGORAS-
Music of spheres humming noises of each planet
PYTHAGORAS-
Numa pompilius talks to him about transmigration of souls
PYTHAGORAS-
Refused to quash souls of beans by eating them
PYTHAGORAS-
Required to to observe 5 years ofSilence
PYTHAGORAS-
Silence transmigration of souls
PYTHAGORAS-
appear in 2 places @ once
PYTHAGORAS-
* "Philosophy begins in medias res," and is titled Skepticism and Animal Faith. For 10 points, name this Spanish-American philosopher who said "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
SANTAYANA-
* "The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy" in his critique of contemporaries like Bergson, Winds of Doctrine
SANTAYANA-
* "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
SANTAYANA-
* "efficacious reflection" and is subtitled "The Phases of Human Progress."
SANTAYANA-
* "golden thread of pleasure" as foremost among the necessary "materials" for the titular phenomenon
SANTAYANA-
* "in religion" and "in common sense" in The Sense of Beauty and wrote Scepticism and Animal Faith as well as The Life of Reason.
SANTAYANA-
* "philosophy must begin in medias res."
SANTAYANA-
* "those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it"
SANTAYANA-
* "those who cannot remember" this thing "are condemned to repeat it.": "the past"
SANTAYANA-
* A Sense of Beauty and Realms of Being. For 10 points, name this author of Skepticism and Animal Faith
SANTAYANA-
* Alden's discontent with his titular faith leads to his self-destruction in this philosopher's work entitled The Last Puritan.
SANTAYANA-
* American Intellect inhabits the "colonial mansion," in his lecture "The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy."
SANTAYANA-
* Ezra Pound amusingly used the example of a bunch of illiterate fishermen worrying about Greek pronunciation to parody this man's The Idea of Christ in the Gospels
SANTAYANA-
* Ezra Pound compared this man's manner of pronunciation to Benito Mussolini's in his 81st Canto.
SANTAYANA-
* Harvard, this thinker rejected Kantian thought by defining beauty as "pleasure objectified" that gives us our idea of God, rather than the other way around
SANTAYANA-
* In Realms of Being, this man expanded upon a book that asserts (*) doubt makes idealism irrelevant and advocates pragmatic living through the title "sense"
SANTAYANA-
* Philip Blair Rice considered two books to be fundamental to the philosophy of aesthetics in America. This 1896 work derives its title from Keats' letter on negative capability and, in sections such as "Form" and "Expression", the author defines the title concept as "pleasure regarded as the quality of a thing.": The Sense of Beauty
SANTAYANA-
* Skepticism and Animal Faith who is best known for an aphorism about repeating the past.
SANTAYANA-
* Skepticism and Animal Faith, who declared that "those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it."
SANTAYANA-
* Spanish author moved to America as a child and wrote about Oliver Alden in the novel The Last Puritan, though he is better known as a philosopher.
SANTAYANA-
* Spanish-American philosopher who said that "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
SANTAYANA-
* The Last Puritan
SANTAYANA-
* The Sense of Beauty and Scepticism and Animal Faith
SANTAYANA-
* The Sense of Beauty argued "philosophy begins in medias res". For 10 points, name this Spanish-American philosopher who wrote Skepticism and Animal Faith
SANTAYANA-
* The Sense of Beauty claims that philosophy must begin "in media res" and asserts that idealism is irrelevant since the world is understood through the pragmatic belief in our senses embodied by the first titular concept
SANTAYANA-
* The Sense of Beauty described matter, essence, truth, and spirit as the "realms of being" and wrote Skepticism and Animal Faith
SANTAYANA-
* a contrasts this philosophical position with "Animal Faith" in another work. This position espoused by a namesake Greek school rejects the existence of absolute truths and questions truths based on evidence: SKEPTICISM
SANTAYANA-
* aesthetics. This work outlines how a pile of sand is just as infinite in the universe, but that the infinitesimal doesn't capture the imagination.: The Sense of Beauty
SANTAYANA-
* analyzed Lecretius, Dante, and Goethe in Three Philosophical Poets.
SANTAYANA-
* antayana received his Ph.D. at this institution, where such thinkers as H. Paul Grice and Michael Dummett have been invited to speak through the William James Lectures series.: HARVARD
SANTAYANA-
* argued that knowledge can be defined not by reasoned awareness but only by its application in action, meaning philosophy must begin in medias res.
SANTAYANA-
* argued that no real knowledge can be gained in an "instant of awareness" in a work that asserts belief does not derive from reasoning, but is an inevitable idea necessary for a man to act
SANTAYANA-
* asserts that men do not live by idealism and claims to have found epistemological truths through doubt in a work entitled Skepticism and Animal Faith
SANTAYANA-
* atheist, advocates an understanding of religion while condemning those who interpret it literally in a work entitled The Life of Reason
SANTAYANA-
* author of of Skepticism and Animal Faith, a Spanish-American philosopher who claimed that "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
SANTAYANA-
* behind Scepticism and Animal Faith and The Life of Reason wrote The Sense of Beauty.
SANTAYANA-
* book on epistemology which argues against Cartesianism and claims that the human belief in matter is unavoidable
SANTAYANA-
* book that described essence, matter, truth, and spirit as four constituents of a group of foundations for experience
SANTAYANA-
* books argues that dreams, rather than perception or thoughts, are the "primary phrase of consciousness" in a chapter on "First Steps and First Fluctuations"
SANTAYANA-
* called America "a young country with an old mentality" in his essay "The Genteel Tradition of American Philosophy."Name this philosopher who affirmed that beauty relies on the eye of the beholder in The Sense of Beauty and once said, "Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it."
SANTAYANA-
* claimed that if Hamlet were reported in a newspaper, it wouldn't be transcendent, showing that "the expression of the object" of art can transform tragedy into beauty.
SANTAYANA-
* claimed that while pleasure is universal, its causes are subjective in a work that disagrees with Kant's dispassionate analysis of the universals of art.
SANTAYANA-
* contemporary of José Ortega y Gasset wrote that "philosophy begins in medias res" and "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" while teaching at Harvard.
SANTAYANA-
* critiqued Cartesian foundationalism by arguing that humans are certain in their knowledge not out of reason, but because of a pre-rational belief in matter, concluding that philosophy must begin "in medias res."
SANTAYANA-
* defined essence as embodiments of character through which humans perceive the world, contrasting it with matter, truth, and spirit.
SANTAYANA-
* defined one of the title concepts of one of his works as an irrational belief in the natural world. He claimed that philosophy must begin in medias res.
SANTAYANA-
* delivered a lecture describing a "crude but vital" popular mentality that "inhabits the skyscraper" as opposed to one that inhabits "colonial mansions."
SANTAYANA-
* early works were derided as the "perfection of rottenness" by William James, referring particularly to his book Interpretations of Poetry and Religion. He wrote a book on aesthetics which defined beauty as "pleasure regarded as a quality of the thing."
SANTAYANA-
* examined the "stages of human progress" in four different aspects of human society in The Life of Reason
SANTAYANA-
* existence into Essence, Matter, Truth, and Spirit in one work, and he described himself as an "aesthetic Catholic" in his essay "Reason in Religion" from his collection The Life of Reason;
SANTAYANA-
* five-volume work by this man examines the title concept in Common Sense, Society, Religion, Art, and Science.
SANTAYANA-
* grouped matter and essence with truth and spirit, and believed that rational awareness was the foundation of knowledge, an idea this author of (*) The Realms of Being expressed as "philosophy begins in medias res."
SANTAYANA-
* idealized Jesus and Mary may have historical roots in a section that explores the role of the religious imagination in forming the title concept.
SANTAYANA-
* major concepts aspires to "the full truth and perfect good" which "dwells like the God of Egypt in a dark inner chamber"
SANTAYANA-
* major sections dealing with "expression" and "form," a treatise supposedly written under the threat of tenure denial by the author of "The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy.": The Sense of Beauty
SANTAYANA-
* matter was a metaphor since it symbolized the unknown and that knowledge had to be characterized as "essence", a term he used to refer to concepts and ideas.
SANTAYANA-
* no firm epistemological foundation to build upward from because belief and nonbelief are both "radically incapable of proof,"
SANTAYANA-
* only the dead have seen the end of" this concept. Thomas Aquinas formulated criteria which make them just, and Kant's Perpetual Peace posited that they wouldn't happen between democracies.: wars
SANTAYANA-
* ontological work by Santayana discusses the titular concepts essence, matter, truth, and spirit as a framework for a new philosophical approach that never quite found its footing.: The Realms of Being
SANTAYANA-
* outlined the influence of the title subject through "society", "religion", and "science" in a book that rejected true equality in favor of "natural aristocracy" and laments Catholicism as a "splendid error".
SANTAYANA-
* philosophical works The Sense of Beauty and The Life of Reason.
SANTAYANA-
* philosophy begins with the non-conscious creating beliefs "radically incapable of proof."
SANTAYANA-
* philosophy of Henri Bergson in The Winds of Doctrine, and held that to judge something as beautiful was to differentiate between fundamental ideals and transitory ones in The Sense of Beauty
SANTAYANA-
* portrays Jesus Christ as a poetic figure in The Idea of Christ in the Gospels
SANTAYANA-
* pure absorption in "essence" and intuition inflected by "intent"
SANTAYANA-
* refuted it in a work titled [this] and Animal Faith.: skepticism
SANTAYANA-
* rejected religion's moral and factual truth but praised its poetic capacity to produce piety and spirituality in the section "Reason in Religion."
SANTAYANA-
* rejects Kant's theory of disinterestedness and posits that the title concept arises from personal connection rather than art.
SANTAYANA-
* single instant of awareness is empty of concepts and that the other title concept is the irrational basis for knowledge claims.
SANTAYANA-
* there is no first principle of criticism; another section defines existence as being in flux, determined by external relations, and subject to perturbations from irrelevant events. Name this treatise which states that philosophy must begin with instinct-based action, or in media res.: Skepticism and Animal Faith
SANTAYANA-
* this belief "and animal faith." In ancient Greece, this belief originated with Pyrrho of Elis and traced its way through Sextus Empiricus.: skepticism
SANTAYANA-
* title entity of another of his works is related to the four qualities of matter, essence, spirit, and truth, in a system this man developed in The Realms of Being
SANTAYANA-
* unknown and that knowledge had to be characterized as "essence", a term he used to refer to concepts and ideas
SANTAYANA-
* work The Last Puritan, but he is most famous for his often paraphrased statement, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
SANTAYANA-
* writer of "The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy" argued that philosophy should rely on instinct instead of rational thought, and that it begins in medias res
SANTAYANA-
* wrote The Realms of Being and Scepticism and Animal Faith
SANTAYANA-
* wrote a five-volume work which treats the title concept "in science," "in art" and "in religion" and is titled The (*) Life of Reason.
SANTAYANA-
* "a war of all against all", so long as people acknowledge the commonwealth
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "alienate" all his liberty to another. This work notes that (*) hotter climates are more suited to despotism.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "alienation" critiques Grotius's view of a right to slavery, claims that differences in amount of arable land make despotism more suited to warm climates.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "forced to be free" in another interpretation;
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "man is free, but is everywhere in chains", a work of political philosophy by Rousseau.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "partial society within the State"
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "particular will" but the sovereign should only act to ensure the (*) common good
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "the sovereign," which operates according to the general will and leaves each man "forced to be free."
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "tribe" became "almost a chimera" in ancient Rome as it lost legal meaning in a section on the comitia and twice references Caligula's reasoning that people needed him as a god.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* Hugo Grotius' theory of the natural right of individuals was a precursor to this philosophical concept.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* Japanese stage-magicians who dismember and rejoin children as a simile for the author's critics.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* Pierre Bayle and William Warburton on the relationship between religion and politics
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* Proudhon proposed an anarchist version of this concept, which another philosopher described in a work that explains how every individual's opinion in isolation will together produce the best decision for the state, otherwise known as the "general will."
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* Ronald Dworkin argued that this concept's reliance on double hypothetical agreements does not accurately represent reality.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* Second Treatise on Government, this concept is the subject of a work that begins "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains", written by Rousseau
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, John Locke believed that it protects natural rights and allows the people to dissolve government if they disrespect it.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* divides law into four realms: political, civil, criminal, and the extra-governmental moral.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* entering into a state of slavery is illogical and begins "man is born free but everywhere he is in chains."
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* invoked after leaving a state of nature, and David Hume argued that most governments did not follow this model in the essay "Of Civil Liberty."
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* no communication with each other when voting.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* normative version of this concept, writing that the sovereign gives voice to the general will and that man is "born free, but everywhere he is in chains."
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* not God, but Chapter 4 of John Stuart Mill's On Liberty claims that no benefit is derived from imagining this entity. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon believed that the idea of it only served a purpose between individuals.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* philosophical concept in which individuals improve upon the state of nature by surrendering certain rights, the title of a work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* primary concern of this concept, while Kant claimed that it is solely an idea of reason with the purpose of protecting the will of the subjects
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* rejects rule-bound religions like Catholicism in favor of a system that blends "religion of man" with a civil code.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* religion of Lamas and Catholicism among the worst of three types of religion, religion by priest
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* sign of successful states.
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* sovereignty is inalienable, and its author contrasts one of its central concepts with the "will of all," which is the sum of all private interests
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* state of nature and creates society through the title arrangement by, For 10 points, what concept which titles a work by Jean Jacques-Rousseau?
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* thinker argued that this concept must achieve the condition of "full publicity" and is established under the "veil of ignorance."
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* veil of ignorance is a component of the original position, a thought experiment on this concept in A Theory of Justice by John Rawls
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* while the state of nature gives men physical freedom, the greater, civil freedom can only be found by creating a society bound by the title agreement
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* work opens by distinguishing the "will of all" from the "general will".
SOCIAL CONTRACT-
* "The Great Political Superstition."
SPENCER-
* "What knowledge is of most worth?" in the first chapter of his Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Political, and outlined his most famous theories in his ten-volume System of Synthetic Philosophy
SPENCER-
* "coercive" aspects of reform movements in a work subtitled the "Conditions Essential to Human Happiness."
SPENCER-
* "new Toryism" in his The Man Versus the State, and also for predicting that humanity would evolve into a state of perfect equilibrium;
SPENCER-
* 1851's Social Statics, a British philosopher best known for coining the expression "survival of the fittest."
SPENCER-
* Moore's Principia Ethica includes an attack of the "survival of the fittest" of this English Social Darwinist philosopher, who included Principles of Biology and Principles of Ethics in his System of Synthetic Philosophy.
SPENCER-
* Social Darwinist.
SPENCER-
* Social Statics and coined the term "survival of the fittest."
SPENCER-
* System of Synthetic Philosophy
SPENCER-
* System of Synthetic Philosophy introduced the "first principle" of equal freedom in a work that defended the "right to (*) ignore the state's" assaults on the social organism
SPENCER-
* The Man Versus the State which was written after his First Principles laid out the basic foundations of his philosophical project including his "Development hypothesis."
SPENCER-
* The Nature and Reality of Religion and, in another work, argued that the uniformity of law depended on what he termed "the persistence of force."
SPENCER-
* Victorian author of Social Statics, who popularized the term "survival of the fittest"
SPENCER-
* William James, he wrote Principles of Psychology, although he collected it with works like Principles of Biology in his Synthetic Philosophy
SPENCER-
* applied Lamarckian concepts of evolution to society in order to defend individual liberty in his Social Statics. Name this philosopher who coined the term "survival of the fittest" in his Principles of Biology, and whose ideas gave rise to Social Darwinism.
SPENCER-
* argued against the liberal policies of Gladstone in The Man Versus the State
SPENCER-
* asserted that nothing should infringe on the "laws of life" in a work including a chapter called "The Great Political Superstition."
SPENCER-
* attacked the "New Toryism" of William Gladstone in his book Man Versus the State, and expounded upon the "right to ignore the state" in his best-known book, which states that laissez-faire capitalism is necessary to achieve human happiness.
SPENCER-
* claimed that men will evolve away from government to a "social equilibrium" in a process often called "Social Darwinism"
SPENCER-
* claimed that parliaments suffer from a "great political superstition" in a work that argued for small governments that allow for voluntary self-improvement. This author of Man Versus the State described a namesake "law of multiplicity" in his System of (*) Synthetic Philosophy
SPENCER-
* deployed an obsolete analogy stating that just as a well-intentioned doctor is free from prosecution if a patient dies under his care, so too should a legislator be free from moral blame if his measures result in evil, at the end of his chapter "The Sins of Legislators."
SPENCER-
* development of societies from military to complex and industrial and outlined "individuation" in Social Statics, which also introduced this man's interpretation of natural selection
SPENCER-
* ideas were applied to American society by William Graham Sumner
SPENCER-
* included several chapters about biology
SPENCER-
* life gradually moves towards self-sufficiency in a book that integrated the scientific method with the search for natural law
SPENCER-
* men have a "right to ignore the state" if it does not follow the law of equal freedom in a work that applied Lamarck's evolutionary theories to society
SPENCER-
* one of the first to apply the theories of Lamarck to society.
SPENCER-
* society as a living organism in his Principles of Sociology
SPENCER-
* spat erupted among the faculty at Yale University when president Noah Porter forced William Graham Sumner to discontinue teaching one of this thinker's books
SPENCER-
* spent nearly forty years completing his multidisciplinary treatise titled System of (*) Synthetic Philosophy, whose section Principles of Biology contains his best-known contribution
SPENCER-
* supported the Lamarckian view about the inheritance of acquired traits in his early paper, "The Developmental Hypothesis.
SPENCER-
* tendency of smaller movements being subsumed into larger ones, this thinker coined the term "equilibration."
SPENCER-
* this man argued that "over-legislation" and the army of bureaucracy led to a "New Toryism" akin to socialism
SPENCER-
* universal suffrage in his first major work subtitled "The Conditions essential to Happiness specified, and the First of them Developed."
SPENCER-
* "in the beginning" indicates not a temporal beginning, but the origin to which we return. He discussed different methods of interpreting signs when reading scripture in On Christian Doctrine
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* "visible" and "invisible" churches, and he was inspired by the Visigoths' sack of Rome to write one of his works.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Cassian's attempts to reconcile this man's thought with a heresy was disputed by a disciple, Prosper of Aquitaine
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Church Father who wrote the City of God and Confessions.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Cornelius Jansen's posthumously published magnum opus was a treatise on this philosopher.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Evodius in his dialogue On Free Choice of the Will, and refuted Pelagius by asking that monk to behold human genitals.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Frequent Communion and Moral Theology of the Jesuits, written by Antoine Arnauld.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* God and the Devil, and between the Earthly City and the title place, in a book written as a response to Alaric's sack of Rome.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Lucretia's suicide was not justified since the mental virtue of chastity is untouched by rape and retold an interchange between Alexander the Great and a pirate in one work; in another, he is told "Take it and read" years after going on a mystic experience with his mom Monica
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Marcus Terentius Varro's Antiquitates rerum divinarum
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Matthew, not Mark, was the first Gospel written is named for him
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Neoplatonist and a Manichaean before eventually converting to Christianity
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Ostia that he experienced with his mother, Monica
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* Platonic signs and classical rhetoric and feuded with a thinker condemned along with Nestorius at First Ephesus; that man, Pelagius, claimed that this author of On Christian Doctrine
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* St. Paul as a "chief of sinners" and called for church doctrine to reflect the teachings of this man, prompting Innocent X's Cum occasione and (*) Pascal's Provincial Letters
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* The City of God and Confessions.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* The Measure of the Soul wrote that Christianity had not led to the fall of (*) Rome in another work.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* adherent of Manichaeism.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* allegory in On Christian Doctrine
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* argument that God created the world in an (*) instant, not in six days. He wrote a four-book work on how to teach the Scriptures called De doctrina christiana.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* asserts that Scripture must be interpreted reflecting charity and love, advocates memorizing Scripture
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* asserts that we must reject pacifism in the face of grave harm and introduces a "just war" as an appropriate response
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* before Quine, this philosopher used a distinction between "walking" and "hurrying" to illustrate the indeterminacy of meaning in De Magistro.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* claim that he learned to speak by inferring the names of things is critiqued at the opening of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* claimed that God was the inspiration for all human knowledge in his book On the Trinity
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* coined the term "just war" in a work whose title construct triumphs over the Earthly City.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* contrasts the worldly society of (*) pagans with the title place.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* describes the superiority of the soul over the body
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* fought against a group of heretics who condemned sexual immorality but claimed sexual urges were natural and God-given
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* namesake hypothesis concerns the chronological ordering of the Gospels of the New Testament.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* old age this philosopher reviewed his writings and pointed out what he no longer agreed with in a work titled Reconsiderations
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* psychological analogy for the Trinity, found himself unable to explain (*) time and concluded that it was a distension of the mind, which God lies beyond.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* relationship between the title entity, the church, and potentially malevolent pagan forces in The City of God;
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* sack of Rome as an example of the defeat of an earthly construct "of man" that is in conflict with the title divine domain
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* sinful friends lead him to steal some pears in a work in which he also converts from Manichaeism to the Christianity of his mother Monica
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* strident anti-Pelagian was commanded by a child's voice to "take and read", which led him to fully embrace the teachings of Ambrose of Milan.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* text dealing with rhetoric and its religious uses in On Christian Doctrine, and argued against Donatism.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* theology was the basis for that of Michael Baius.
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* voice of a child telling him to "take up and read" the Bible catalyzes his conversion from Manichaeism to Christianity
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* wrote that visible signs or sacraments were the only means to provide religious unity in his Retractions
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO-
* "aeviternity" as the mean between time and eternity, since aeviternal things have beginning and no end.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* "an ordinance of reason for the common good" that comes from Divine Reason and natural law
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* 19 questions within this work discuss the eternal, divine, natural, and human forms of law. Name this work of religious philosophy that reintroduced "The Philosopher", Aristotle, to Christian tradition. This book follows a pattern of raising questions, posing objections to the premise of the question, citing an authority such as the Bible on the contrary, and giving a real reply in response to the question.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Doctor of the Church and student of Albertus Magnus wrote Summa Theologica. : Saint Thomas Aquinas
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* In this comprehensive, unfinished tome on Christian doctrine, formatted as replies to objections, Aquinas wrote that goods deeds require the proper "interior act" of the will underlying them to count as good.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Islamic scholar al-Ghazali is cited in this work in saying that it is "impossible for an actually infinite multitude to exist absolutely" and is called "Algazel", while Aristotle is referred to in this work simply as "The Philosopher"
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Much of MacIntyre's moral philosophy is drawn from this work, which consists of a series of "questions," representing topics, followed by arguments for and against them. It is the masterwork of Thomas Aquinas.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Natural Law is described in the second portion of this work, in which a videtur, sed contra, and responsio comprise an article, many of which comprise a question, many of which comprise a major theological topic.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Saint Thomas Aquinas
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* St. Thomas Aquinas supplanted divine illumination with Aristotle's agent intellect in this magnum opus of his, which also contains proofs for the existence of God called the Five Ways.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Summa cites many other thinkers like this man, who Aquinas called "The Commentator", since this man was the foremost interpreter of Aristotle at the time. This Moorish philosopher defended rationalism and bashed Al-Gazali in The Incoherence of the Incoherence.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Thomist theory argues that states can initiate violent action when they have fair cause, right intent, and legitimate authority to do so as a last resort. : just war theory
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* argued that it is impossible for everything to be contingent, therefore God must exist
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* argues that our life can only result in imperfect happiness, and that all our good actions are working toward the ultimate goal of perfect happiness in the afterlife.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* begins with a discussion of sacra doctrina and it includes five proofs for the existence of God. Name this three part philosophical text that applies Aristotelean thinking to Christianity in a series of questions and responses
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* claims that a just cause, rightful intention, and sovereign authority are the three major things necessary for a war to be just, and Ulpian(Basilica of Ulpia in Forum of Trajan...ehhh) is cited in this work as "The Legal Expert"
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* discusses drunkenness and concludes that it is not a sin because every sin is voluntary, but drunkenness is not voluntary.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* explained by a quote from Paul, who said "Like babes in Christ I fed you milk and not meat" in the Corinthians, which this work quotes several times after the repeated phrase "but on the contrary."
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* follows four objections to the question, the first of which is that God is the first agent, and the statement is followed by replies to each objection.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* harmonizes philosophies from many backgrounds, and was written after its author wrote "Summation Against the Gentiles." ;
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* heavenly bodies are moved by immaterial beings called "separate substances."
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* homist ethical principle allows individuals to commit unintended immoral consequences of an intended moral deed. Aquinas introduced it in the second part of the Summa when discussing self-defense. : doctrine of double effect
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* incomplete work structured as a series of objections and responses. It contains five arguments for the existence of God.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* introduces proper authority, reasonable cause, and right intention as the three conditions for "just war" in its second section, which is titled "Ethics".
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* laws created by humans are designed to fit the majority
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* lists sovereign authority, right intention, and just cause as the three major components of a just war
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* motion and the argument from the order of the world are two ways to adduce the existence of God according to this text
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* motion and the nature of efficient cause are two of the five proofs for the existence of God found in this work
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* objection-contrary-response format cites many authorities, referring to Aristotle only as "The Philosopher."
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* one borrowed from Aristotle, the "Unmoved Mover," as well as the teleological argument
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* one of hundreds of questions in this work, which was written to educate Christian theology students
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* organized into various questions and answers.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* posits that an endless regress of causation and movement is not possible, and it contains the argument that there must be an unmoved mover.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* quinquae viae, five proofs of the existence of God
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* refers to Peter Lombard as "The Master" and to Averroes as "The Commentator,"
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* second part of the Summa Theologica introduces this ethical doctrine in its description of how one may justifiably kill someone in self-defense. This doctrine argues that an action can be permissible if the good outweighs the bad. : doctrine of double effect
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* second section deals with morality and includes its author's definition of a just cause and a rightful intention as two things necessary for a war to be just, citing St. Augustine. Name this 13th-century religious text that lays out five proofs for the existence of God, the quinquae viae. Those proofs include the teleological argument and the "unmoved mover" argument.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* second section of this work, entitled "Ethics," also discusses the irascible passion and presents just cause, rightful intention, and sovereign authority as the three necessary qualities for just war
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* separates concupiscible passions from irascible ones, sets out natural law as the mentally-innate part of eternal law, and puts forward three conditions for (*) just war
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* several references to the works of Peter Lombard, who lived about a century before it was written, and to Aristotle
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* soul gains knowledge by deriving intelligible species from sensible forms and that the will is subject to intelligence.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* spent seven long years creating it, after which he had a revelation so powerful that "all that [he had] written seem[ed] like straw."
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* states that monks and bishops are in a state of perfection, and theorizes that natural law is the participation of the eternal law
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* states that power is twofold, passive and active, in response to a question asking whether there is power in God.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* work explains that metaphors are used in poetry because representation is delightful to men.
SUMMA THEOLOGICA-
* Aeschylus has misinterpreted the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus
SYMPOSIUM-
* After the host Agathon speaks about courage, justice, temperance, and wisdom, Socrates repeats a tale he heard from Diotima
SYMPOSIUM-
* Alcibiades enters late in this work and praises Socrates for saving his life in battle, before insisting that Agathon lie between them when they retire to bed.
SYMPOSIUM-
* Aristophanes and the traitor Alcibiades, the question "is love somebody or nobody" is posed by Socrates.
SYMPOSIUM-
* Aristophanes says that man was originally androgynous in this work
SYMPOSIUM-
* Aristophanes tells a myth of creatures with two bodies, which were separated by Zeus and now search for their other halves
SYMPOSIUM-
* Eryximachus claims that the central concept of this work governs gymnastics and astronomy
SYMPOSIUM-
* Eryximachus makes a proposal that is supported by Socrates, leading to a speech by Phaedrus
SYMPOSIUM-
* Phaedrus comments on Alcestis dying for her husband, and Socrates relays Diotima's argument that Love is an intermediary and a philosopher.
SYMPOSIUM-
* Platonic dialogue about love, titled after Agathon's drinking party;
SYMPOSIUM-
* Platonic dialogue about the nature of love
SYMPOSIUM-
* Platonic dialogue on the nature of love that takes place at a drinking party.
SYMPOSIUM-
* Platonic dialogue set at a drinking party that discusses the nature of love.
SYMPOSIUM-
* Socrates argues that tragedy and comedy are of the same nature.
SYMPOSIUM-
* Socrates concludes that love is a philosopher
SYMPOSIUM-
* Socrates recalls learning of the existence of the form of Beauty during a conversation with Diotima of Mantinea.
SYMPOSIUM-
* Zeus (*) chopped people in half then stitched up skin
SYMPOSIUM-
* character claims that humans originally took the shape of eight-limbed circles, but were cut in two for revolting against the gods
SYMPOSIUM-
* character in this philosophical work is interrupted as he prepares to interrogate another man's statement that one always fears the opinion of a few wise people more than those of a multitude
SYMPOSIUM-
* character in this work compares a certain concept to Atë in that it trods "in the softest of all the things that are."
SYMPOSIUM-
* character in this work speaks in place of another due to the latter's slow recovery from a spell of hiccups
SYMPOSIUM-
* distinguishes between a heavenly, motherless goddess and a more vulgar one, the daughter of Zeus and Dione
SYMPOSIUM-
* likened to medicine by Eryximachus. In this work, Diotima talks of climbing a metaphorical ladder from appreciating individual beauty to appreciating universal beauty
SYMPOSIUM-
* physician, later compares his work to a statement by Pausanias that indulging good men is honorable while indulging bad men is dishonorable, and he also explains how to cure hiccups
SYMPOSIUM-
* suggests that it is not actions themselves but the manner of performing them that are good or bad, while distinguishing between the "noble" and "common" forms of a certain goddess
SYMPOSIUM-
* unnamed character encountering Apollodorus on the road to Phaleron and inquiring about the content of several (*) speeches
SYMPOSIUM-
* "A Book for All and None," it begins when a prophet descends from the mountains to preach about the Ubermensch, and it reintroduced its author's earlier statement from The Gay Science, "God is dead."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "On the Despisers of the Body" claiming that the enlightened one knows that he is body and nothing more.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "On the Flies of the Marketplace" and important themes include those of eternal recurrence and the will to power.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "The Pied Cow" on "The Three Metamorphoses" and "The Despisers of the Body."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "What is the revenge on the witness?,"
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "brotherly love" have led to "the best lying and dissembling" in its section "The Spirit of Gravity," and it called for the creation of new values in the section "Old and New Tables."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "red judge" and a "pale criminal."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "the kingdom of earth," this man throws an "Ass-Festival."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "ugliest man."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* Heraclitus with the assertion that the world is in a permanent state of becoming; that section is titled "On Old and New Tablets."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* Old Man. The title figure of this work converses with "the saint," and then addresses a crowd, urging them "not to believe those who speak to you of superearthly hopes," for they are "poisoners," while also asking what any of the crowd has done to "surpass man", a speech he makes after descending from the mountain;
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* The (*) Gay Science, and it discusses the ideas of the "superman" and the "the will to power" and was also the inspiration for a Richard Strauss tone poem
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* accuses priests of seeing life as a torment, and therefore wanting to make others suffer as hell.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* attention is given to a figure that despises his former self, is able to acknowledge his mortality, and embraces the truth of eternal recurrence
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* author proposes the metaphorical "Don Juan of the mind" who exhausts all knowledge without being able to enjoy it.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* bemoans the spread of literacy in the chapter "On Reading and Writing," and refers to democrats as the title creatures in "On the (*) Tarantulas."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* camel, the lion, and the child are the three steps to becoming the Overman, or Ubermensch, according to this work
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* considers a criminal who feels guilty for killing a man he wanted to kill but was too weak to deliberately murder.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* contains a number of traditional Dionysian hymns known as dithyrambs.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* contrast is drawn between the earth-bound serpent and sky-ruling eagle, and the image of the sun's rebirth every morning foreshadows a central theme
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* democracy are depicted as tarantulas who seek revenge on those unequal to them
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* describes a metamorphosis of the spirit, which becomes a camel, a lion, and, finally, a child
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* differentiates between (*) madness "before" and "after the deed"
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* dreams of a soothsayer who proclaims that the future is completely empty.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* encounters an eagle and a snake describes the process one undergoes in order to become a master of himself - the übermensch - and satisfy the will to power.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* first introduced the concept of the Übermensch, which is described as the ultimate goal for humanity.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* herald of lightning and the Ubermensch, destroys himself by descending from the mountain to bring gifts to mankind.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* holds a feast and embraces eternal recurrence
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* ideal man as one who has embraced eternal recurrence, and uses metaphors like dancing and laughter to characterize him.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* includes the title figure's assertion that man is poisoned by those who teach that salvation is in the next world, not this one, saying that the man who overcomes will reject Christianity.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* later explains that "everything goes, everything comes back," a statement of the concept of historical cycles known as "eternal recurrence.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* no devil or hell
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* remains a poet, though he agrees with his students that "the poets lie too much."
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* repeats the refrain "remain true to the earth" and describes a "dancer" before he witnesses a tightrope walker plummet to his death.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* section of this work features a murderer haunted by his crime, the pale criminal.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* stands on a promontory and weighs voluptuousness, passion for power, and selfishness, the "three evil things," on a set of scales
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* suggests that there is mastery to dying at the right time
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* think he is announcing the tightrope performer
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* those who preach for democracy and equality "tarantulas" and the first part mostly takes place in the town of (*) Motley Cow.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* title figure of this work comes to a town where he sees a crowd watching a tightrope walker, he tells them, "Man is something that shall be overcome,"
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* title prophet, written by Friedrich Nietzsche
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* town of Motley Crew.
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* women are incapable of friendship as they are too occupied with love in a section that argues that close friends must be prepared to behave as enemies
THUS SPOKE ZARATHUSTRA-
* "The end" of this concept was the title of a work by Julian Barbour, while the inherent contradiction of the "A Series" argument is cited as proof of "the unreality" of this concept in a work by the idealist J.M.E. McTaggart
TIME-
* "fourth dimension"
TIME-
* "realist" philosophical viewpoint sees this concept as a dimension in which things occur in sequence.
TIME-
* "un-mix" this entity from a related one and claims that qualititative multiplicity will eventually become dissociated from it
TIME-
* , identify this phenomenon which does not exist according to an argument by John McTaggart.
TIME-
* Book Eleven of Confessions, Augustine expresses confusion at defining this concept, but is certain that God enables it.
TIME-
* F. H. Bradley's similar argument, one philosopher devised the A series and the B series in order to argue that the world of this entity is merely an appearance
TIME-
* Heidegger argued that all of western philosophy since Plato had incorrectly conceived of this concept as the opposite of "being."
TIME-
* Huw Price established a center for the study of this concept at the University of Sydney.
TIME-
* JME McTaggart argued for the "unreality" of this concept, which Henri Bergson's duration links to free will
TIME-
* Martin Heidegger paired with "being."
TIME-
* Per the Transcendental Aesthetic section of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, this concept grounds our "inner sense" as a "form of pure intuition."
TIME-
* Peter van Inwagen called himself a "threeist" in a paper that attempted to establish a theory of identity relative to this phenomenon via a thought experiment involving a "flatlander" version of Descartes
TIME-
* Section II of the Critique of Pure Reason, which is dedicated to this concept, calls it "nothing else than the form of the internal sense," rather than any "determination of outward phenomena," as well as "the formal condition a priori of all phenomena whatsoever."
TIME-
* Shoemaker devised a world with three possible zones: A, B, and C, in order to argue that Platonism with respect to this is not a compelling argument
TIME-
* Theses on the Philosophy of History, Walter Benjamin argues that the misery of the entirety of human history can be symbolized with the (*) "messianic" type of this quality
TIME-
* concept can be described using the A-series or the B-series, and J.M.E. McTaggart argued against the Aseries description of it in a paper titled "The Unreality of" this concept
TIME-
* concept forms part of the title of a series of works, along with the word "technics", on the historical repression of technical skill within philosophy, written by Bernard Stiegler
TIME-
* concept that is described in language using tense and that is often contrasted with space.
TIME-
* concept which completes the title of a work on "dasein", the most famous of Martin Heidegger, and which is often associated with space;
TIME-
* experience of this by the consciousness was defined as a qualitative multiplicity known as "duration", which first appears in a work named for this concept "and free will" by Henri Bergson
TIME-
* famous argument about this phenomenon divides it into an A-series and a B-series, and argues that although the A-series is necessary for it to exist, the existence of the A-series leads to a contradiction, and therefore this phenomenon is illusory
TIME-
* form of modal logic whose operators reflect various aspects of this phenomenon was developed by Arthur Prior.
TIME-
* grandfather paradox prevents the arbitrary change of, for 10 points, what entity, often visualized as an arrow that points only in the forward direction
TIME-
* identity in The Course of Recognition, in which Paul Ricoeur explained that this concept only has meaning if it is explained through a narrative mode that grants this quality existence
TIME-
* isn't infinity, Maurice Blanchot's idea of it was used by a German who pointed out that death is inherently useless in helping us to understand this phenomenon, which that thinker termed a "moveable image."
TIME-
* paired with "free will" in a book by Henri Bergson that described consciousness in terms of (*) duration.
TIME-
* person who radically reversed their place in this concept could trigger the grandfather paradox
TIME-
* philosopher attempted to explain this concept as a sense of duration conferred upon by dasein
TIME-
* philosophers argue that this concept is a merely relative "B-series" rather than an objective "A-series"
TIME-
* tensed view of semantics, the truth value of propositions is dependent on this entity
TIME-
* "deflationary" and "consensus" models of this concept, respectively.
TRUTH-
* "in formalized languages"
TRUTH-
* "meta-language"
TRUTH-
* "semantic conception" was developed by Alfred Tarski
TRUTH-
* "verifiability" are contained in an A.J. Ayer work grouping this concept with "language" and "logic."
TRUTH-
* Aristotle defined this concept as "to say of what is that it is."
TRUTH-
* Coherence theories oppose correspondence theories, which assert that statements have this property when they correspond to the world. Deflationary theories assert that the sentence "snow is white" has this property if and only if snow is white
TRUTH-
* Deflationist and coherence theories describe this concept, which Charles Peirce ("PURSE") called the "end of inquiry."
TRUTH-
* Donald Davidson warns of "The Folly of Trying to Define" this idea, and Davidson himself endorsed a coherence theory of it.
TRUTH-
* Donald Davidson's argument that there is only one thing with this property is known as the slingshot argument
TRUTH-
* F.H. Bradley proposed an identity theory of it and G.E. Moore and Bertrand Russell both espoused a correspondence theory of it, according to which it consists "in some form of correspondence between belief and fact." For 10 points, identify this philosophical concept, formal theories of which are often plagued by the Liar paradox.
TRUTH-
* Frege [FRAY-guh] wrote that attributing this property to a statement does not add value to the statement, which is a deflationary approach to this.
TRUTH-
* If P has this property, then not P has the opposite of this property
TRUTH-
* Isaac Israeli defined this concept as the "equation of things and intellect."
TRUTH-
* J.L. Austin defined this property as the correlation between demonstrative and descriptive conventions.
TRUTH-
* Like Kurt Gödel [GUR-dul], Tarski also wrote that some sentences with this property could not be proved
TRUTH-
* Nietzsche described the will to power as the only basis for a "will to" this concept in Beyond Good and Evil
TRUTH-
* Parmenides divided his teachings into "the way of opinion" and "the way of" this concept. In A History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell commented that "the merit of the Copernican hypothesis" was "simplicity," instead of this concept.
TRUTH-
* Plato's Republic, this concept is analogized to rays from a sun which represents the form of the Good
TRUTH-
* Quine and Hartry Field have defended disquotationalist theories of this idea, while deflationary theories of this concept, such as those advanced by Frank Ramsey, hold that this concept has no substantive properties of its own.
TRUTH-
* Russell used the sentence "Bishop Stubbs was hanged for murder" to attack a definition of this as "coherence". Late in life, Heidegger rejected his own definition of this property as "disclosedness" or "aletheia". Kripke wrote an "Outline to a Theory of" this property, of which Tarski introduced a "semantic conception". The problem of self-reference and this property is called the "liar's paradox". For 10 points, "correspondence theory" defines what property as "agreement with reality or fact"
TRUTH-
* William James expressed this concept as "the expedient in our ways of thinking," while Jurgen Habermas advocates its "consensus" form. If A and B both have this property, applying (*) de Morgan's law negates this property for A but not for B;
TRUTH-
* Wittgenstein developed a diagram showing outputs of this property and its opposite after applying logical operators, called its namesake "tables."
TRUTH-
* argued that accounts of this property must be formally correct and materially adequate, and claimed a language cannot contain its own predicate for this property.
TRUTH-
* axiomatized by Solomon Feferman and created by Saul Kripke
TRUTH-
* fixed point of the sequence of partially interpreted languages that differ only in their interpretation of this property
TRUTH-
* justified belief with this property provides one definition of knowledge.
TRUTH-
* linguistic tool
TRUTH-
* logical empiricism by A. J. Ayer. Coherentists reject the (*) correspondence theory of this concept.
TRUTH-
* number one in Boolean algebra, and this is sometimes confused with validity
TRUTH-
* postmodern thinking often rejects the universal variety of which concept, whose literal opposite is falsehood?
TRUTH-
* prosentential theory of this concept is similar to disquotational theories such as Frank P. Ramsey's redundancy theory. In logic, a formula is valid if and only if it has this property under any interpretation
TRUTH-
* theories of this concept state that this property is redundant. Donald Davidson developed a form of semantics in which a statement's meaning reduces to the conditions for this.
TRUTH-
* three-value logic to create "fixed-point semantics". A 1933 paper defines this property as holding for X if and only if X appears in a metalanguage
TRUTH-
* "The end" of this concept was the title of a work by Julian Barbour, while the inherent contradiction of the "A Series" argument is cited as proof of "the unreality" of this concept in a work by the idealist J.M.E. McTaggart
UTOPIA-
* "fourth dimension"
UTOPIA-
* "realist" philosophical viewpoint sees this concept as a dimension in which things occur in sequence.
UTOPIA-
* "un-mix" this entity from a related one and claims that qualititative multiplicity will eventually become dissociated from it
UTOPIA-
* , identify this phenomenon which does not exist according to an argument by John McTaggart.
UTOPIA-
* Book Eleven of Confessions, Augustine expresses confusion at defining this concept, but is certain that God enables it.
UTOPIA-
* F. H. Bradley's similar argument, one philosopher devised the A series and the B series in order to argue that the world of this entity is merely an appearance
UTOPIA-
* Heidegger argued that all of western philosophy since Plato had incorrectly conceived of this concept as the opposite of "being."
UTOPIA-
* Huw Price established a center for the study of this concept at the University of Sydney.
UTOPIA-
* JME McTaggart argued for the "unreality" of this concept, which Henri Bergson's duration links to free will
UTOPIA-
* Martin Heidegger paired with "being."
UTOPIA-
* Per the Transcendental Aesthetic section of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, this concept grounds our "inner sense" as a "form of pure intuition."
UTOPIA-
* Peter van Inwagen called himself a "threeist" in a paper that attempted to establish a theory of identity relative to this phenomenon via a thought experiment involving a "flatlander" version of Descartes
UTOPIA-
* Section II of the Critique of Pure Reason, which is dedicated to this concept, calls it "nothing else than the form of the internal sense," rather than any "determination of outward phenomena," as well as "the formal condition a priori of all phenomena whatsoever."
UTOPIA-
* Shoemaker devised a world with three possible zones: A, B, and C, in order to argue that Platonism with respect to this is not a compelling argument
UTOPIA-
* Theses on the Philosophy of History, Walter Benjamin argues that the misery of the entirety of human history can be symbolized with the (*) "messianic" type of this quality
UTOPIA-
* concept can be described using the A-series or the B-series, and J.M.E. McTaggart argued against the Aseries description of it in a paper titled "The Unreality of" this concept
UTOPIA-
* concept forms part of the title of a series of works, along with the word "technics", on the historical repression of technical skill within philosophy, written by Bernard Stiegler
UTOPIA-
* concept that is described in language using tense and that is often contrasted with space.
UTOPIA-
* concept which completes the title of a work on "dasein", the most famous of Martin Heidegger, and which is often associated with space;
UTOPIA-
* experience of this by the consciousness was defined as a qualitative multiplicity known as "duration", which first appears in a work named for this concept "and free will" by Henri Bergson
UTOPIA-
* famous argument about this phenomenon divides it into an A-series and a B-series, and argues that although the A-series is necessary for it to exist, the existence of the A-series leads to a contradiction, and therefore this phenomenon is illusory
UTOPIA-
* form of modal logic whose operators reflect various aspects of this phenomenon was developed by Arthur Prior.
UTOPIA-
* grandfather paradox prevents the arbitrary change of, for 10 points, what entity, often visualized as an arrow that points only in the forward direction
UTOPIA-
* identity in The Course of Recognition, in which Paul Ricoeur explained that this concept only has meaning if it is explained through a narrative mode that grants this quality existence
UTOPIA-
* isn't infinity, Maurice Blanchot's idea of it was used by a German who pointed out that death is inherently useless in helping us to understand this phenomenon, which that thinker termed a "moveable image."
UTOPIA-
* paired with "free will" in a book by Henri Bergson that described consciousness in terms of (*) duration.
UTOPIA-
* person who radically reversed their place in this concept could trigger the grandfather paradox
UTOPIA-
* philosopher attempted to explain this concept as a sense of duration conferred upon by Dasein
UTOPIA-
* philosophers argue that this concept is a merely relative "B-series" rather than an objective "A-series"
UTOPIA-
* tensed view of semantics, the truth value of propositions is dependent on this entity
UTOPIA-
* "Remarks on Spencer's Definition of Mind as Correspondence." This philosopher stated, "Human beings, by changing their minds, can change the outer aspects of their lives," in "Great Men and Their Environment."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* "The (*) Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life"
WILLIAM JAMES-
* "The Will to Believe" and The Principles of Psychology argued that "truth" is only what is most expedient to believe. He collected his Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh as The Varieties of Religious Experience, and his Lowell lectures were collected as a work which shares its name with a movement started by C.S. Peirce
WILLIAM JAMES-
* "The Will to Believe" suggests that one ought to value truth only so much as it is useful.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* "and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy" include "Great Men and Their Environment" and more characteristic works like "The Sentiment of Rationality" and "Reflex Action and Theism."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* "religion of healthy-mindedness" with "the sick soul."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* "what is useful" in a book subtitled, "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* : This argument, from its author's Pensées, can be restated as saying that it is always rational to choose in favor of infinite expected value. Name this eponymous argument. It says that the chance of eternal reward or eternal damnation makes it more sensible to believe in God than not. : Pascal's wager
WILLIAM JAMES-
* A Pluralistic Universe, this author's essays "A World of Pure Experience" and "How Two Minds Can Know One Thing" are collected in Essays in Radical Empiricism.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* After his study of art with William Hunt, he abandoned painting for medicine
WILLIAM JAMES-
* Cooley's concept of "self" built on the work of this philosopher and psychologist who wrote The Will to Believe and Pragmatism.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* Essays in Radical Empiricism also examined Walt Whitman as an individual with a soul of "sky-blue tint" and knowledge of "the goodness of life" in his work The Varieties of Religious Experience
WILLIAM JAMES-
* Harvard professor,
WILLIAM JAMES-
* Munsterberg was invited to teach at Harvard by this author of The Will to Believe and The Principles of Psychology.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* Nishida adopted his idea of "pure experience" from this American philosopher, who discussed "A World of Pure Experience" in his Essays in Radical Empiricism and argued that belief in religion was a forced, momentous choice in another essay.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* Principles of Psychology and Pragmatism
WILLIAM JAMES-
* The Varieties of Religious Experience and Pragmatism
WILLIAM JAMES-
* The Will to Believe argued, like his colleague C.S. Peirce, that ideas are true insofar as they work for the person who holds them
WILLIAM JAMES-
* With Carl Lange, this Harvard professor developed a model explaining emotions as reactions that follow after pure physical impulses. He also wrote Principles of Psychology.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* advocated the notion of a world of "pure experience" in his Essays in Radical Empiricism. He also authored The Will to Believe and Pragmatism.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* argued for self-fulfilling prophecies in The Will to Believe
WILLIAM JAMES-
* argues against W. K. Clifford's evidentialism in defending religious practices.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* argues for the value of "the crudity of experience," a key component of his doctrine of radical empiricism;
WILLIAM JAMES-
* author of The Varieties of Religious Experience and Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, who thought truths should be judged by their "cash value."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* begins with a section that argues that "empiricism means the habit of explaining wholes by parts," "The Types of Philosophic Thinking."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* cast aside the notion of a succession of ideas in favor of a "stream of consciousness" (*) in addition to arguing that the focus of spirituality should lie in what he termed religious "genius."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* chapters "The Stream of Thought" and "The Consciousness of Self" in the textbook Principles of Psychology, and in another work, he discussed a man chasing a squirrel around a tree while advocating for the title school of thought
WILLIAM JAMES-
* characterized people who reached an existential crisis as "sick souls" with the possibility of being born again.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* coined the term "soft determinism" in "The Dilemma of Determinism." This philosopher argued that the origins beliefs shouldn't affect opinions about those beliefs in The Varieties of Religious Experience.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* coined the term "stream of consciousness."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* consciousness is more fluid than a chain of ideas as previously described, thus coining the phrase "stream of consciousness".
WILLIAM JAMES-
* contrasts "monistic" and "pluralistic" idealism "as the all-form and the each-form."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* critiqued Spinoza and Hume in "The Sentiment of Rationality." Identify this philosopher who described the "stream of thought" in Principles of Psychology and discussed mysticism in The Varieties of Religious Experience.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* dead choices with genuine choices, which are live, forced, and momentous, and he argued that some propositions must be accepted without prior evidence in "The Will to Believe."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* described his resolution of a debate about a man chasing a squirrel around a tree. This man wrote an essay that describes a reasonable way to think something is true without proper evidence called "The Will to Believe."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* discusses the methods of analysis, introspection, experiment, and comparison in the title discipline
WILLIAM JAMES-
* divided philosophers into "tough-minded" and "tender-minded" categories. In one essay, this man analyzed an argument over whether a man chasing a squirrel around a tree is going around the squirrel
WILLIAM JAMES-
* e theory that emotions are the brain's reaction to physiological changes in the body was formulated by Carl Lange and this American psychologist who wrote Principles of Psychology and Varieties of Religious Experience.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* essay's image of a world in which the torture of a single soul ensures the happiness of millions inspired Ursula K. Le Guin to write "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* essays asks whether a man chasing a squirrel around a tree is by definition "going round" the squirrel.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* f The Principles of Psychology and "The Will to Believe" sought a middle ground between "tough-minded" and "tender-minded" philosophers in his work Pragmatism.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* first namesake of a theory which states that emotions result from the perception of a physiological stimulus, rather than emotions preceding autonomic responses.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* formative event for this man was working as an assistant on a glacier researching trip to Brazil led by Louis Agassiz.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* identified three classes of options in deciding which of two hypotheses to follow: living, forced, and momentous
WILLIAM JAMES-
* morality has a "foothold in the universe" in his essay "The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life," which appears in a collection with an essay using the example of having faith in crossing a ledge.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* opened another lecture by describing a man running around the tree as fast as a squirrel on its trunk.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* philosopher and psychologist expounded the pragmatic theory of truth in his series of lectures titled Pragmatism. He also wrote Principles of Psychology and The Varieties of Religious Experience.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* philosopher recalls how Heinrich Heine scratched out the word "God" in the title of his copy of Bunsen's God in History and replaced it with "Bunsen," to make the point that it is fruitless for a philosopher to try to impose his own moral ideals on the masses
WILLIAM JAMES-
* presents the metaphysical idea of "pure experience" making up both mind and matter
WILLIAM JAMES-
* professor critiqued Pascal's wager as too rationalistic in his The Will to Believe. He also wrote Principles of Psychology and Pragmatism.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* proposed that a genuine option must be live, momentous, and forced in a volume that included the essays, "Reflex Action and Theism," "Is Life Worth Living?," and the title essay, "The Will to Believe."
WILLIAM JAMES-
* rebutted the moralist views of W.K. Clifford in an essay which categorizes live, forced, and momentous options.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* rejected W.K. Clifford's ethics in a lecture where he said people must often pick between two "live options" without intellectually solid evidence
WILLIAM JAMES-
* toward pluralistic philosophy, which he expounded in early works such as The Sentiment of Rationality and The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy
WILLIAM JAMES-
* work by James titled for the "Dilemma of" this concept includes a thought experiment about a novice and an expert playing chess. Incompatibilists believe in the hard form of this concept.: determinism
WILLIAM JAMES-
* work of Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse") to develop the philosophy of pragmatism
WILLIAM JAMES-
* write a textbook that resulted in his writing the two-volume work, (*) The Principles of Psychology.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* wrote Human Immortality and argued for a multi-verse in A Pluralistic Universe.
WILLIAM JAMES-
* wrote an essay in which he questioned why dogs don't form rational ideas, entitled "Brute and Human Intellect," and in a later work, he called for a scientific determination of the limits of human ability in "The Energies of Man."
WILLIAM JAMES-