Philosophy Midterm

values emotion

Held says that the ethics of care

false

True or False? In ancient times, Theano was the wife and learned companion of Socrates.

true premises

A good argument must have (1) solid logic and (2)

inductive

Arguments that are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions are

cannot exist

Craig says an actually infinite number of things

these reasons, and not God's commands, are what make actions right or wrong

If God has excellent reasons for laying down the moral law, then

the standard of morality

Mill argues that the Greatest Happiness Principle is

the greater and grander

Paley maintains that the key difference between the "contrivance" of a watch and that of nature is that the latter is

inferences to the best explanation

Some design arguments are framed as

you could not consistently will that everyone should make lying promises.

To Kant, making a lying promise would be wrong because

analytical

"A dog is a mammal belonging to the canine species" is an example of a/an _____ claim.

Overgeneralization

"All Indians walk single-file" is an example of the fallacy called _____.

nature and conditioning

"Don't tell me I'm wrong to think that all white people are racists. It's the way I was raised" is an example of moral and ethical decision-making based on _____.

personal, subjective intuition

"Dropping out of school is a good idea. I just feels in my bones that it is right for me" is an example of moral and ethical decision-making based on _____.

value

"Everyone should support federal funding for the fine arts" is an example of a/an _____ claim.

external, objective revelation

"God has shown me that I should love other people" is an example of moral and ethical decision-making based on _____.

False cause

"I failed the math test because my teacher doesn't like girls" is an example of the fallacy called _____.

metaphysical

"I passed the final exam in chemistry because good fortune smiled upon me" is an example of a/an _____ claim.

Appeal to authority

"Lady Gaga says that Coca Cola is the best soda. It must be the best soft-drink on the market. That's all I'm drinking from now on" is an example of the fallacy called _____.

analytical

"Love means never having to say you are sorry" is an example of a/an _____ claim.

Argument from analogy

"Schools are like prisons. Therefore, students should be treated like inmates" is an example of the fallacy called _____.

majority rule

"Since most of my friends think sex before marriage is a good idea, that's what I am going to do, as well" is an example of moral and ethical decision-making based on _____.

empiracal

"The universe will continue to expand forever" is an example of a/an _____ claim.

argument

A group of statements in which one of them is meant to be supported by the others is a(n)

why an action is right or wrong

A moral theory explains

the socratic method

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as

statement

A(n) __________ is an assertion that something is or is not the case and is therefore the kind of utterance that is either true or false.

impossible

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is

for its own sake

According to Aristotle, we always desire happiness

cannot evolve a biological system

According to Behe, the gradual accumulation of mutations

universe has a cause

According to Craig, the kalam cosmological argument establishes that the

practice and a value

According to Held, care is both a

nurturing connectedness among people.

According to Held, virtue ethics emphasizes the character of individuals, but the ethics of care focuses more on

necessary

According to Hick, a certain amount of evil in the world is

hedonistic paradise.

According to Hick, the divine purpose could not be forwarded in a world that was designed as a

real possibility to someone

According to James, a live option is a

a good will

According to Kant, nothing can be called "good" without qualification except

not add any additional property to it

According to Kant, to say that something exists is to

determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer.

According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must

shows purposfulness

According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch

a great making quality

According to Rowe, Anselm believes that existence in reality is

few component laws

According to Swinburne, the simplicity of a scientific theory is a matter of its having

on ones actions

Act-utilitarianism is the view that the rightness of actions depends

Argument aganist the man

Adolph Hitler contributed to the design of the Volkswagon automobile. He was a heartless dictator. That car can't be any good" is an example of the fallacy _____.

consistency with our considered moral judgments.

An important moral criterion of adequacy is known as

exists only in the understanding

Anselm assumes that a being that exists in reality is greater than a being that

god

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is

deductive

Arguments intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true are

practice and habit

Aristotle believes that moral virtues can best be acquired through

Darwinian evolution.

Behe says that an irreducibly complex biological system would be a powerful challenge to

is finite in the past and began to exist.

Craig argues that the series of events in time cannot be actually infinite, so we know that the universe

arbitrary

Critics of the divine command theory have argued that the theory implies that God's commands are

God's decisions are arbitrary

Critics of the divine command theory say that if the theory is true, and God thus lacks reasons for his commands, then

the best possible reasons

Critics say that to avoid portraying God as arbitrary, we must assume that God issues commands based on

valuable

Cultural relativism and ethical subjectivism imply that nothing is intrinsically

mistaken

Cultural relativism implies that the iconoclast would always be morally

soul

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the

whats true and real

For Socrates, the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for

equally plausible

For subjectivists, everyone's moral views are

abstract rules of the dominant moral theories.

Held believes that the ethics of care calls into question the

manifestations of human sin.

Hick believes that such evils as poverty, oppression, persecution, and war are

self contradictory

Hick says the idea of a person who can be infallibly guaranteed always to act rightly is

strong

If inductive arguments succeed in lending probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be

reductio ad absurdum

If you assume that a set of statements is true, and yet you can deduce a false or absurd statement from it, then the original set of statements as a whole must be false. This kind of argument is known as

premises

In an argument, the statement being supported is the conclusion, and the statements supporting the conclusion are the

essential and inevitable.

In the moral life, feelings are

inference to the best explanation

In the type of argument known as __________, we begin with premises about a phenomenon or state of affairs to be explained; then we reason from those premises to an explanation for that state of affairs.

bring about the special truths existence

James maintains that the desire for a certain kind of truth can

forced, lived and momentous

James says that a genuine option is

predicate

Kant says that "Being" is not a real

universal law

Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become a

generally indistinguishable from experiences with a known psychological or physical cause.

Mackie says that religious experiences are

a fool satisfied

Mill declares that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than

enjoyments

Mill says that the ultimate end of utilitarianism is an existence as free of pain as possible and as rich as possible in

consequentialist

Moral theories that say that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences are

the works of nature

Paley says that every indication of contrivance and design that exists in the watch exists in

reason can decide nothing

Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence

win infinite happiness and lose nothing

Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist, you

weak

Philo says the analogy that Cleanthes uses to make his case is

arguments

Philosophers provide reasons for thinking their ideas are plausible

what is in fact the case

Psychological egoism is a theory about

his or her own self interest

Psychological egoism is the doctrine that the only thing anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately is

epistemology

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as

actually exists

Rowe argues that we can allow someone to define God anyway she wants, yet it will not follow from that definition that such a being

premise 1 of his argument is true

Rowe's story of the dying fawn in the forest is meant to show that

teleology

The analysis and study of "complexity, form, and function" is called _____.

ontology

The analysis of "being, existence, and essence" is related to the area of study called _____.

appeal to ignorance

The fallacy of __________ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.

slippery slope

The fallacy of __________ is arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.

begging the question

The fallacy of __________ is trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.

the appeal to popularity

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as

straw man fallacy

The fallacy of misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is called the

appeal to the person

The fallacy of rejecting a statement on the grounds that it comes from a particular person is known as

logic

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and

exclusivity

The principle of logic stating that a self-refuting statement cannot be true is called "The Law of _____."

Identity

The principle of logic stating that a thing exists as "unique" with specific "particulars" which are cannot be fully applied to any other thing is called the "The Law of _____."

non-contradiction

The principle of logic stating that two claims which are direct opposites cannot both be true is called "The Law of _____."

verification

The principle of logic stating that two opposing claims must be judged by the same criteria is called "The Law of _____."

logic

The study of correct reasoning is called

the philosophical method

The systematic use of critical reasoning to try to find answers to fundamental questions about reality, morality, and knowledge is called

false

True or False? A deductive argument is an argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion.

false

True or False? A good deductive argument is said to be cogent.

false

True or False? A good inductive argument is said to be strong.

true

True or False? According to Philo, since the universe is not perfectly ordered, the existence of a deity is unlikely.

false

True or False? According to ethical egoism, you should do whatever you desire to do or whatever gives you the most immediate pleasure.

false

True or False? Alan Dershowitz believes that torture can never be morally justified

false

True or False? An argument is synonymous with persuasion.

false

True or False? An argument of this form

false

True or False? Any type of declarative statement is an argument.

false

True or False? Aquinas accepts the notion of an infinite series of causes.

true

True or False? Aristotle says that virtue is a mean lying between two vices.

false

True or False? Aristotle thinks that the highest good is an instrumental good (good for the sake of something else).

false

True or False? Craig believes that the universe is the effect of a plurality of causes.

false

True or False? Craig thinks that the cause of the universe must be an accident.

true

True or False? Hick asserts that it is no limitation on God's power that he cannot accomplish the logically impossible.

false

True or False? If inductive arguments succeed in lending very probable support to their conclusions, they are said to be weak.

false

True or False? If sound, Aquinas's arguments prove that the God of traditional religion (an all-knowing, all-good, all-powerful being) exists.

false

True or False? In the argument form known as inference to the best explanation, we reason in this fashion: Two or more things are similar in several ways; therefore, they are probably similar in one further way.

false

True or False? Kant argues that the moral law is conditional.

false

True or False? Kant asserts that happiness is the sole end of human action.

false

True or False? Kant believes that we should not treat persons merely as a means except when society's welfare is at stake.

false

True or False? Kant declares that we should never in any circumstances treat people as a means.

true

True or False? Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the great forebears of feminist thought.

false

True or False? Mill believes that the moral worth of an action depends on one's motives.

true

True or False? Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker

false

True or False? Paley says that the anthropic principle does not support the idea of intelligent design of the universe.

false

True or False? Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of the Christian God.

false

True or False? Philosophy, being an ancient art, cannot be applied to modern social problems such as racism.

false

True or False? Scientists and philosophers have no explanation for the existence of the universe.

true

True or False? Socrates preferred death to exile.

false

True or False? This argument form

true

True or False? This classic argument

serve her own self interest

Universal ethical egoism is the theory that everyone ought always to

all concerned

Utilitarianism says that right actions are those that produce the greatest happiness for

moral states

Virtues are

enumerative induction.

When we arrive at a generalization about an entire group of things after observing just some members of the group, we are making a(n)

equivocation

__________ is the fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same significant word in an argument.

axiology

__________ is the study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value.