Photosynthesis

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

light dependent and light independent (Calvin Cycle) Reactions

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? Sucrose (C12H22O11) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) G3P (C3H6O3)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide initially combines with RuBP, and RuBP is regenerated to continue the Calvin cycle.

ATP energy

small packets of energy used by the cell. Produced by cell respiration. made from the break down of glucose

List the inputs and outputs of each of the 2 stages of photosynthesis. Include where each stage takes place.

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Thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. Found in stacks called grana

Chlorophyll

A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae a

Photosystem I

A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane, electrons from the ETC that have lost some energy are recharged here

Photosystem

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast consisting chlorophyll and other plant pigments.

(G3P)

A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; (1 cycle; 3 CO2 molecules)

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with

ATP and NADPH.

Carotenoids

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. They absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot.

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? Chlorophyll A thylakoid An electron transport chain A chain of glucose molecules The Calvin cycle

An electron transport chain

Heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.

What are the phases of The Calvin cycle?

Carbon Fixation Energy Consumption Release of G3P; (1 molecule is released) 5 molecules are used in the Regeneration of three, 5 Carbon molecules

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast Mitochondrion Ribosome Central vacuole Nucleus

Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.

What provides electrons for the light reactions? CO2 The Calvin cycle H2O Light O2

H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Light provides the energy to excite electrons.

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADH NADPH An electron transport chain FADH2 Chlorophyll

NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle. An electron transport chain conveys electrons from one photosystem to the other within the light reactions.

Photo system II

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane. electrons in this photosystem absorb light energy, become excited and leave to move onto the ETC

Photosynthesis

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.

Light Dependent Reactions

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Carbon Fixation

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).

Calvin cycle

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving the production of high energy sugar (G3P) from CO2

Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? a- release of oxygen b- regeneration of the RuBP c- Production of NADP+ d- consumption of ATP

a- release of oxygen

Chloroplasts

absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a- NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle b- H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle c- NADPH → O2 → CO2 d- NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 e- H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II

b- H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

Which process is MOSTdirectly driven by light energy? a- creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane b- the excitement of electrons from chlorophyll molecules and into the Electron transport chain c- reduction of NADP+ molecules d- ATP synthesis e- The production of glucose

b- the excitement and removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules Note ATP synthesis is a result of the light energy, but not a DIRECT result. e- have to be excited, move thru. the ETC, H+ have to accumulate in membrane, cross the membrane thru. ATP synthase and then finally ATP is produced

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? a- CO2 and O2 b- C6H12O6 and O2 c- C6H12O6 and RuBP d- ATP and NADPH e- G3P and H2O

d- ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.

Stomata

pores on the leaf where O2 exits and CO2 enters

Autotrophs

produce their own organic molecules from CO2

The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma inner membrane; outer membrane chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplasts

thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.