Photosynthesis

What is chemoheterotroph?

(other feeding); nutritional mode of acquiring organic molecules from compounds by other organisms.

What are autotrophs?

(self feeding); nutritional mode of synthesizing organic molecules from inorganic raw materials

WHat does a nanometer equa?

10 raised to the -9th, (1 billionth of a meter)

What is the estimate of the age of life?

3.5 billion years old

What is the numbers range from on the visible spectrum of light?

380 to 750

What is the estimate age of Earth?

4.6 billion years old

WHat is the formula for Photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well would a plant grow under pure yellow light?

A plant would not grow at all, because it needs sunlight to grow and produce oxygen.

Why is ATP useful to cells?

ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells.

What is ATP's role in the cell?

ATP stores and uses energy

What are the actual words for ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate

What factors affect photosynthesis?

Among the most important factors that affect photosynthesis are temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water.

What is chemoautotrophs?

Autotrophic organisms that use the oxidation of inorganic substances as an energy source to synthesize organic molecules (gets their energy from chemicals

How do autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?

Autotrophs make their own energy, heterotrophs get their energy from other organisms

Why in coastal waters, the water is not that blue?

Because of the chlorophyll

Why did it take about 1 billion year for life to form?

Because there was no liquid water- it was gas because there was so much heat when the earth was "born"

Carbon fixation requires the expenditure of ATP molecules which is generated by A. formation of glucose during the Calvin cycle B. replenishment of chlorophyll C. ETS (electron transfer system) during the light reactions D. none of the above

C. ETS (electron transfer system) during the light reactions

WHat happens during the light- independent reactions?

During the light- independent reactions, ATP and NADPH from the light - dependent reactions are used to produce high- produce sugars.

What is a by product of splitting H+?

Gives off O2

How do heterotrophs obtain energy? How is this different from how autotrophs obtain energy?

Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other living things. Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food

Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. WHich compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy?

In glucose, a small amount of ATP is stored ATp compound is used by the cll as an immediate source of energy

WHat happens during the process of photosynthesis?

In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates.

How much can a wave lenth be?

It could be 100 or 1 m or even smaller

What happens first in the Light reaction?

Light strikes first

Why are decomposers, such as mushrooms, considered heterotrophs and not autotrophs?

Mushrooms are considered heterotrophs because they they obtain energy by absorbing nutrients from decomposing organisms in the environment

WHat is the reaction in the light reaction?

NADP+ + 2 e- + H+ -> NADPH

WHat is the function of NADPH?

NADPH accepts and holds 2 high- energy electrons, along with a hydrogen on (H+)

How is light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

NADPH is the conversion of NADP+ and a NADPH. it is one way in which some of the energy of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form

What are the two ways of life?

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Describe the overall process of photosynthesis, including the reactants and products.

Photosynthesis has two reactions, light- dependent rection and light- independent reaction. The reactants are water and carbon dioxide. The producers are high- energy sugars and oxygen

How would photosynthesis be affected if there were a shortage of NADPH+ in the cells of plants?

Photosynthesis would be highly affected because NADPH takes the light and converts it to the chemical energy that is needed for the plant.

WHat phtosystem happens first?

Photosystem 2

Why are pigments such as chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis?

Pigments are needed for photosynthesis because they photosynthetic organisms capture enrgy from sunlight with these.

What types of wave lengths does sunlight have?

Sunlight has the whole spectrum of light adn also gamma ray, x-ray, microwave

What happens during the light- dependent reactions?

The light - dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

Explain how ADP and ATP are each like a battery. Which one is "partially charged" and which one is "fully charged" ?

They both store energy, ADP is partially charged battery ATP is the fully charged battery

What is the primary chemical compound in the atmosphere that absorbs the wavelengths of light?

Water vapor

WHat is the aphotic zone in the ocean?

Where all the light is absorbed- its black

The amount of energy stored in a molecule of ATP compared to the amount stored in a molecule of glucose is a. greater. b. less c. the same d. variable

a. greater

How old is primitive photosynthesis?

about 2. 5 Billion years old

What does a pigment allow?

allows the plant to absorb specific wavelengths of light

What is photoautotrophic?

autotrophic organisms that use light as an energy source to synthesize organic molecules (gets their energy from light)

WHich of the following is used by cells to store and release the energy needed to power cellular processes? a. DNA b. ATP c. H2O d. CO2

b. ATP

Autotrophs differ from heterotrophs because they a. utilize oxygen to burn food b. do not require oxygen to live c. make carbon dioxide as a product of using food d. make their own food from carbon dioxide and water

b. do not require oxygen to live

Where does the O2 come from that is essential for the proper functioning of oxidative phosphorylation? a. fermentation b. light reactions of photosynthesis c. dark reaction of photosynthesis d. carbon fixation

b. light reactions of photosynthesis

Which of the following are autotrophs? a. deer b. plants c. leopards d. mushrooms

b. plants

WHen a candle burns, energy is released in the form of a. carbon dioxide and water b. the chemical substance ATP c. light and heat d. electricity and motion

b. the chemical substance ATP

What did bacteria do to H2O and what is it called?

bacteria could take H2O, and rip 2 H+ + ½ O2 + 2e- Light Dependent RXNS

WHat type of wave length has the least energetic wave length?

biggest wave length

How does O2 slip through the thylakoid?

by diffusion

How can energy be quantified?

by its wave length

Electron transport systems play a vital role in a. calvin cycle b. photorespiration c. light- dependent reactions d. all of these

c. light- dependent reactions

Which portion of an illuminated plant cell would you expect to have the lowest pH? a. nucleus b. chloroplast c. stroma of the chloroplast d. thylakoid space

c. stroma of the chloroplast

What is the other name of primitive photosynthesis that was "actually formed" ?

chemosynthesis

The first step in photosynthesis is the a. synthesis of water b. production of oxygen c. breakdown of carbon dioxide d. absorption of light energy

d. absorption of light energy

What is an example of chemoheterotroph?

humans

What is photosynthesis?

is the only process that can convert light energy to chemical energy (lambda)

Describe the three parts of an AtP molecule.

it consists of adenine, a 5- carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups

What greek word is a ve length?

lambda

WHat provides the enrgy to reduce NADP + ?

light absorbed by chlorophyll

Summarize the light reaction?

light strikes; Photosystem 2 happens first works by taking electrons from water, they are energized with a wavelength of light , then it goes to photosystem 1 with a different wavelength of light , it lost its electrons because of NADP+ = this makes NADPH, then creates a concentration gradient that allows ATP to be produced

WHere does the light- dependent reaction occurs?

occurs in th thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

What is the top pof the wave called?

peak/ crest

What is the ultimate source of energy for plants?

photosynthesis

WHat is in the molecules that absorb the light?

pigments

How have plants eveolved?

plants have evolved to take advantage of the most energetic ewave lengths

What light has the longest wave length of the light spectrum?

red light

Whhat type wave length has the most energetic light?

smallest wave length

WHat does the light absorbed by chlorophyll temporarily stores?

stores the energized electrons transferred from water

What is a pigment?

substances which absorb light-- each pigment has a chracterisitc absorbition sperctum or pattern of wavelengths that is absorbs `

What happens if the pigment is more hydrophobic?

the quicker it goes into solvent

WHat are the light reactions?

the reactions that convert light energy to chemical bond energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

How does the structure of ATP make it an ideal source of energy for the cell?

the structure is the phosphate groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy

What type of light is the two photosystems using? and Why?

the two photosystems are both using a red light spectrum because every other color is bing absorbed, this means there should other pigments

WHat would happen if the reaction in the light reaction was just NADP+ + 2 e- ->

then it would be NADP-

What is the bottom of the wave called?

troph

What light has the smallest wave length on the light spectrum?

violet

What is the distance between peak to peak or troph to troph called?

wave length

What is the photic zone in the ocean?

where the light is absorbed except blue

What do you need to make have the light reaction happen?

you need sunlight, enzymes, and hydrogen molecules -> precursor molecules = water