PHYL142 Final Mastering HW

In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What is the importance of the mesenteries?

Stabilizing attached organs, Preventing the intestines from becoming entangled, a route for blood vessels to and from the digestive tract

How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and the cecum?

The colon and the cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium because the rectum is next to the opening to the exterior of the body.

What is the benefit of the stomach having rugae?

allowing the expansion of the lumen

When considering the chemicals in the nutrient pool, which chemical is LEAST likely to be broken down to supply energy for the cell?

amino acids

In the oral cavity, the digestive enzyme __________ is found in saliva and begins the digestion of __________.

amylase; starch

Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.

an elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels

The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

What is this type of transport called in which two chemical substances cross the membrane in the same direction bound to the same carrier in the process of reabsorption?

cotransport

Why are older people sometimes subjected to recurring episodes of constipation?

decreased smooth muscle tone

The reflex that occurs in the large intestine and promotes the movement of feces toward the anus is the __________.

defacation reflex

Which of the following is a function of saliva?

dissolving food, helping clean oral surfaces, moistening food

What is the main stimulus that triggers the defecation reflex?

distension of the rectum

The flow and transformation of energy is called __________.

energetics

What is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus?

expansion for swallowing

In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries?

filtration

Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juices, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach?

fundus and body

The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________.

glomerular filtration rate

What are the blood vessels found in the renal corpuscle that produce filtrate?

glomerulus

Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine?

glucose (ammonia, urea and creatinine are normally found)

When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.

glucose appears in the urine

Which process in the metabolism of glucose is NOT part of aerobic metabolism?

glycolysis

When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the fluid that has the __________.

higher concentration of solutes

The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.

ileocecal valve

Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting?

incisor

The primary effect of secretin is to __________.

increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas

The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.

increase the total surface area for absorption

The hormone gastrin __________.

increases the activity of the parietal and chief

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma

What happens to oxygen when it functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system?

it becomes part of a water molecule

Which of the following produces, on a daily basis, the least number of the peristaltic contractions that force food through the digestive tract?

large intestine

An error in swallowing is most likely detected by the __________.

larynx

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

The primary functions of intestinal juices include which of the following?

moisten the chyme, assist in buffering acids, to dissolve enzymes and the products of digestion

What is the order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, starting with the layer in contact with the food?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

muscularis externa

Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments?

nephron loop (loop of henle)

Which of the following are NOT absorbed in the large intestine?

none, organic wastes (urobilinogens), vitamins such as vitamin K, and water are all absorbed in the large intestine

Which of the following does NOT digest proteins?

nuclease

Which of the following does NOT digest carbohydrates?

pancreatic lipase

What is the cell type that secretes intrinsic factor?

parietal cells

Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________

peritubular capillaries

In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.

proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

Sixty to 70 percent of the water in the body is reabsorbed in the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule

The lowest portion of the stomach, which forms the sharp curve of the J-shaped stomach, is the __________.

pylorus

What chemical in the catabolism of glucose enters the mitochondria?

pyruvate

What is the process that can return useful solutes like electrolytes and glucose to the blood?

reabsorption

Regulation of blood volume is an important function of the urinary system. Which of the following is NOT involved with the regulation of blood volume?

regulation of glucose levels (regulation of water levels, productions of renin, and production of erythropoietin are involved)

What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP?

removal of electrons from substrates

Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney?

renal artery

The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 180 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.

renal corpuscle

Which of the following is a dense, fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures?

renal fascia

In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?

renal medulla

What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that leads to the ureter?

renal pelvis

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult?

rennin

Which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine?

stomach distension and gastrin release

What type of epithelium makes up the oral mucosa?

stratified squamous

The enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, is secreted by __________.

the brush order of the small intestine

Why would you NOT be able to swallow a completely dry food bolus?

the dry food would inhibit parasympathetic activity in the esophagus; the dry food would stimulate sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis; friction with the walls of the esophagus would make peristalsis ineffective

Which part of the kidney functions as an endocrine organ to produce erythropoietin and the enzyme, renin?

the juxtaglomerular complex

What is the function of bile?

to emulsify lipids

Which oral structure(s) is/are responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase?

tongue

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

two ATP for the cell

All nutrients can be used by the mitochondria to provide energy. In what form are these nutrients "fed" into the mitochondria?

two-carbon fragments

Which of the following organic wastes is generated by the catabolism of amino acids?

urea

Which part of the urinary system in the male is shared with the reproductive system?

urethra

Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine

urinary bladder

What is perhaps the most important function of the large intestine?

water reabsorption

What is the correct sequence of events in moving a bolus of food to the stomach?

Bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; esophageal peristalsis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter

Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?

Pharynx

What is the stimulus that leads to the release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

All of the listed responses are correct.

The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed?

B12

Which process is NOT involved in the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach?

CO2 reacts with H2O, countertransport of Cl- and HCO3-, active transport of H+ and diffusion of Cl-

Which mineral requires calcitriol and PTH for its absorption by the digestive tract?

Ca2+

What is the hormone produced by the kidneys that helps regulate Ca2+ levels in the blood?

Calcitriol

What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus?

Capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

What is the correct sequence of parts in the colon moving from the small intestine to the anus?

Cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon; rectum

Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is FALSE?

Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.

Which of the following is the term for swallowing?

Deglutition

What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?

Distal convoluted tubule

What parts of the kidney make up the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole

In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

What is the formula for net filtration pressure?

NFP = NHP - BCOP

Which hormone produced by the heart increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Natriuretic peptides

What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

Nephron loop and collecting duct

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

adaptive immunty (functions are control of calcium levels, regulation of blood volume, conservation of nutrients)

The production of ATP provides energy to support anabolism as well as other cell functions. Which of the following is NOT supported by energy from ATP?

all (movement and contraction of muscles, transport of chemicals into and out of the cell, cell division)

Metabolism refers to __________.

all chemical reactions in the body

What effect does constricting the efferent arteriole have on the filtration process?

all of the above

The "doorway to the liver" (porta hepatis) includes the __________.

bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery

ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system

Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides

The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

The pancreas produces enzymes that digest __________.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

catabolism

Which of the following phases of gastric activity is brought on by the sight, smell, or thought of food?

cephalic phase

The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?

cholecystokinin and secretin

Triglycerides coated with proteins create complexes known as __________.

chylomicrons