Physical geography chapter 13 review

frost wedging

this process produces a powerful mechanical force that can overcome the tensional strength of a rock through expansion

rockfall

volume of rock that falls through the air and hits a surface

flow

when soil is saturated, _______ will occur

9%

when water freezes, its volume expands as much as _____ %

silicate

hydrolysis breaks down _______________ minerals in rocks

hydration

hydrolysis is in contrast with?

hydration

involves little chemical change but does involve a change in structure water becomes part of the chemical composition of the mineral, forming a hydrate "combination with water"

surface area

joints increase the _____________ _________ of rock exposed to both physical and chemical weathering

chemical weathering

karst topography is due to _____________ ________________

small

landscapes in a dynamic equilibrium show ___________ variations over time

mass wastin

mass movement is also known as....

rusting

most familiar oxidation process is _____________ of iron in a rock or soil

topography

the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area

regolith

the broken-up rock due to weathering

hydrolysis

the decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water

Dynamic equilibrium model

the idea of landscape formation as a balancing act between tectonic uplift and reduction by weathering and erosion

bedrock

the parent rock from which weathered regolith and soils develop

increases

the presence of joints _____________ both physical and chemical weathering

mass wasting

the process involved in mass movement and erosion of the landscape

chemical weathering process

the process of actual decomposition and decay of the constituent minerals in rock due to chemical reaction

physical weathering process

the process of rock breakage without any chemical alteration

weathering

the process that breaks up rocks by disintegrating them into mineral particles or dissolving them into water

exfoliation

the removal or shedding of an outer layer by a pressure release from the removal of an overlying rock

C

4) Which of the following is not a class of mass movement? A) fall B) slide C) slip D) flow E) creep

B

Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes. A) chemical B) physical C) biological D) both biological and physical

D

Factors influencing the weathering process include A) the climate of an area. B) rock composition and structure. C) the amount of vegetation in an area. D) rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation. E) only the climate of an area and rock composition.

B

Inclined surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms are known as A) catchment. B) slopes. C) free face. D) regolith.

A

Karst topography is formed primarily by A) carbonation and solution. B) mass wasting processes. C) oxidation and hydrolysis. D) exfoliation and hydration.

A

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to A) a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape. B) a theory involving the cyclic or evolutionary development of a landscape. C) a sequential development of landforms. D) an important concept first stated by William Morris Davis.

D

The process that breaks down rock at the Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as A) erosion. B) mass movement. C) landmass denudation. D) weathering.

C

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is A) geology. B) geography. C) geomorphology. D) environmental chemistry.

C

Which of the following is not a denudation process? A) weathering B) erosion C) orogeny D) mass movement

B

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process? A) exfoliation B) hydrolysis C) salt crystal growth D) frost wedging

oxidation

a chemical weathering process in which oxygen dissolved in water oxidizes (combines with) certain metallic elements to form oxides

carbonation

a chemical weathering process in which weak carbonic acid (water and carbon dioxide) reacts with minerals that contain calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium (especially limestone), transforming them into carbonates

debris avalanche

a mass of falling and tumbling rock, debris, and soil

soil creep

a persistent gradual mass movement of surface soil

landslide

a sudden rapid movement of a cohesive mass of regolith or bedrock that is not saturated with moisture

water

chemical weathering is always in the presence of _____________

parent material

consolidated or unconsolidated material from which soils develop, ranging from unconsolidated sediments and weathered rock to bedrock

dissolution

decomposition or dissolving into fragments or parts

intital

endogenic processes build _________ landscapes

sequential

exogenic processes develop ____________ landscapes

earth flows and mud flows

flows include _______________ and ______________

sinkholes

form in circular depressions and caverns from the weathering of limestone landscapes

joints

fractures or separations in rock that occur without displacement of the sides

mass movement mechanics

physical and chemical weathering processes weaken the surface of the landscape and make it more susceptible to the pull of gravity

mechanical weathering

physical weathering can also be known as __________ ___________

crystallization

process of water on the surface of rocks evaporating, which causes dissolved minerals in the water to grow crystals

hydrolysis

produces a different mineral through the chemical reaction of rocks being chemically broken down

gravity

pulls on a mass until the critical shear-failure point is reached

karst topography

refers to a limestone (CALCIUM CARBONATE) region with a specific landscape of pitted, bumpy surface topography, poor drainage, and well-developed solution channels underground

frost action

repeated freezing (expanding) and thawing (contracting) of water which breaks rocks apart in the process of frost wedging

pressure-release jointing

rocks peeling or slipping off in sheets instead of breaking up into grains

reddish-brown

rusting forms a ______________ stain of iron oxide