Physical Geology Midterm

stretching

A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo ____________. stretching shortening shear strain

anticline

A fold shaped like an elongate arch is a(n) ____________. dome syncline basin anticline

dome

A fold shaped like an upside-down bowl is a(n) ____________. dome syncline anticline basin

cooling

A negative feedback loop means it is contributing to Earth's warming cooling

an arid climate

A soil that has little or no O-horizon but a thick accumulation of calcium carbonate (caliche) most likely forms in an arid climate. a tropical climate a short amount of time. a temperate climate. an area with abundant rainfall.

talus

A(n) apron of fallen rock fragments called ________ is generally found at the base of a slope affected by rockfall. fluvial alluvial grus loess talus

the presence of an earthquake belt

According to the figure below, every plate boundary can be recognized by: the presence of an earthquake belt the presence of active volcanoes a deep chasm that can be seen from space none of the above are correct

10km

According to the graph, gneiss is formed at a depth of approximately: 0km 7km 10km 3km

True

An alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped pile of sediment that forms where a stream emerges from a narrow mountain canyon. True False

a period of non deposition & erosion

An unconformity represents: a period of non deposition & erosion metamorphism a period of intense folding a thrust fault system

is always composed of oceanic lithosphere

At a subduction zone, the downgoing (subducting) plate: is always composed of continental lithosphere may be composed of either oceanic of continental lithosphere is always composed of oceanic lithosphere

True

Braided streams flow in a network of interconnected rivulets around numerous bars. True False

strain

Change in shape, induced by stress, is termed ____________. pressure release strain plastic deformation metamorphosis

sediment size.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of sediment size. sedimentary structures. location of these sediments. depth of burial.

how minerals break

Cleavage and fracture are two physical properties of minerals that deal with: none of the above the streak of a mineral how minerals break chemical bonding in minerals the hardness of minerals

all of the above

Deformation can result in: displacement distortion rotation all of the above

flow of the liquid outer core

Earth's magnetic field is generated by the: convective flow of the mantle flow of the liquid outer core flow of the liquid inner core magnetic minerals within the crust

False

Earth's volume is constantly changing True False

Pacific

El Nino is caused by a shift in wind that affects which primary body of water? Atlantic Arctic Pacific Indian

Si & O

Felsic minerals are rich in: Fe & Al Si & O H & O Fe & Mg

crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core

From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of the Earth. crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core crust, liquid outer core, transition zone, solid inner core, upper mantle, lower mantle transition zone, crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core transition zone, crust, liquid outer core, solid inner core, upper mantle, lower mantle

quartz, orthoclase, and muscovite.

Granite is made up mainly of quartz and Na-plagioclase. quartz, orthoclase, Ca-plagioclase, and olivine. quartz, Ca-plagioclase, Na-plagioclase, and amphibole. quartz, orthoclase, and muscovite.

quartz, orthoclase, and muscovite.

Granite is made up mainly of quartz, Ca-plagioclase, Na-plagioclase, and amphibole. quartz, orthoclase, Ca-plagioclase, and olivine. quartz and Na-plagioclase. quartz, orthoclase, and muscovite.

False

Half life is mass dependent and not time dependent True False

reshapes the angle of repose & reduces weight

How can regrading and drainage reduce mass movement hazards? makes them less tectonically active increases their lithification increases subsidence reshapes the angle of repose & reduces weight

based on their size

How could one tell a young mountain from a middle aged mountain? based on their isostatic rebound based on the level of metamorphism amount of glaciers based on their size

Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater.

How does chert form? Accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate. Accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater. Evaporation of water in a lake or sea. Precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history.

partial melting of the subducting plate

How is magma generated along convergent plate boundaries? partial melting of the subducting plate magic earthquakes geothermal gradient

True

Humans can trigger earthflows by adding water to soil from septic systems or by over watering lawns. True False

at mid-ocean ridges

Hydrothermal metamorphism is very common in which of the following settings? at continental collision zones in mid-continental regions at mid-ocean ridges along shallow faults

hanging wall; footwall

If a fault is dipping into the ground at 60º, the block of rock above the fault is the _________ and the block of rock below the fault is the __________. footwall; hanging wall fault plane; footwall hanging wall; fault plane hanging wall; footwall footwall; fault scarp

The mineral will fracture in an irregular pattern.

If a mineral lacks planes along which it may cleave, what will occur? The mineral will not break. The mineral will still cleave, but it will only occur along one plane. The mineral will fracture evenly along predictable planes. The mineral will fracture in an irregular pattern.

a rock avalanche

If movement becomes very rapid, a rockslide may break up and become ________. a soil slip a mudflow a rock fall a debris flow a rock avalanche

true

If the numerical ages of two formations are known, then the relative age of each with respect to one another can be inferred. false true

thrust

In a ____________ fault, the fault plane is less than 45° from horizontal and the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block. detachment thrust reverse normal

True

In cold climates freezing and thawing contribute to downslope soil movement. True False

the increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial

In regional metamorphism the source of increased temperature and pressure is _________ . due to increased rate of radioactive decay a local intrusive heat source the increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial impact metamorphism

Left lateral strike-slip

In the map below, the vertical, north-south trending fault is a ____________ fault. right-lateral strike-slip Left lateral strike-slip reverse dip-slip normal dip-slip

glacial

In which of the following sedimentary environments would you expect the sand deposits to be poorly sorted? river beach glacial desert

True

Large-scale eruptions can cause a drop in global temperatures True False

slow downhill movement of regolith sliding of regolith as coherent blocks a slurry of water and fine sediment a mudflow with many large rocks a slide consisting of rock only vertical freefall of mass turbulent cloud of debris and air low downhill movement of tundra

Match the type of mass movement to its defeniton Creep Slumping Mudfllow Debris Flow Rock Slide Rockfall Avalanches Solifluction

Strike Slip Normal Fault Reverse Fault

Match the type of stress and the resultant fault: Shear Tension Compression Reverse Fault Normal Fault Strike Slip

false

Motion along all faults is either strike slip or dip slip; combinations of these two types of displacement are never found together in a single fault. true false

more

Mudflows are ________ likely to occur in arid regions than in wet climates. less more just as

shield volcanoes

Of the three types of volcanoes, which one is the least explosive? they all have the same level of explosiveness shield volcanoes stratovolcanoes cinder cones

False

Over the last 4.576 billion years, the sun's rate of nuclear fusion has not changed. True False

on the inside of a meander bend

Point bars are deposited _____________ . on the inside of a meander bend on the outside of a meander bend at the base of a waterfall by turbidity currents

temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral

Precisely speaking, a measured radiometric age for a mineral crystal within an igneous rock denotes the amount of time that has passed since the ____________. temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral atoms within the crystal were part of a body of molten magma crystal solidified temperature of the crystal became equal to the Curie point for the mineral

fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks

Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________. radiometric dating of igneous rocks fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks

strike-slip

Right lateral and left lateral are both examples of ____________ faults. dip-slip strike-slip oblique-slip

other locations.

Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from other locations. the same place the rock forms. the ground below.

tropical climate.

Soil that is reddish, intensely leached, and rich in iron and aluminum minerals most likely forms in temperate climate. a short amount of time. arid climate. an area with only minor soil development. tropical climate.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Tectonic plates are made up of ______ that floats on the underlying _________. basalt; gabbro continental and oceanic crust; lithosphere lithosphere; outer core lithosphere; asthenosphere continental crus; mantle

hot-spot island chain

The Hawaiian island chain is an example of a(n): continental volcanic arc hot-spot island chain stratovolcanic assembly island volcanic arc

declination, longitude

The difference between geographic and magnetic north is called ___________ and we can use it to determine ___________ inclination, longitude declination, latitude declination, longitude inclination, latitiude

floodplain

The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the: floodplain stream gradient base level thalweg

apparent polar wander

The phenomenon of Earth s magnetic pole being in different locations in the past is known as: convection apparent polar wander polarity seafloor spreading

magnetic field

The presence of what shows evidence of a metallic core? magnetic field rocks on earth s surface lava and magma radioactivity

lithosphere, crust & upper mantle

The rigid portion of the earth is called the _____________ and is composed of these two layers __________ & ____________. lithosphere, upper mantle & lower mantle lithosphere, crust & upper mantle asthenosphere, outer core & inner core asthenosphere, crust & core

mafic, felsic

The seafloor is composed of ___________ rock, whereas the continent is composed of ___________ rock sedimentary, mafic mafic, felsic metamorphic, igneous felsic, mafic

oxygen and silicon

The silica tetrahedra is composed of: oxygen and silicon iron and oxygen silicon and calcium silicon and iron carbon and oxygen

nonconformity

The surface below sedimentary rocks that overlie igneous or metamorphic rocks is termed a(n) ____________. angular unconformity nonconformity disconformity

sorting

The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments on the basis of particle size is called _____. sorting metamorphism lilthification compaction

oxygen and silicon

The two most abundant elements, comprising about 84% of all the atoms in the Earth's crust, are: chlorine and sodium oxygen and silicon iron and oxygen silicon and aluminum hydrogen and helium

False

There is a mineral composition difference between magma and lava True False

Cleavage

Weak atomic bonding in one direction in a mineral will result in: Cleavage striation crystal faces fracture softness

cleavage

Weak atomic bonding in one direction in a mineral will result in: fracture cleavage softness striation crystal faces

eccentricity, obliquity, precession

What are the three components of a Milankovitch cycle? solar flares, sun spots, obliquity insolation, albedo, vegetation eccentricity, obliquity, precession

metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary

What are the three major groups of rocks? lithosphere, asthenosphere, core foliated, non-foliated, and metamorphic crust, mantle, core metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary

Minerals, especially those with iron, combine with oxygen.

What happens when rocks oxidize near Earth's surface? Oxygen combines with water to create weak acids that weather rocks. Minerals, especially those with iron, combine with oxygen. Oxygen combines with silica to make quartz. Minerals in the rock release oxygen that can break down adjacent rocks.

Migmatite

What is a rock called when it has both a metamorphic and an igneous component? Migmatite Quartzite Mylonite Hornfels Phyllite

Streak

What mineral test is shown in this photograph? effervescence specific gravity magnetism streak scratch test

carbon dioxide

What molecule is responsible for the majority of global warming? fluorocarbon family methane nitrus oxide carbon dioxide

all of the above are correct

What signs do scientists look for when predicting volcanic eruptions? changes in earthquake activity changes in shape increases in gas and steam emission all of the above are correct

relief climate

What two factors are significant to mass movements? relief temperature climate time of day

Breccia

What type of rock is shown in this photograph? Siltstone or shale Breccia Conglomerate Sandstone

fault systems

When faults occur in groups, they are called strike-slip systems fault systems joints synclines

fine-grained or small

When magma cools quickly, what kind of texture or crystals does a rock have? coarse-grained or large crystals fine-grained or small crystals a mixture of all types of grains or sizes of crystals medium-grained or medium crystals

CH4 CO2

Which are the top two greenhouse gases? CH4 O3 C6H12O6 CO2 N2O

quartz

Which mineral is the last to crystallize from a melt? amphibole olivine quartz peridotite pyroxene

all of the above

Which of the following are consequences of unstopped climate change? increased smog concentrations increased respirator disease rates expenses to farming/infrastructure precipitation/weather changes sea level rise/destruction of coastal ecosystems/cities thermohaline circulation disruption all of the above

well sorted

Which of the following attributes does NOT apply to these sediments? well sorted cobbles and boulders composed of gravel angular clasts

All the choices are correct

Which of the following environments would likely have large clasts? dunes formed by wind steep slopes All the choices are correct a weak current

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following factors control how minerals weather? the temperature at which the original minerals formed All of these choices are correct. whether a mineral typically crystallizes early or late in Bowen's Reaction Series what type of mineral is present whether the mineral has ionic or covalent bonds

Pyroxene

Which of the following iron-rich minerals is most common in basalt? quartz Na-plagioclase pyroxene muscovite

quartz

Which of the following materials is least susceptible to chemical weathering? quartz halite limestone feldspar

lake at E

Which of the following sites would contain the finest grained sedimentary deposits? delta at D mountains at A braided river at C lake at E glaciers at B

unit C is younger than unit A

Which of the following statements is false? unit C is younger than unit A erosion took place prior to deposition of unit B unit E is older than unit B unit A was deposited after unit B was deposited

hornfels

Which of the following types of metamorphic rocks is NOT foliated? schist slate phyllite hornfels gneiss

all of the above will have an impact on metamorphism

Which of the following will have no effect on the process of metamorphism? all of the above will have an impact on metamorphism the length of time of metamorphism the pressures and temperatures that the rocks experienced the addition of water to the rocks being metamorphosed the type of rock that got metamorphosed

1 and 2

Which of the numbered soil horizons are most likely to represent an accumulation of organic debris? 3 and 4 All of these choices are correct. 4 and 5 2 and 3 1 and 2

3 and 4

Which of these four numbered features on the surface or in a cave are formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate, due to the evaporation of water? 3 and 4 1 and 3 2 and 3 1 and 2 1 and 4

glassy

Which rock shown in the figure cooled the fastest? fine-grained glassy coarse-grained porphorytic

oceanic

Which type of crust is the most dense and floats lower? continental oceanic core mantle

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

Which type(s) of rock can be the source of deposited sediments igneous and metamorphic rocks only sedimentary rocks only igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks metamorphic and sedimentary rocks only

along mid-ocean ridges

Within the sea floor, the rate of geothermal heat flow is greatest: at the edges of ocean basins along mid-ocean ridges along fracture zones in the center of abyssal plains

All of the above are correct.

____________ may help a geologist recognize a fault. Displacement Fault scarps All of the above are correct. Breccia