Physics 130 exam 3

A balloon that weighs 1 N is suspended in air, drifting neither up nor down.

(A) 1 N up; (B) it falls; (c) it rises

Which of the following is not a mixture?

(granite, cake, and air) all are mixtures

A molecule has

(mass, structure, and energy) all of these

The air in this room has

(mass, weight, and energy) all of these

In our part of the universe, antimatter is

(non-existent, short-lived) two of these

On a chilly 10°C day, your friend who likes cold weather, wishes it were twice as cold. Taken literally, this temperature would be

-131.5°C

The lowest temperature possible in nature is

-273 degrees C

The lowest temperature possible in nature is

-273°C

The rock-bottom coldest an object can hope to reach is _______.

-273°C or absolute zero

In comparison to the Ocean, Earth's atmospheric molecules are spaced... Earth's surface is... Earth's density...

-greater -Less distinct -varies with depth

The lower the temperature of an object, the

-lower the frequency of radiation it emits -longer the wavelengths it radiates

Why do airplanes normally take off facing the wind?

...

what percentage of the Earth's radius equals th eapporximate height of the Earth's atmosphere?

0.47%

A balloon that weighs 1 N is suspended in air, drifting neither up nor down. How much buoyant force acts on it? What happens if the buoyant force decreases? If the buoyant force increases?

1 N up It falls It rises

Approximately how much air is in a column 1-cm2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere?

1 kg

One liter of water has a mass of

1 kg

What is the approximate mass of a 1-square centimeter column of air that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere?

1 kg

A column of air is 1 cm2 in area and extends from sea level to the upper atmosphere. What is the mass of the amount of air? What is the weight of this amount of air? What is the pressure at the bottom?

1 kg 10 N 100 Pa

What is the approximate mass of a column of air 1 cm2 in area that extends from sea level to the upper atmosphere? What is the weight of this amount of air? What is the pressure at the bottom?

1 kg, 10 N, 100 kPa cross section, air amt weight, P at sea level

The mass range for neutron stars is...

1 to 3 solar masses.

A 1-ton blimp hovers in the air. The buoyant force acting on it is

1 ton

Buoyant force on a 1-ton blimp hovering in air is

1 ton

two

1) How many different elements are in a water molecule? A) one B) two C) three D) four E) none

both A and D

1) Pressure in a liquid depends on the __________. A) depth of the measuring point. B) volume of the liquid. C) mass of the liquid. D) density of the liquid. E) both A and D

bottom of a submerged object

1) Water pressure is greatest against the a. the top of a submerged object. b. bottom of a submerged object. c. sides of a submerged object. d. is the same against all surfaces.

Buoyant force is greatest on a submerged - 1-kg block of lead - 1-kg block of aluminum - is the same on each

1-kg block of aluminum

what is the buoyancy of a 1-ton blimp hovering in air?

1-ton

In a binary-star system that produces a nova, the white dwarf pulls matter from the companion star. The matter forms an accretion disk that orbits the white dwarf. Then a specific sequence of events must take place for a nova event to occur. Rank the steps leading up to the observed nova event in chronological order from first to last.

1. Material accumulates onto the white dwarf's surface, increasing in temperature and density. 2. At a temperature of 10 million K, the accumulated surface hydrogen begins nuclear fusion. 3. Nuclear fusion reactions cause an enormous but temporary increase in luminosity. 4. As nuclear fuel is burned up or blown into space, fusion ceases and the star dims. Feedback: Correct Once nuclear fusion starts for the material on the surface, it proceeds at a furious rate. The white dwarf flares up, then fades away as some of the nuclear fuel is exhausted. The rest of it is blown into space. Neither the companion nor the white dwarf is destroyed in the nova process, so once fusion ceases, they return to their original states and repeat the process. Astronomers have observed many such scenarios, called recurrent novae.

what is the mass of a cubic meter of air at 20 degrees Celsius at sea level?

1.21 kg

what is the density of a cubic meter of air at 20 degrees Celsius at sea level?

1.21 kg/m(cubed)

At normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, 1 cubic meter of air has a mass of about

1.25

1 cubic meter of air is at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. What's it's mass?

1.25 kg

What is the mass of a cubic meter of air at room temperature

1.25 kg

What is the mass of a cubic meter of air at room temperature (20°C)?

1.25 kg

What is the mass of a cubic meter of air at room temperature (20°C)?

1.25 kg at sea level

For a white dwarf to explode entirely as a Type I supernova, it's mass must be

1.4 solar masses, the Chandrasekhar Limit.

For a white dwarf to explode entirely as a type I supernova, its mass must be:

1.4 solar masses, the Chandrasekhar limit

For a white dwarf to explode entirely as a Type I supernova, its mass must be...

1.4 solar masses, the Chandrasekhar limit.

A change in temperature of 10 C is equal to a change of_.

10 K

A 1-kg balloon at equilibrium in the air is buoyed up with a force of...

10 newtons

What is the buoyant force acting on a 10-ton ship floating in the ocean?

10 tons

both of these

10) A fish normally displaces its own a. volume of water. b. weight of water. c. both of these. d. neither of these.

greater than the density of seawater

10) Lobsters live on the bottom of the ocean. The density of a lobster is __________. A) greater than the density of seawater B) equal to the density of seawater C) less than the density of seawater

the number of protons

10) What makes an element distinct? A) the number of protons B) the number of neutrons C) the number of electrons D) the total mass of all the particles E) none of these

What is the typical age for a globular cluster associated with our Milky Way?

10-12 billion years

what is the typical age for a globular cluster associated with out milky way

10-12 billion yrs

Buoyant force is greatest on a submerged - 10-N block of lead - 10-N block of aluminum - is the same on each

10-N block of aluminum

About how high can water be theoretically lifted by a vacuum pump at sea level?

10.3 m

The depth to which an inverted drinking glass must be pushed beneath the surface of water so that the volume of enclosed air is squeezed to half is

10.3 m

A column that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere contains a certain mass of air. If the same column instead had the same mass of water in it, the height of the water column would be

10.3 m high

A column that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere contains a certain mass of air. If the same column instead had the same mass of water in it, the height of the water column would be...

10.3 meters

about how high can water theoretically be lifted be a vacuum pump at sea level?

10.3 meters

To increase the temperature of 50 grams of water by 2 Celsius degrees requires

100 calories

Atmospheric pressure at sea level at 20 degrees Celsius is about how many kPa?

100 kPa

What temperature is needed to fuse helium into carbon?

100 million K

what temperature is needed to fuse helium into carbon

100 million K

What is the weight of water displaced by a 100-ton floating ship?

100 tons

The weight of a 1-square-meter column of air that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere is..

101,000 N.

The weight of air in a column 1-m2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere is

101,000 N.

The supernova that formed M-1, the Crab Nebula, was observed in

1054 AD by Chinese and other oriental and mid eastern astronomers.

one ton

11) A one-ton blimp hovers in the air. The buoyant force acting on it is A) zero. B) one ton. C) less than one ton. D) more than one ton.

random motions of atoms and molecules

11) Brownian motion has to do with the A) size of atoms. B) atomic vibrations. C) first direct measurement of atomic motion. D) random motions of atoms and molecules. E) rhythmic movements of atoms in a liquid.

water

11) The density of a submerged submarine is about the same as the density of __________. A) iron B) a floating submarine C) a crab D) water E) none of the above

higher in the water

11) When a boat sails from fresh water to salt water, the boat will float a. lower in the water. b. higher in the water. c. at the same water level.

what is a typical age for a globular cluster

12 billion yrs

the density of salt water exceeds the density of egg

12) An egg is placed at the bottom of a bowl filled with water. Salt is slowly added to the water until the egg rises and floats. From this experiment, one can conclude that __________. A) the density of salt water exceeds the density of egg. B) calcium in the eggshell is repelled by sodium chloride. C) buoyant forces do not always act upward. D) salt sinks to the bottom. E) none of the above

10 tons

12) What is the buoyant force acting on a 10-ton ship floating in the ocean? a. less than 10 tons b. 10 tons c. more than 10 tons d. depends on density of sea water

air

12) Which of the following is not a compound? A) air B) ammonia C) water D) salt E) All are compounds.

sink

13) If an object has a density greater than the density of water, it will __________. A) neither float nor sink, but stay anywhere it is put B) sink C) float

atmospheric pressure

13) In drinking soda or water through a straw, we make use of A) capillary action. B) surface tension. C) atmospheric pressure. D) Bernoulli's principle. E) none of these

100 tons

13) What is the weight of water displaced by a 100-ton floating ship? a. less than 100 tons b. 100 tons c. more than 100 tons d. 100 cubic meters

None. All of the above choices are mixtures.

13) Which of the following is not a mixture? A) granite B) cake C) air D) beach sand E) None. All of the above choices are mixtures.

Mercury is how much denser than water?

13.6X

neither float nor sink, but stay anywhere it is put

14) If an object has a density equal to the density of water, it will __________. A) sink B) float C) neither float nor sink, but stay anywhere it is put

orbital electrons

14) In an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons in the nucleus is balanced by an equal number of A) neutrons. B) quarks. C) orbital electrons. D) all of these E) none of these

by a force equal to the weight of liquid displaced

14) When an object is partly or wholly immersed in a liquid, it is buoyed up a. by a force equal to its own weight. b. by a force equal to the weight of liquid displaced. c. and floats because of Archimedes principle. d. but nevertheless sinks.

partly submerged

15) The buoyant force on an object is least when the object is a. partly submerged. b. submerged near the surface. c. submerged near the bottom. d. none of these.

the iron displaces more water than it would if it were in a solid block

15) The reason an iron ship doesn't sink is that __________. A) air inside decreases it's weight B) the iron displaces more water than it would if it were in a solid block C) iron is less dense than water D) Nonsense -- an iron ship will always sink

a quark

15) The smallest particle of those listed below is A) a molecule. B) an atom. C) a proton. D) a neutron. E) a quark.

Compared to the mass of a hydrogen atom, the mass of an oxygen atom is

16 times as great

all of these

16) A molecule has A) mass. B) structure. C) energy. D) all of these E) none of these

10.3 m

16) About how high can water be theoretically lifted by a vacuum pump at sea level? A) less than 10.3 m B) more than 10.3 m C) 10.3 m

none of the above

16) The buoyant force on a rock is least when the rock is submerged a. near the surface. b. halfway to the bottom. c. near the bottom. d. all of the above. e. none of the above

it displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight

16) When first put in water, a plastic toy boat will sink until __________. A) it displaces a volume of water equal to its own volume B) the water density equals the density of the boat C) it displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight D) the buoyant force equals the volume of the boat E) the buoyant force equals the density of the boat

lower in the water

17) Compared to an empty ship, the same ship loaded with plastic foam will float __________. A) higher in the water B) at the same level in the water C) lower in the water

of electrical forces

17) Solid matter is mostly empty space. The reason solids don't fall through one another is because A) atoms are constantly vibrating, even at absolute zero. B) of nuclear forces. C) of gravitational forces. D) of electrical forces. E) none of these

the principle of Archimedes

17) The flight of a blimp best illustrates A) the principle of Archimedes. B) Pascal's principle. C) Bernoulli's principle. D) Boyle's law.

the density of both you and the jacket together is less than your density alone

17) The reason a life jacket helps you float is a. the jacket makes you weigh less. b. the jacket has the same density as an average human. c. the jacket repels water. d. if you sink, the jacket sinks. e. the density of both you and the jacket together is less than your density alone.

What is the total number of protons and neutrons in a water molecule

18

What is the molecular mass of a water molecule?

18 amu

electrical force

18) A force that determines the chemical properties of an atom is a(n) A) friction force. B) nuclear force. C) gravitational force. D) electrical force. E) none of these

Bernoulli's principle

18) Airplane flight best illustrates A) Archimedes' principle. B) Pascal's principle. C) Bernoulli's principle. D) Boyle's law.

feet

18) Blood pressure is normally greater in your a. ears. b. feet. c. same in each.

equal to the weight of the other bucket

18) Two equal-sized buckets are filled to the top with water. One of the buckets has a piece of wood floating in it, making its total weight __________. A) more than the weight of the other bucket B) less than the weight of the other bucket C) equal to the weight of the other bucket

greater on the lead

19) A block of balsa wood floats on water while a same-size block of lead lies submerged in the water. The buoyant force is __________. A) greater of the wood. B) greater on the lead. C) the same for both

less its internal pressure

19) The faster a fluid moves, the A) greater its internal pressure. B) less its internal pressure. C) internal pressure is unaffected.

C

19) Three holes are drilled in a water tower, which is filled with water, at the positions shown. Water will spurt the greatest horizontal distance from hole a. A. b. B. c. C. d. The horizontal distance will be the same for all three holes.

lead

19) Which has the greatest number of protons in its nucleus? A) gold. B) mercury. C) lead. D) silver.

How many protons should be added to the nuclei of oxygen atoms so the resulting gas will glow red when there is an electric current through it?

2

A 2-ton dirigible hovers in the air. The buoyant force acting on it is ___.

2 tons

water pressure is greater with increasing depth

2) A dam is thicker at the bottom than at the top partly because a. water is denser at deeper levels. b. water pressure is greater with increasing depth. c. surface tension exists only on the surface of liquids. d. it looks better.

The pressure is approximately the same in both places

2) Where is the pressure greater, one meter beneath the surface of Lake Michigan or one meter beneath the surface of a swimming pond? A) The pressure is approximately the same in both places B) In Lake Michigan C) In the pond

neutron

2) Which of the following are electrically neutral? A) proton B) neutron C) electron D) ion E) none of these

what is the buoyancy of a 2-ton blimp hovering in air?

2-tons

It would be easier to pull evacuated Magdeburg hemispheres apart when they are...

20 km above the ocean surface

greater on the aluminum

20) A kilogram of lead and a kilogram of aluminum are submerged in water. The buoyant force is __________. A) greater on the aluminum. B) greater on the lead. C) the same on each

greater than the density of sea water

20) Lobsters live on the bottom of the ocean. The density of a lobster is a. greater than the density of sea water. b. equal to the density of sea water. c. less than the density of sea water.

all of these

20) The air in this room has A) mass. B) weight. C) energy. D) all of these E) none of these

remain unchanged

21) A boat loaded with a barrel of water floats in a swimming pool. When the water in the barrel is poured overboard, the swimming pool level will __________. A) fall B) remain unchanged C) rise

less

21) A lobster crawls onto a bathroom scale submerged at the bottom of the ocean. Compared to its weight above the surface, the lobster will have an apparent weight under water that is a. greater. b. less. c. the same.

the same

21) Compared to the energy it takes to separate oxygen and hydrogen from water, the amount of energy given off when they recombine is A) slightly more. B) slightly less. C) much more. D) much less. E) the same.

same on each as long as their volumes are the same

22) Two life preservers have identical volumes, but one is filled with styrofoam while the other is filled with sand. When the two life preservers are fully submerged, the buoyant force is greater on the one filled with a. styrofoam. b. sand. c. same on each as long as their volumes are the same.

higher in the salt water

22) When a boat sails from fresh water to salt water, the boat will float __________. A) higher in the salt water B) lower in the salt water C) at the same level

given off by the reaction

22) When carbon and oxygen atoms combine, energy is A) taken in by the reaction. B) given off by the reaction. C) not involved.

the astronaut and an equal amount of the planet would both annihilate

23) If an astronaut landed on a planet made of antimatter, there would be an explosion and A) the planet would annihilate. B) an amount of planet matter equal to that of the astronaut would annihilate. C) the astronaut would annihilate. D) the astronaut and an equal amount of the planet would both annihilate.

buoyant force on the iceberg would decrease

23) If the part of an iceberg that extends above the water were removed, the __________. A) density of the iceberg would change. B) buoyant force on the iceberg would decrease. C) iceberg would sink. D) pressure on the bottom of the iceberg would increase. E) none of the above

remains the same

23) When an ice cube in a glass of water melts, the water level a. rises. b. falls. c. remains the same.

2 N

24) A rock suspended by a weighing scale weighs 5 N out of water and 3 N when submerged in water. What is the buoyant force on the rock? a. 8 N b. 5 N c. 3 N d. 2 N

always sink to the bottom

24) If a weighted, air-filled balloon sinks in a lake, it will __________. A) be buoyed up with constant force while sinking. B) sink until it reaches equilibrium and then remain at constant depth. C) probably sink to the bottom and probably rise later. D) always sink to the bottom. E) none of the above

short-lived

24) In our part of the universe, antimatter is A) non-existent. B) plentiful. C) short-lived. D) long-lived.

the density of salt water exceeds the density of egg

25) An egg is placed at the bottom of a bowl filled with water. Salt is slowly added to the water until the egg rises and floats. From this experiment, one concludes a. calcium in the egg shell is repelled by sodium chloride. b. the density of salt water exceeds the density of egg. c. buoyant force does not always act upward. d. salt sinks to the bottom.

single breath

25) Assuming all the atoms exhaled by Julius Caesar in his last dying breath are still in the atmosphere, then we probably breathe one of those atoms with each A) single breath. B) day. C) month. D) ten years. E) It depends - some people still breathe a few of Caesar's atoms every day, while others wouldn't breathe one for an entire year.

remains the same

25) When an ice cube in a glass of water melts, the water level __________. A) rises B) remains the same C) falls

If the nucleus of an electrically neutral iron atom contains 26 protons, how many electrons does it have

26

fall

26) A floating ice cube contains a small piece of iron. After the ice cube melts, the water level will __________. A) rise B) remain unchanged C) fall

the same height as in the larger tube

26) Consider two mercury barometers, one with twice the cross-sectional area of the other. Neglecting capillarity, mercury in the smaller tube will rise A) the same height as in the larger tube. B) twice as high as mercury in the larger tube. C) four times as high as mercury in the larger tube. D) more than four times as high as in the larger tube. E) none of these

ancient stars

26) Nuclei of atoms that make up a newborn baby were made in A) the mother's womb. B) the food the mother eats before giving birth. C) ancient stars. D) the Earth. E) none of these

remain unchanged

27) An ice cube floating in a glass of water contains many air bubbles. When the ice melts, the water level will __________. A) rise B) remain unchanged C) fall

the same age

27) Compared to the atoms that make up the body of an elderly person, the atoms that make up the body of a newborn baby are A) newer. B) actually older. C) the same age.

A volume of air has a temperature of 0°C. An equal volume of air that is twice as hot has a

273°C

mostly empty space themselves

28) The reason a granite block is mostly empty space is that the atoms in the granite are A) in perpetual motion. B) mostly empty space themselves. C) held together by electrical forces. D) not as close together as they could be. E) invisible.

The force on his finger would have been less than 1 N

28) There is a legend of a Dutch boy who bravely held back the Atlantic Ocean by plugging a leak near the top of a dike with his finger until help arrived. Which of the following is most likely? A) The force on his finger would have been huge, but the pressure very small. B) This is impossible because of the large size of the Atlantic Ocean. C) The force on his finger would have been less than 1 N. D) Both the force and pressure on his finger would have been very large. E) none of the above

Consider a piece of metal that is at 5°C. If it is heated until it has twice the thermal energy, its temperature will be

283°C

protons

29) The weight of matter comes mostly from its A) protons. B) electrons. C) neutrons

the same

29) When you float in salt water compared to floating in fresh water, the buoyant force that supports you is __________. A) the same B) greater C) less

A rock suspended by a weighing scale weighs 5 N out of water and 3 N when submerged in water. What is the buoyant force on the rock?

2N

Earth gravitation

3) Atmospheric molecules do not fly off into outer space because of A) their relatively high speeds. B) their relatively low densities. C) Earth gravitation. D) cohesive forces.

both of these

3) The pressure in a liquid depends on liquid a. density. b. depth. c. both of these. d. neither of these.

the whole world

3) There are about as many atoms of air in our lungs at any moment as there are breaths of air in the atmosphere of A) a large auditorium. B) a large city. C) the United States. D) the whole world. E) none of these

bottom of the object

3) Water pressure on a submerged object is greatest against the __________. A) bottom of the object B) Water pressure is the same against all surfaces of the object C) sides of the object D) top of the object E) none of the above

the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities

30) A helium-filled balloon released in the atmosphere will rise until A) the pressure inside the balloon equals atmospheric pressure. B) atmospheric pressure on the bottom of the balloon equals atmospheric pressure on the top of the balloon. C) the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities. D) all of these E) none of these

are transmitted to all points in the fluid

30) Pascal's principle says that changes in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid __________. A) remain only at the point B) quickly diminish from point to point in the fluid C) are transmitted to all points in the fluid D) are transmitted only to points below it E) are transmitted only to points close to it

electrons

30) The volume of matter comes mostly from its A) protons. B) electrons. C) neutrons

Room temperature on the Kelvin scale is about

300 K

all of the above

31) A hydraulic press works because __________. A) one piston is larger than the other piston. B) liquids transmit pressure undiminished. C) Pascal's principle is operating. D) liquids transmit pressure in all directions. E) all of the above

electrons

31) The chemical properties of matter come mostly from its A) protons. B) electrons. C) neutrons.

16 times as great

32) Compared to the mass of a hydrogen atom, the mass of an oxygen atom is A) 8 times as great. B) 12 times as great. C) 16 times as great. D) appreciably more than 16 times as great.

Always false

32) The principle reason a hydraulic press works is that it is an exception to energy conservation. A) Always false B) Sometimes true C) Always true

The air pressure in a container of air at 27 C will double when heated to

327 degrees C

A container of air is at atmospheric pressure and 27°C. To double the pressure in the container, it should be heated to

327°C

smaller-diameter piston

33) A hydraulic arrangement consists of a water-filled U-tube that is wider on one end than on the other. Pistons are fitted in both ends. To multiply an input force, the input end should be the one having the __________. A) smaller-diameter piston B) larger-diameter piston C) It doesn't matter what relative size the piston is.

the same

33) Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-liter solid iron block is A) considerably less. B) considerably more. C) the same.

both the same

33) In a closed bottle are a certain number of hydrogen molecules. In an identical closed bottle at the same temperature and internal pressure are a certain number of nitrogen molecules. The bottle with the greater number of molecules is the one containing A) hydrogen. B) nitrogen. C) both the same

anti-hydrogen

34) A positron orbiting an antiproton would make up an atom of A) positronium. B) unobtainium. C) anti-helium. D) anti-hydrogen. E) none of these

100 times

34) In a hydraulic device, the output piston has 100 times the cross-section area as the input piston. This means the device will multiply force __________. A) 100 times. B) 1000 times. C) 10 times. D) none of the above

the distance through which the force acts

35) A hydraulic press multiplies a force by 100. This multiplication is done at the expense of __________. A) the distance through which the force acts. B) energy, which decreases by a factor of 100. C) the time over which the force acts, which is extended by a factor of 100. D) the mechanism providing the force. E) none of the above

999 grams

35) If a gram of antimatter meets a kilogram of matter, the amount of mass to survive is A) 1 gram. B) 999 grams. C) 1 kilogram. D) 1.1 kilogram.

energy output to exceed the energy input

36) In a hydraulic press operation, it is impossible for the __________. A) output displacement to exceed the input displacement. B) output piston's speed to exceed the input piston's speed. C) force output to exceed the force input. D) energy output to exceed the energy input. E) none of the above

18 amu

36) What is the molecular mass of a water molecule? A) 10 amu B) 12 amu C) 15 amu D) 18 amu E) None of these. It depends on the temperature.

100 N per square meter

37) An industrial container holds 200 N of water. The area of the inside bottom of the container is 2 square meters. What pressure does the water exert on the bottom of the container? A) 400 N per square meter B) 200 N per square meter C) 800 N per square meter D) 100 N per square meter E) none of the above

carbon

37) If two protons are removed from an oxygen nucleus, the result is A) nitrogen. B) carbon. C) helium. D) neon. E) positively charged oxygen.

1 N

38) Suppose a stone weighs 3 N in the air, but in water it weighs only 2 N. What is the buoyant force acting on the stone? A) 2 N B) 4 N C) 5 N D) 3 N E) 1 N

10.3 m

38) The depth to which an inverted drinking glass must be pushed beneath the surface of water so that the volume of enclosed air is squeezed to half is A) 76 cm. B) 10.3 m. C) 14.7 m. D) 20.6 m. E) 29.4 m.

None of the above is true

38) To change mercury into gold, a pair of protons must be A) removed from the mercury nucleus. B) added to the mercury nucleus. C) removed from the gold nucleus D) added to the gold nucleus. E) None of the above is true.

fluorine

39) If two protons are added to an oxygen nucleus, the result is A) heavy oxygen. B) fluorine. C) neon. D) sodium. E) nitrogen.

20 N

39) One liter of water weighs about 10 N. Suppose a 2-liter container is filled with 266 N of mercury and then lowered into a container of water. Assuming the container is completely submerged, what is the buoyant force acting on it? A) 133 N B) 20 N C) 266 N D) 26.6 N E) 10 N

A container of water has its smaller volume at ____.

4 degrees C

A container of water has its smallest volume at____.

4 degrees C

more than 50%

4) About what percentage of the molecules that make up the atmosphere are below an aircraft that flies at an altitude of 6 kilometers? A) 20% B) 30% C) 40% D) 50% E) more than 50%

thermonuclear fusion

4) Atoms heavier than helium were made by A) photosynthesis. B) thermonuclear fusion. C) radiant energy conversion. D) radioactivity. E) none of these

surface area of the water

4) The pressure at the bottom of a jug filled with water does NOT depend on a. the acceleration due to gravity. b. water density. c. the height of the liquid. d. surface area of the water.

surface area of the water

4) The pressure at the bottom of a jug filled with water does NOT depend on the __________. A) depth of the liquid B) density of water C) surface area of the water D) acceleration due to gravity E) none of the above

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is

4.19 joules

The change in internal energy of adding 100 joules to a system that does 60 joules of work is

40 J

One thousand calories of heat are added to 150 grams of water when its temperature is 33 degrees C. The resulting temperature of the water is ____.

40 degrees C

The ideal efficiency for a heat engine operating between the temperatures of 227 C and 27 C is

40%

beryllium

40) If a pair of helium nuclei are fused together, the result is A) helium isotope. B) lithium. C) beryllium. D) boron. E) carbon.

is the volume of 20 000 N of water

40) The volume of water displaced by a floating 20 000 N boat __________. A) is the volume of 20 000 N of water B) is the volume of the boat C) depends on the shape of the ship's hull D) is 20 000 cubic meters

When 100 J of heat is added to a system that performs 60 J of work, the thermal energy change of

40J.

100 liters

41) Floating Freda, who can just barely float in fresh water, has a mass of 100 kg. Her volume is therefore about __________. A) 100 liters. B) 220 liters. C) 50 liters. D) none of the above

helium

41) If one neutron is added to a helium nucleus, the result is A) hydrogen. B) boron. C) lithium. D) beryllium. E) helium.

When 10 grams of hot water cool by 1°C, the amount of heat given off is

41.9 joules

50 N

42) A 5000-N car is lifted on a hydraulic piston of area 2000 square centimeters. How much force on a 20-square-centimeter piston is needed to lift the car? A) 2000 N B) 5000 N C) 250 N D) 50 N E) 500 N

2

42) How many protons should be added to the nuclei of oxygen atoms so the resulting gas will glow red when there is an electric current through it? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) But protons will have to be subtracted, not added.

uranium

43) Which of these atoms has the greatest amount of electrical charge in its nucleus? A) helium B) carbon C) iron D) gold E) uranium

buoyant force

44) In a vacuum, an object has no A) buoyant force. B) mass. C) weight. D) temperature. E) all of these

uranium

44) Which of these atoms has the greatest number of electrons? A) helium B) carbon C) iron D) gold E) uranium

Before ice can form on a lake, all the water in the lake must be cooled to

4°C

Suppose that stars form in our Galaxy at an average rate of 10 per year. Suppose also that all stars greater than 8 solar masses explode as supernovae. Use Figure 17.23 in the textbook to estimate the rate of Type II supernovae in our Galaxy. Express your answer using one significant figure.

4×10^−2 supernovae per year

a carbon atom

5) An atomic mass unit (amu) is 1/12 the mass of A) an electron. B) a proton. C) a hydrogen atom. D) a carbon atom. E) a uranium atom.

weight of the fluid displaced

5) Archimedes' principle says that an object is buoyed up by a force that is equal to the __________. A) volume of the fluid displaced B) mass of the fluid displaced C) weight of the fluid displaced D) mass of the object E) none of the above

weight of the atmosphere

5) Atmospheric pressure is caused by the A) density of the atmosphere. B) weight of the atmosphere. C) temperature of the atmosphere. D) effect of the sun's energy on the atmosphere.

1 kilogram

5) One liter of water has a mass of a. 1 kilogram. b. 1 newton. c. both of these. d. neither of these.

How high would you have to go in the atmosphere for half of the mass of air to be below you?

5.6 km exact height of the atmosphere has no real meaning; air progressively gets thinner and thinner the higher one travels upward.

what percentage of the Earth is located below 5.6 kilometers?

50%

wood

50) A large block of wood and a smaller block of iron on weighing scales both register the same weight - 1 ton. Taking buoyancy of air into account, which has the greater mass? A) wood B) iron C) Both have the same mass. D) More information is needed.

Mix a liter of 70 degrees C water with 2 liters of 40 degrees C water and you'll have 3 liters of water at ___.

50* C

A block of wood normally weighs 5 N. The buoyant force that mercury will exert on the wood as it floats in mercury is

5N

still not be able to see or photograph an atom

6) If we doubled the magnifying power of the most powerful optical microscope in the world, we would A) be able to see individual atoms. B) be able to photograph individual atoms, even though we couldn't see them. C) still not be able to see or photograph an atom.

1000 kg

6) The mass of a cubic meter of water is a. 1 kg. b. 10 kg. c. 100 kg. d. 1000 kg.

1 kilogram

6) What is the approximate mass of a 1-squarecentimeter column of air that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere? A) 1 gram B) 1 kilogram C) 10 kilograms D) 100 kilograms

Neither place -- the buoyant force is independent of depth

6) Where is the buoyant force on a submerged rock greater, near the surface of the fluid or 10 m below the surface? A) Near the surface B) 10 m below the surface C) Neither place -- the buoyant force is independent of depth

Our bodies are ____ water

60%

less than the density of water

7) Pumice is a volcanic rock that floats. Its density is a. less than the density of water. b. equal to the density of water. c. more than the density of water.

partly submerged

7) The buoyant force on an object is least when the object is __________. A) submerged near the surface B) partly submerged C) submerged near the bottom D) none of the above

uranium

7) Which of these atoms has the most mass? A) hydrogen B) iron C) lead D) uranium E) All have the same mass.

The calories needed to change 10 grams of ice at 0 C to steam at 100 C is

7200

what percentage of the Earth's atmoshpere is located around 11 kilometers?

75%

Compared to the mass of a hydrogen atom, the mass of an oxygen atom is how many times greater

8 times greater

True

8) The reason objects immersed in a fluid experience an upward buoyant force is because fluid pressure on the bottom of the object is greater than fluid pressure on the top of the object. A) False B) True

upward pressure against the bottom is greater than downward pressure against the top of the submerged object

8) The reason that buoyant force acts upward on a submerged object is that a. it acts in a direction to oppose gravity. b. if it acted downward, nothing would float. c. the weight of fluid displaced reacts with an upward force. d. upward pressure against the bottom is greater than downward pressure against the top of the submerged object.

Molecules are the smallest subdivision of matter that still retains chemical properties of a substance

8) Which of these statements is true? A) A molecule is the smallest particle that exists. B) Chemical elements are made up of about 100 distinct molecules. C) Molecules form atoms that in turn determine chemical properties of a substance. D) Molecules are the smallest subdivision of matter that still retains chemical properties of a substance. E) None of these statements is true.

volume of fluid

9) A completely submerged object always displaces its own a. volume of fluid. b. weight of fluid. c. density of fluid. d. all of these.

bigger

9) As a helium-filled balloon rises in the air, it becomes A) bigger. B) more dense. C) heavier. D) all of these E) none of these

you and the jacket together have density less than your density alone

9) The reason a life jacket helps you float is that __________. A) the jacket has the same density as an average human B) the jacket repels water C) the jacket makes you weigh less D) you and the jacket together have density less than your density alone.

There are only about 100 different kinds of atoms that combine to form all substances

9) Which of the following statements is true? A) An atom is the smallest particle known to exist. B) There are only about 100 different kinds of atoms that combine to form all substances. C) There are thousands of different kinds of atoms that account for a wide variety of substances. D) A large atom can be photographed with the aid of an ordinary microscope. E) None of these statements are true.

what percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is located just below 30 kilometers?

99%

If a gram of antimatter meets a kilogram of matter, the amount of mass to survive is

999 grams

Which of these does not depend on a close binary system to occur?

A Type II supernova

X-ray bursters occur in binary star systems. The two types of stars that must be present to make up such an object are...

A main-sequence or giant star and a neutron star in a mass transfer binary.

How does a plasma differ from gas?

A plasma is made up of ionized atoms

How does a plasma differ from a gas?

A plasma is made up of ionized atoms. Readily conducts electric current absorbs certain radiation can be shaped, molded, moved by electric or magnetic fields

The weight of air in a bathtub (1/3 cubic meter) is about the same as the weight of

A pound of butter

Which of the following stars will become hot enough to form elements heavier than oxygen? Check all that apply. - A star that is half the mass of the Sun. - A star having the same mass as the Sun. - A star that is twice as massive as the Sun. - A star that is eight times more massive than the Sun

A star that is eight times more massive than the Sun

6) One liter of water has a mass of A) 1 kilogram. B) 14.7 grams. C) 500 grams. D) none of the above

A) 1 kilogram.

25) A scale from which a rock is suspended reads 5 N when the rock is out of water and 3 N when the rock is submerged. Buoyant force on the rock is A) 2 N. B) 3 N. C) 4 N. D) 5 N.

A) 2 N.

12) A column that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere contains a certain mass of air. If the column instead contained the same mass of mercury, its height would be about A) 3/4 meter. B) 10.3 meters. C) 5.6 kilometers. D) none of the above

A) 3/4 meter.

14) A column that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere contains a certain mass of air. If the column instead contained the same mass of mercury, its height would be about A) 3/4 meter. B) 10.3 meters. C) 5.6 kilometers. D) none of the above

A) 3/4 meter.

35) The flight of a blimp best illustrates A) Archimedes' principle. B) Pascal's principle. C) Bernoulli's principle. D) Boyle's law.

A) Archimedes' principle.

75) Plasmas are a central part of power generation in A) MHD generators. B) turbo generators. C) both of these D) neither of these

A) MHD generators.

Sound waves can interfere with one another so that no sound results. A) True B) False

A) True

The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold at night is evidence that sand has A) a low specific heat B) a high specific heat C) no specific heat

A) a low specific heat

20) When boarding an airplane you bring a bag of chips. While in flight the bag puffs up, because A) air pressure in the air-tight bag is greater than cabin air pressure. B) suction is occurring. C) air pressure is affected by the Bernoulli principle. D) all the above E) none of the above

A) air pressure in the air-tight bag is greater than cabin air pressure.

27) When boarding an airplane you bring a bag of chips. While in flight the bag puffs up, because A) air pressure in the air-tight bag is greater than cabin air pressure. B) suction is occurring. C) air pressure is affected by the Bernoulli principle. D) all the above E) none of the above

A) air pressure in the air-tight bag is greater than cabin air pressure.

65) The Bernoulli effect causes fast-moving vans on the highway to be drawn together when A) air speeds up in passing between them. B) air between them stagnates. C) they experience lift. D) all of the above

A) air speeds up in passing between them.

52) Release a ball inside a freely falling elevator and it falls directly in front of you instead of "falling to the floor," because you, ball, elevator, and enclosed air are in free fall. If you do the same with a helium-filled balloon, the balloon will A) also remain in front of you. B) press against the ceiling. C) press against the floor. D) slowly rise. E) slowly fall.

A) also remain in front of you.

52) Release a ball inside a freely falling elevator and it falls directly in front of you instead of "falling to the floor," because you, ball, elevator, and enclosed air are in free fall. If you do the same with a helium-filled balloon, the balloon will A) also remain in front of you. B) press against the ceiling. C) press against the floor. D) slowly rise. E) slowly fall.

A) also remain in front of you.

If you release a ball inside a freely falling elevator, it stays in front of you instead of "falling to the floor" because you, the ball, the elevator, and the air in the elevator are all in free fall. If you similarly release a helium-filled balloon, the balloon will A) also stay in front of you. B) press against the ceiling. C) press against the floor. D) slowly rise. E) slowly fall.

A) also stay in front of you.

77) When a gas is heated and becomes a plasma, its electric charge is usually A) balanced. B) negative. C) positive. D) non-existent. E) none of these

A) balanced.

29) An object in a vacuum has no A) buoyant force. B) mass. C) weight. D) temperature. E) all of the above

A) buoyant force.

45) An object in a vacuum has no A) buoyant force. B) mass. C) weight. D) temperature. E) all of the above

A) buoyant force.

A supplier wants to make a profit by buying metal by weight at one altitude and selling it at the same price per pound at another altitude. The supplier should A) buy at a high altitude and sell at a low altitude. B) buy at a low altitude and sell at a high altitude. C) disregard altitude because it makes no difference.

A) buy at a high altitude and sell at a low altitude.

Aluminum has a specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. Place equal masses of aluminum and copper wire in a flame and the one to undergo the fastest increase in temperature will be A) copper. B) aluminum. C) both the same

A) copper

63) A spinning tossed baseball veers off course in the direction of A) crowded streamlines. B) non-crowded streamlines. C) onward-coming streamlines.

A) crowded streamlines.

When bullets are fired from an airplane in the forward direction, the momentum of the airplane will be A) decreased. B) unchanged. C) increased.

A) decreased.

78) Most of the mass of material that makes up a plasma is A) electrically neutral. B) always positively charged. C) always negatively charged.

A) electrically neutral.

A proton and an electron are placed in an electric field. Which undergoes the greater acceleration? A) electron B) proton C) Both accelerate equally. D) Neither accelerates

A) electron

Superconducting electromagnets A) exist now. B) may be possible in the near future. C) may be possible in the distant future. D) are science fiction

A) exist now.

An electroscope is charged positively as shown by foil leaves that stand apart. As a negative charge is brought close to the electroscope, the leaves A) fall closer together. B) spread apart further. C) do not move.

A) fall closer together.

When you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows A) from your finger to the ice B) from the ice to your finger C) actually, both ways

A) from your finger to the ice

33) Lobsters live on the bottom of the ocean, which means their density is A) greater than the density of sea water. B) equal to the density of sea water. C) less than the density of sea water.

A) greater than the density of sea water.

26) When a gas in a container expands to twice its volume, its density A) halves. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) remains the same.

A) halves

19) When a gas in a container expands to twice its volume, its density A) halves. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) remains the same.

A) halves.

26) When a gas in a container expands to twice its volume, its density A) halves. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) remains the same.

A) halves.

30) A scuba diver losing her air supply while far beneath the water surface is advised when ascending to A) hold air in her lungs. B) allow air to escape her lungs. C) panic.

A) hold air in her lungs.

The stride of a horse depends somewhat on the pendulum-like swing of its legs. This stride would be higher in frequency if more of the mass in its legs were concentrated A) in the upper part, nearer the horse's body. B) towards its feet. C) halfway up its legs. D) uniformly all along its legs. E) none of these

A) in the upper part, nearer the horse's body.

29) While Debbie Diver holds her breath and swims deeper and deeper beneath the water's surface, her density A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same.

A) increases.

49) If you stand on a weighing scale and suddenly the atmosphere vanishes, taking buoyancy into account, the scale reading A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same. D) quickly reduces to zero.

A) increases.

49) If you stand on a weighing scale and suddenly the atmosphere vanishes, taking buoyancy into account, the scale reading A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same. D) quickly reduces to zero.

A) increases.

16) Marshmallows in a vacuum become A) larger. B) smaller. C) flat. D) a hollow shell. E) none of the above

A) larger.

19) Marshmallows in a vacuum become A) larger. B) smaller. C) flat. D) a hollow shell. E) none of the above

A) larger.

22) A block of Styrofoam floats on water while a lead block of the same size block lies submerged in the water. The buoyant force is greatest on the A) lead. B) Styrofoam. C) same for both

A) lead.

49) The amount of water displaced by a liter-sized block of ordinary wood floating in water is A) less than 1 liter. B) 1 liter. C) more than 1 liter. D) depends on the water density E) none of the above

A) less than 1 liter.

Place a kilogram block of iron at 40 degrees C into a kilogram of water at 20 degrees C and the final temperature of the two becomes A) less than 30 degrees C. B) at or about 30 degrees C. C) more than 30 degrees C.

A) less than 30 degrees C.

30) Pumice is a volcanic rock that floats, which means its density is A) less than the density of water. B) equal to the density of water. C) more than the density of water. D) need more information.

A) less than the density of water.

51) A person floats higher in the dense water of the Dead Sea because A) less volume of water is displaced. B) more volume of water is displaced. C) of a greater buoyant force.

A) less volume of water is displaced.

A 100-Watt lamp glows brighter than a 25-Watt lamp. The electrical resistance of the 100-Watt lamp must be A) less. B) greater. C) the same.

A) less.

If the polar icecaps melted, the resulting water would spread over the entire Earth. This new mass distribution would tend to make the length of a day A) longer. B) shorter. C) stay the same. D) shorter at first, then longer. E) longer at first, then shorter

A) longer.

A sound wave is a A) longitudinal wave. B) transverse wave. C) standing wave. D) shock wave. E) None of the above choices are correct.

A) longitudinal wave.

Glass is opaque to wave frequencies that A) match its natural frequencies. B) are below its natural frequencies. C) both of these D) none of these

A) match its natural frequencies.

A node is a position of A) minimum amplitude. B) maximum amplitude. C) half amplitude.

A) minimum amplitude.

If the specific heat of water were lower than it is, ponds in the cold of winter would be A) more likely to freeze. B) less likely to freeze. C) neither more nor less likely to freeze

A) more likely to freeze.

The cones in the retina of the eye are A) most densely packed at the center of vision. B) uniformly spread along the visual field. C) concentrated along the periphery of vision.

A) most densely packed at the center of vision.

Rub electrons from your hair with a comb and the comb becomes A) negatively charged. B) positively charged. C) discharged.

A) negatively charged.

The best time for digging clams (when the low tide is extra low) is during the time of the A) new or full moon. B) half moon. C) quarter moon. D) none of these times in particular

A) new or full moon.

The buoyant force on an object is least when the object is A) partly submerged B) submerged near the bottom C) submerged near the surface D) none of these

A) partly submerged

17) The buoyant force on an object is least when the object is A) partly submerged. B) submerged near the surface. C) submerged near the bottom. D) none of the above

A) partly submerged.

When the distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between the charges A) quadruples. B) doubles. C) halves. D) is reduced by 1/4. E) None of the above choices are correct.

A) quadruples.

62) A spinning tossed baseball veers off course in the direction of A) reduced air pressure on the ball. B) increased air pressure on the ball. C) non-crowded streamlines.

A) reduced air pressure on the ball.

In an electric circuit, the safety fuse is connected to the circuit in A) series. B) parallel. C) either series or parallel

A) series.

Assuming all the atoms exhaled by Julius Caesar in his last dying breath are still in the atmosphere, then we probably breathe one of those atoms with each A) single breath. B) day. C) month. D) ten years. E) It depends - some people still breathe a few of Caesar's atoms every day, while others wouldn't breathe one for an entire year.

A) single breath.

To multiply the input force of a hydraulic lift, the input end should be the one having the A) smaller diameter piston B) larger diameter piston C) relative piston sizes don't matter

A) smaller diameter piston

If you stake out a plot of land with a steel tape on a very hot day, the actual amount of land you will have will be A) smaller than measured. B) larger than measured. C) correct.

A) smaller than measured.

Can a sample of water possibly have the same volume after being warmed by several Celsius degrees? A) sometimes B) always C) never

A) sometimes

Newton discovered A) that gravity is universal B) gravity C) neither

A) that gravity is universal

14) When holes are drilled through the wall of a water tower, water will spurt out with the greatest speed from the hole closest to A) the bottom of the tower. B) the middle of the tower. C) the top of the tower. D) all the same

A) the bottom of the tower.

Strange as it may seem, it is just as hard to accelerate a car on a level surface on the moon as it is here on the Earth. This is because A) the mass of the car is independent of gravity. B) the weight of the car is independent of gravity. C) Nonsense! A car is much more easily accelerated on the moon than on the Earth.

A) the mass of the car is independent of gravity.

Two identical spring-loaded dart guns are simultaneously fired straight downward. One fires a regular dart; the other a weighted dart. Which dart hits the ground first (ignore air resistance)? A) the regular dart B) the weighted dart C) its a tie

A) the regular dart

Compared to a bar of pure gold, the density of a pure gold ring is A) the same B) slightly more C) less D) much more

A) the same

The fact that thermometer "takes its own temperature" illustrates A) thermal equilibrium B) energy conservation C) the difference between heat and internal energy D) the fact that molecules are constantly moving

A) thermal equilibrium

13) Consider two mercury barometers, one with twice the cross-sectional area of the other. Neglecting capillarity, compared with the wider tube, mercury in the smaller tube will rise A) to the same height. B) twice as high. C) four times as high. D) more than four times as high. E) none of the above

A) to the same height.

16) Consider two mercury barometers, one with twice the cross-sectional area of the other. Neglecting capillarity, compared with the wider tube, mercury in the smaller tube will rise A) to the same height. B) twice as high. C) four times as high. D) more than four times as high. E) none of the above

A) to the same height.

16) Consider two mercury barometers, one with twice the cross-sectional area of the other. Neglecting capillarity, compared with the wider tube, mercury in the smaller tube will rise A) to the same height. B) twice as high. C) four times as high. D) more than four times as high. E) none of the above

A) to the same height.

66) When you blow air between a pair of closely-spaced Ping-Pong balls suspended by strings, the balls will swing A) toward each other. B) away from each other. C) away from the air stream, but not necessarily toward or away from each other.

A) toward each other.

A guitar string is fixed between two endpoints. The lowest (standing wave) frequency that can be produced on this guitar string has a wavelength ________ as long as the string. A) twice B) half C) four times D) one fourth

A) twice

35) According to the principle of continuity, the velocity of a fluid multiplied by the cross section through which it flows at one point will equal the product of A) velocity and cross section at another point. B) velocity and pressure at another point. C) a constraint factor. D) none of the above

A) velocity and cross section at another point.

58) According to the principle of continuity, the velocity of a fluid multiplied by the cross section through which it flows at one point will equal the product of A) velocity and cross section at another point. B) velocity and pressure at another point. C) a constraint factor. D) none of the above

A) velocity and cross section at another point.

A completely submerged object always displaces its own A) volume of fluid B) weight of fluid C) density of fluid D) all of these E) none of these

A) volume of fluid

16) A completely submerged object always displaces its own A) volume of fluid. B) weight of fluid. C) density of fluid. D) all of the above E) none of the above

A) volume of fluid.

27) As a high-altitude balloon sinks lower into the atmosphere, it undergoes a decrease in A) volume. B) density. C) weight. D) mass. E) none of the above

A) volume.

40) As a high-altitude balloon sinks lower into the atmosphere, it undergoes a decrease in A) volume. B) density. C) weight. D) mass. E) none of the above

A) volume.

40) As a high-altitude balloon sinks lower into the atmosphere, it undergoes a decrease in A) volume. B) density. C) weight. D) mass. E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: Buoyancy of Air

A) volume.

42) As a balloon high in the atmosphere descends, it undergoes a decrease in A) volume. B) density. C) weight. D) mass. E) none of the above

A) volume.

48) An important condition for operation of the Falkirk Wheel is that A) water in each gondola have the same depth. B) ships carried are more or less equal in weight. C) no water spill when a ship enters a gondola. D) all of the above E) none of the above

A) water in each gondola have the same depth.

2) Which will remain the same for two identical books, one lying flat and the other standing on an end? A) weight B) pressure C) both of these D) neither of these

A) weight

22)The buoyant force of the atmosphere on a body is equal to the A) weight of air displaced. B) volume of air displaced. C) mass of the air displaced. D) all of the above E) none of the above

A) weight of air displaced.

34) The buoyant force of the atmosphere on a body is equal to the A) weight of air displaced. B) volume of air displaced. C) mass of the air displaced. D) all of the above E) none of the above

A) weight of air displaced.

51) A large block of wood and a smaller block of iron on weighing scales both register 1 ton. Taking buoyancy of air into account, which has the greater mass? A) wood B) iron C) both have the same mass. D) need more information

A) wood

A large block of wood and a smaller block of iron on weighing scales both register the same weight - 1 ton. Taking buoyancy of air into account, which actually has the greater mass? A) wood B) iron C) Both have the same mass. D) More information is needed.

A) wood

the most famous case of a massive hot star orbiting a more evolved but presently less massive red giant is the eclipsing binary,...

ALGOL

Compared to our Sun, a typical white dwarf has:

About the same mass and a million times higher density

Noting the main sequence turnoff mass in a star cluster allows you to determine its:

Age

Does the air exert a buoyant force on all objects in air or only on objects such as balloons that are very light for their size?

Air exerts a buoyant force on all objects. Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the air the object displaces.

An umbrella tends to move upwards on a windy day principally because

Air pressure is reduced over the curved top surface

A bag of chips puffs up on a plane due to greater _____

Air pressure than cabin air pressure

A spinning tossed baseball veers off course in the direction of the reduced ____ on the ball

Air pressure; crowded streamlines

Air exerts a buoyant forces on..

All objects

As a star's evolution approaches the Type II supernova, we find...

All of the above are correct.

The air in this room has - Energy - Mass - All of these - Weight - None of these

All of these

When you float in fresh water, the buoyant force that acts on you is equal to your weight. When you float higher in the high-density water of the Dead Sea, the buoyant force that acts on you is actually

Also equal to your weight

Pressure decreases with increasing -temperature -amounts of sunshine -speed of molecules in the air -altitude

Altitude

Plasma

An electrified gas that contains ions and free elections most of the matter in the universe is in the plasma phase

Rank the buoyant force supplied by the atmosphere on the following, from most to least: an elephant, a helium-filled party balloon, a skydiver at terminal velocity.

An elephant, a skydiver, a helium-filled party balloon

What is an ideal gas?

An ideal gas is one where the disturbing effects of forces between molecules and the finite size of molecules can be ignored.

Archimedes' principle

An object surrounded by air is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the air displaced.

87) Of the elements in your body, the only one not formed in stars is A) hydrogen. B) carbon. C) calcium. D) iron. E) aluminum.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Section Ref.: 12.4

70) A star is on the horizontal branch of the H-R diagram. Which statement is true? A) It is burning both hydrogen and helium. B) It is about to experience the helium flash. C) It is burning only helium. D) The star is contracting. E) The star is about to return to the main sequence.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.2

72) During the hydrogen shell burning phase A) the star grows more luminous. B) the star becomes less luminous. C) helium is burning in the core. D) the core is expanding. E) hydrogen is burning in the central core.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.2

76) The outward pressure in the core of a red giant balances the inward pull of gravity when A) the electron orbits are compressed so much they are all in contact. B) the electrons and protons have combined to form neutrons. C) hydrogen begins fusing into helium. D) carbon fuses into heavier elements. E) iron forms in the inner core.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.3

89) A 20-solar-mass star will stay on the main sequence for 10 million years, yet its iron core can exist for only a A) day. B) week. C) month. D) year. E) century.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.4

101) What can you conclude about a Type I supernova? A) It was originally a low-mass star. B) It was originally a high-mass star. C) Its spectrum will show large amounts of hydrogen. D) Its core was mostly iron. E) The star never reached the Chandrasekhar limit.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

97) The Chandrasekhar limit is A) the upper-mass limit for a white dwarf. B) the temperature at which hydrogen fusion starts. C) the temperature at which helium fusion starts. D) the point at which a planetary nebula forms. E) the lower-mass limit for a Type II supernova.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

111) What was most surprising about SN1987A? A) The parent star was a blue supergiant, much like Deneb or Rigel. B) The supernova was luminous enough to see with the naked eye. C) The supernova was not even in our own Galaxy. D) It did not produce the flood of neutrinos our models had led us to expect. E) Its pulsar appeared within weeks of the explosion.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Section Ref.: Disc. 12.1

73) Can a star become a red giant more than once? A) yes, before and after the helium flash B) yes, before and after the Type II supernova event C) no, the planetary nebula blows off all the outer shells completely D) no, it will lose so much mass as to cross the Chandrasekhar Limit E) no, or we would see them as the majority of naked-eye stars

Answer: A Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.2

85) Virtually all the carbon-rich dust in the plane of the galaxy originated in A) low-mass stars. B) high-mass stars. C) planetary nebulae. D) white dwarfs. E) brown dwarfs.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.3

66) A star (no matter what its mass) spends most of its life A) as a protostar. B) as a main-sequence star. C) as a planetary nebula. D) as a red giant or supergiant. E) as a T-Tauri variable star.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Section Ref.: 12.1

75) A white dwarf has the mass of the Sun and the volume of A) Jupiter. B) Earth. C) Mars. D) the Moon. E) Eros.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Section Ref.: 12.3

80) A surface explosion on a white dwarf, caused by falling matter from the atmosphere of its binary companion, creates what kind of object? A) hypernova B) nova C) gamma ray burstar D) Type I supernova E) Type II supernova

Answer: B Diff: 1 Section Ref.: 12.3

78) Compared to our Sun, a typical white dwarf has A) about the same mass and density. B) about the same mass and a million times higher density. C) a larger mass and a hundred times lower density. D) a smaller mass and half the density. E) a smaller mass and twice the density.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.3

82) When the outer envelope of a red giant escapes, the remaining carbon core is called a A) black dwarf. B) white dwarf. C) planetary nebula. D) black hole. E) brown dwarf.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.3

95) For a white dwarf to explode entirely as a Type I supernova, its mass must be A) at least 0.08 solar masses. B) 1.4 solar masses, the Chandrasekhar limit. C) 3 solar masses, the Schwartzschild limit. D) 20 solar masses, the Hubble limit. E) 100 solar masses, the most massive known stars.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

103) The brightest stars in a young open cluster will be A) Cepheid variables. B) massive blue main-sequence stars. C) red giants. D) yellow main-sequence stars like the Sun. E) T-Tauri variables.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.6

83) The initial mass of a protostar generally determines the starʹs future evolution. But in some cases, what can alter this process? A) The star may be isolated in space, far from other influences. B) The star may be in a spectroscopic binary system. C) The star may gain mass by passing through a dark cloud. D) The star may collide with another, unrelated star. E) The star may drift away from the other stars in its formation cluster.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.3

102) A recurrent nova could eventually build up to a A) planetary nebula. B) Type I supernova. C) Type II supernova. D) hypernova. E) quasar.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.5

88) An iron core cannot support a star because A) iron is the heaviest element, and sinks upon differentiation. B) iron has poor nuclear binding energy. C) iron cannot fuse with other nuclei to produce energy. D) iron supplies too much pressure. E) iron is in the form of a gas, not a solid, in the center of a star.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Section Ref.: 12.5

98) Where was supernova 1987A located? A) in the Orion Nebula, M42 B) in Sagittarius, near the Galactic Nucleus C) in our companion galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud D) in M13, one of the closest of the evolved globular clusters E) near the core of M31, the Andromeda Galaxy

Answer: C Diff: 1 Section Ref.: 12.5, Disc. 12.1

71) The helium flash converts helium nuclei into A) boron. B) beryllium. C) carbon. D) oxygen. E) iron.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.2

77) Which of these is true of planetary nebulae? A) They are expelled by the most massive stars in their final stages before supernova. B) They are rings of material around protostars that will accrete into planets in time. C) They are ejected envelopes surrounding a highly evolved low-mass star. D) They are the envelopes that form when blue stragglers merge. E) They are the material which causes the eclipses in eclipsing binary systems.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.3

100) Which of these does not depend on a close binary system to occur? A) a nova B) a Type I supernova C) a Type II supernova D) All of these need mass transfer to occur. E) None of these depend on mass transfer.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

94) If it gains sufficient mass from a binary companion, a white dwarf can become a A) brown dwarf. B) Type II supernova. C) Type I supernova. D) planetary nebula. E) black dwarf.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

105) Which is used observationally to determine the age of a star cluster? A) the total number of main-sequence stars B) the ratio of giants to supergiants C) the luminosity of the main-sequence turn-off point D) the number of white dwarfs E) the amount of dust that lies around the cluster

Answer: C Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.6

110) Which stars in globular clusters are believed to be examples of mergers? A) eclipsing binaries B) blue supergiants C) blue stragglers D) brown dwarfs E) planetary nebulae cores

Answer: C Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.6

86) You observe a low-mass helium white dwarf. What can you conclude? A) It is over 100 billion years old. B) It will soon be a Type II supernova. C) It is part of a binary star system. D) Its core is mostly carbon. E) It was once a blue supergiant.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.3

104) What is the typical age for a globular cluster associated with our Milky Way? A) a few million years B) 200 million years C) a billion years D) 10-12 billion years E) 45 billion years

Answer: D Diff: 1 Section Ref.: 12.6

67) When a starʹs inward gravity and outward pressure are balanced, the star is said to be A) in gravitational collapse. B) in thermal expansion. C) in rotational equilibrium. D) in hydrostatic equilibrium. E) a stage 2 protostar.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.1

68) What temperature is needed to fuse helium into carbon? A) 5,800 K B) 100,000 K C) 15 million K D) 100 million K E) one billion K

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.2

69) When a low mass star first runs short of hydrogen in its core, it becomes brighter because A) it explodes as a nova. B) helium fusion gives off more energy than does hydrogen. C) its outer, cooler layers are shed, and we see the brighter central core. D) the core contracts, raising the temperature and extending the hydrogen burning shell outward. E) the helium flash increases the size of the star immensely.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.2

79) A(n) ________ represents a relatively peaceful mass loss as a red giant becomes a white dwarf. A) nova B) emission nebula C) supernova remnant D) planetary nebula E) supernova

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.3

81) Which of these evolutionary paths is the fate of our Sun? A) brown dwarf B) supernova of Type II C) pulsar D) planetary nebula E) nova

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.3

91) As a 6 solar-mass star leaves the main sequence on its way to becoming a red supergiant, its luminosity A) decreases. B) first decreases, then increases. C) increases. D) remains roughly constant. E) first increases, then decreases.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.4

93) Type II supernovae occur when their cores start making A) carbon. B) oxygen. C) silicon. D) iron. E) uranium.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

99) Which of these events is not possible? A) low-mass stars swelling up to produce planetary nebulae B) red giants exploding as Type II supernovae C) close binary stars producing recurrent novae explosions D) white dwarfs and companion stars producing recurrent Type I supernova events E) a white dwarf being found in the center of a planetary nebula

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

107) The brightest stars in aging globular clusters will be A) core stars of planetary nebulae. B) massive blue main-sequence stars like Spica. C) blue stragglers. D) red supergiants like Betelgeuse and Antares. E) blue supergiants like Rigel and Deneb.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.6

74) A solar-mass star will evolve off the main sequence when A) it completely runs out of hydrogen. B) it expels a planetary nebula to cool off and release radiation. C) it explodes as a violent nova. D) it builds up a core of inert helium. E) it loses all its neutrinos, so fusion must cease.

Answer: D Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.1, 12.2

92) Which of the following best describes the evolutionary track of the most massive stars? A) diagonally to lower right, then vertical, then horizontal left B) horizontally right, diagonal to lower left, then horizontal right C) horizontal right, then a clockwise loop D) horizontal right E) vertically left, then straight down

Answer: D Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.4

112) What made supernova 1987A so useful to study? A) We saw direct evidence of nickel to iron decay in its light curve. B) Its progenitor had been observed previously. C) In the Large Magellanic Cloud, we already knew its distance. D) It occurred after new telescopes, such as Hubble, could observe it very closely. E) All of the above are correct.

Answer: E

96) The heaviest nuclei of all are formed A) in the horizontal branch. B) in dense white dwarfs. C) during nova explosions. D) in the ejection of matter in the planetary nebula. E) in the core collapse that sets the stage for Type II supernovae.

Answer: E Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.5

108) In a very young star cluster, while the most massive stars are swelling up into giants, the least massive stars are A) also evolving off the main sequence as well. B) continuing to shine as stable main-sequence stars. C) blowing off shells as planetary nebula instead. D) collapsing directly to white dwarfs. E) still on the zero-age main sequence.

Answer: E Diff: 2 Section Ref.: 12.6

84) Black dwarfs are A) very common, making up the majority of the dark matter in the universe. B) often made from very low mass protostars that never fuse hydrogen. C) rare, for collapsing cores of over three solar masses are uncommon. D) rare, for few binary systems are close enough for this merger to happen. E) not found yet; the oldest, coldest white dwarf in the Galaxy has not cooled enough yet.

Answer: E Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.3

90) As a starʹs evolution approaches the Type II supernova, we find A) the heavier the element, the less time it takes to make it. B) the heavier the element, the higher the temperature to fuse it. C) helium to carbon fusion takes at least 100 million K to start. D) photo disintegration of iron nuclei begins at 10 billion K to ignite the supernova. E) All of the above are correct.

Answer: E Diff: 3 Section Ref.: 12.4

"An immersed object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces" what principle is this?

Archimedes' Principle

What does the flight of a blimp illustrate? What is Archemedes?

Archimedes' principle; Object surrounded by air is buoyed up by force equal to the air displaced

A star (no matter what its mass) spends most of its life:

As a main-sequence star

When a steadily flowing gas flows from a larger-diameter pipe to a smaller-diameter pipe, what happens to its speed, its pressure, and the spacing between its streamlines?

As the gas flows from a larger diameter to a small diameter, the streamlines get closer together; the speed increases; the internal pressure decreases.

A swimmer cannot snorkel more than a meter deep because air

At the surface will not freely enter the higher-pressure region in the compressed lungs

Why can't a pump be deeper than 10.3?

Atmospheric pressure can't push the water any higher because Atmospheric Pressure only equals the pressure under 10.3 m of water

Why is it that an aneroid barometer is able to measure altitude as well as atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases. Think of thinning air in high mountains: decreased density of air= less Pressure

Why won't a vacuum pump operate for a well that is deeper than 10.3 m?

Atmospheric pressure equals the pressure under 10.3 m of water and so can push water no higher. *Remember water's density is 1/13.6 of mercury's,

Temperature is related mostly to the_____.

Average molecular kinetic energy in a substance

10) Approximately how much air is in a column 1-cm2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere? A) 1 gram B) 1 kg C) 10 kg D) 100 kg

B) 1 kg

8) Approximately how much air is in a column 1-cm2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere? A) 1 gram B) 1 kg C) 10 kg D) 100 kg

B) 1 kg

26) Buoyant force is greater on a submerged A) 1-kg block of lead. B) 1-kg block of aluminum. C) is the same on each

B) 1-kg block of aluminum.

7) At normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, 1 cubic meter of air has a mass of about A) 1.00 kg. B) 1.25 kg. C) 2.00 kg. D) 2.25 kg.

B) 1.25 kg.

8) At normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, 1 cubic meter of air has a mass of about A) 1.00 kg. B) 1.25 kg. C) 2.00 kg. D) 2.25 kg.

B) 1.25 kg.

11) What approximate weight of air is in a column 1-cm2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere? A) 0.01 N B) 10 N C) 100 N D) 1000 N

B) 10 N

11) What approximate weight of air is in a column 1-cm2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere? A) 0.01 N B) 10 N C) 100 N D) 1000 N

B) 10 N

9) What approximate weight of air is in a column 1-cm2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere? A) 0.01 N B) 10 N C) 100 N D) 1000 N

B) 10 N

A 10-kg brick and a 1-kg book are dropped in a vacuum. The force of gravity on the 10-kg brick is A) the same as the force on the 1-kg book. B) 10 times as much. C) one-tenth as much. D) zero.

B) 10 times as much.

What is the bouyant force acting on a 10-ton ship floating in the ocean? A) depends on density of sea water B) 10 tons C) less than 10 tons D) more than 10 tons

B) 10 tons

19) The buoyant force acting on a 10-ton ship floating in the ocean is A) less than 10 tons. B) 10 tons. C) more than 10 tons. D) depends on density of sea water

B) 10 tons.

Buoyant force is greatest on a submerged A) 10-newton block of lead. B) 10-newton block of aluminum. C) is the same on each

B) 10-newton block of aluminum.

11) About how high can water at sea level be theoretically lifted by a vacuum pump? A) less than 10.3 m B) 10.3 m C) more than 10.3 m

B) 10.3 m

13) About how high can water at sea level be theoretically lifted by a vacuum pump? A) less than 10.3 m B) 10.3 m C) more than 10.3 m

B) 10.3 m

32) The depth to which an inverted drinking glass must be pushed beneath the water surface to squeeze the enclosed air to half its volume is A) 76 cm. B) 10.3 m. C) 14.7 m. D) 20.6 m. E) 29.4 m.

B) 10.3 m.

32) The depth to which an inverted drinking glass must be pushed beneath the water surface to squeeze the enclosed air to half its volume is A) 76 cm. B) 10.3 m. C) 14.7 m. D) 20.6 m. E) 29.4 m.

B) 10.3 m.

The depth to which an inverted drinking glass must be pushed beneath the surface of water so that the volume of enclosed air is squeezed to half is A) 76 cm. B) 10.3 m. C) 14.7 m. D) 20.6 m. E) 29.4 m.

B) 10.3 m.

15) A column that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere contains a certain mass of air. If the column instead contained the same mass of water, its height would be about A) 3/4 meter. B) 10.3 meters. C) 5.6 kilometers. D) none of the above

B) 10.3 meters.

24) What is the weight of water displaced by a 100-ton floating ship? A) less than 100 tons B) 100 tons C) more than 100 tons D) 100 cubic meters E) depends on the ship's shape

B) 100 tons

22) The mass of air inside an average mid-size automobile is about A) 0.2 kg. B) 2 kg. C) 20 kg. D) 200 kg. E) 2000 kg.

B) 2 kg.

Estimate the mass of air inside an average automobile. A) 2 grams B) 2 kilograms C) 20 kilograms D) 200 kilograms E) 2000 kilograms

B) 2 kilograms

An astronaut on another planet drops a 1 kg rock from rest. The astronaut notices that the rock falls 2 meters straight down in one second. On this planet, how much does the rock weigh? A) 1 N B) 4 N C) 4.9 N D) 5 N

B) 4 N

Before ice can form on a lake, all the water in the lake must be cooled to A) zero degrees C B) 4 degrees C C) minus 32 degrees C D) none of the above are true. Ice can form at the surface regardless of the water temperature below.

B) 4 degrees C

The temperature at the bottom of Lake Tahoe, high in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, at this moment is A) below 4 degrees C. B) 4 degrees C. C) above 4 degrees C. D) uncertain.

B) 4 degrees C

An asteroid exerts a 360-N gravitational force on a nearby spacecraft. If the spacecraft moves to a position three times as far from the center of the asteroid, the force will be A) zero. B) 40 N. C) 120 N. D) 360 N. E) 1080 N

B) 40 N.

Two 5000 kg passenger cars roll without friction (one at 1 m/s, the other at 2 m/s) toward each other on a level track. They collide, couple, and roll away together with a combined momentum of A) zero. B) 5000 kg m/s. C) 10,000 kg m/s. D) 15,000 kg m/s.

B) 5000 kg m/s.

If a gram of antimatter meets a kilogram of matter, the amount of mass to survive is A) 1 gram. B) 999 grams. C) 1 kilogram. D) 1.1 kilogram.

B) 999 grams.

A temperature difference of 10 degrees Celsius is also equal to a temperature difference of 10 on the A) Fahrenheit scale. B) Kelvin scale. C) both of these D) neither of these

B) Kelvin scale.

The ratio of the energy of a photon to its frequency is A) pi. B) Planck's constant. C) the photon's speed. D) the photon's wavelength. E) not known.

B) Planck's constant.

40) Which is an example of matter in a plasma phase? A) dry ice B) a torch flame C) molten lava D) liquid hydrogen E) none of the above

B) a torch flame

71) Which is an example of matter in a plasma phase? A) dry ice B) a torch flame C) molten lava D) liquid hydrogen E) none of the above

B) a torch flame

A standing wave occurs when A) two waves overlap. B) a wave reflects upon itself. C) the speed of the wave is zero or near zero. D) the amplitude of a wave exceeds its wavelength.

B) a wave reflects upon itself.

The amount of gravitational force that acts on the space shuttle while in orbit is A) nearly zero. B) almost as much as the shuttle's weight on the Earth's surface. C) the same as the shuttle's weight on the Earth's surface.

B) almost as much as the shuttle's weight on the Earth's surface.

28) Buoyant force is greater on a submerged 10-newton block of A) lead. B) aluminum. C) same on each

B) aluminum.

24) Inside the same room, buoyant force is greater on A) a helium-filled party balloon. B) an elephant. C) both the same

B) an elephant.

37) Inside the same room, buoyant force is greater on A) a helium-filled party balloon. B) an elephant. C) both the same

B) an elephant.

37) Inside the same room, buoyant force is greater on A) a helium-filled party balloon. B) an elephant. C) both the same

B) an elephant.

Inside a freely falling elevator, there would be no A) gravitational force B) apparent weight for you C) both of these D) none of these

B) apparent weight for you

The ratio of output force to input force of a hydraulic press will be equal to the ratio of the output and input piston A) radii B) areas C) diameters D) All of these E) none of these

B) areas

The ratio of output force to input force of a hydraulic press will be equal to the ratio of the output and input piston A) diameters. B) areas. C) radii. D) all of these

B) areas.

Pour a liter of water at 40 degrees C into a liter of water at 20 degrees C and the final temperature of the two becomes A) less than 30 degrees C. B) at or about 30 degrees C. C) more than 30 degrees C.

B) at or about 30 degrees C.

20) It would be easier to pull the evacuated Magdeburg hemispheres apart if they were A) held upside down. B) at sea level. C) 20 km beneath the ocean surface. D) 20 km above the ocean surface. E) none of the above

B) at sea level.

For light, a red shift indicates that the light source is moving A) toward you. B) away from you. C) at right angles to you. D) actually, all of these E) none of these

B) away from you.

Consider a metal ring with a gap cut in it. When the ring is heated, the gap A) becomes narrower B) becomes wider C) retains its size

B) becomes wider

Which has more energy per photon? A) red light B) blue light C) Both have the same energy.

B) blue light

8) Water pressure on a submerged object is greatest against its A) top. B) bottom. C) sides. D) same against all surfaces E) none of the above

B) bottom.

23) When an object is partly or wholly immersed in a liquid, it is buoyed up A) by a force equal to its own weight. B) by a force equal to the weight of liquid displaced. C) and floats in accord with Archimedes' principle. D) all of the above E) none of the above

B) by a force equal to the weight of liquid displaced.

If two protons are removed from an oxygen nucleus, the result is A) nitrogen. B) carbon. C) helium. D) neon. E) positively charged oxygen.

B) carbon.

48) Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-kilogram iron block, the buoyant force on a nearby 1-kilogram helium-filled balloon is A) considerably less. B) considerably more. C) the same.

B) considerably more.

As a piece of metal with a hole in it cools, the diameter of the hole A) increases B) decreases C) remains the same

B) decreases

Consider a sample of ice at 0 degrees C. If the temperature is decreased, the volume of the ice A) increases B) decreases C) stays the same

B) decreases

Consider a sample of water at 0 degrees C. If the temperature is slightly increased, the volume of the water A) increases B) decreases C) remains the same

B) decreases

36) Wind blowing over the top of a hill A) increases atmospheric pressure there. B) decreases atmospheric pressure there. C) does not affect atmospheric pressure there.

B) decreases atmospheric pressure there.

60) Wind blowing over the top of a hill A) increases atmospheric pressure there. B) decreases atmospheric pressure there. C) does not affect atmospheric pressure there.

B) decreases atmospheric pressure there.

54) An empty jar is pushed open-side downward into water so that trapped air cannot escape. As it is pushed deeper, the buoyant force on the jar A) increases. B) decreases. C) increases, then decreases. D) decreases, then increases. E) remains the same.

B) decreases.

54) An empty jar is pushed open-side downward into water so that trapped air cannot escape. As it is pushed deeper, the buoyant force on the jar A) increases. B) decreases. C) increases, then decreases. D) decreases, then increases. E) remains the same.

B) decreases.

An empty jar is pushed open-side downward into water so that air trapped in it cannot get out. As it is pushed deeper, the buoyant force on the jar A) increases. B) decreases. C) increases, then decreases. D) decreases, then increases. E) remains the same.

B) decreases.

If glass expanded more than mercury, then the column of mercury in a mercury thermometer would rise when the temperature A) increases. B) decreases. C) neither of these

B) decreases.

28) As a high-altitude balloon rises higher into the atmosphere, it undergoes a decrease in A) volume. B) density. C) weight. D) mass. E) none of the above

B) density.

41) As a high-altitude balloon rises higher into the atmosphere, it undergoes a decrease in A) volume. B) density. C) weight. D) mass. E) none of the above

B) density.

17) When a gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume with no change in temperature, the gas pressure A) halves. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) remains the same.

B) doubles.

18) When a gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume, its density A) halves. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) remains the same.

B) doubles.

24) When a gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume with no change in temperature, the gas pressure A) halves. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) remains the same.

B) doubles.

25) When a gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume, its density A) halves. B) doubles. C) quadruples. D) remains the same.

B) doubles.

A popular swinging-balls apparatus consists of an aligned row of identical elastic balls that are suspended by strings so they barely touch each other. When two balls are lifted from one end and released, they strike the row and two balls pop out from the other end. If instead one ball popped out with twice the speed of the two, this would be a violation of conservation of A) momentum. B) energy. C) both of these D) none of these

B) energy.

Two equal sized buckets are filled to the top with water. One of the buckets has a piece of wood floating in it, making its total weight A) less than the weight of the other bucket. B) equal to the weight of the other bucket. C) more than the weight of the other bucket.

B) equal to the weight of the other bucket.

When water at 4 degrees C is heated it expands. When water at 4 degrees C is cooled, it A) contracts. B) expands. C) neither contracts nor expands.

B) expands.

Consider plane waves incident upon a barrier with a small opening. After passing through the opening, the waves A) continue as plane waves. B) fan out. C) converge. D) become polarized. E) all of these

B) fan out.

1) The concept of pressure involves both A) force and volume. B) force and area. C) area and volume.

B) force and area.

4) Sara lies on a bed of sharp nails without harm because A) many of the nails don't make contact with her body. B) her weight is distributed over hundreds of nails. C) she exercises mind over matter. D) none of the above

B) her weight is distributed over hundreds of nails.

Some molecules are able to absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations. Materials composed of such molecules have A) low specific heats B) high specific heats C) none of the above

B) high specific heats

To perceive greater detail a dolphin emits sounds of A) lower frequency. B) higher frequency. C) greater intensity. D) greater speed. E) none of these

B) higher frequency.

21) When a boat sails from fresh water to salt water, the boat will float A) lower in the water. B) higher in the water. C) at the same water level.

B) higher in the water.

Compared to a giant iceberg, a hot cup of coffee has A) more internal energy and higher temperature. B) higher temperature, but less internal energy. C) a greater specific heat and more internal energy. D) none of these

B) higher temperature, but less internal energy.

Which of the following normally warms up fastest when heat is applied? A) water B) iron C) glass D) wood E) all of the above choices are equally true

B) iron

A ring and a disk with the same mass, initially at rest, roll down a hill together. The one to reach the bottom first A) is the ring. B) is the disk. C) depends on the relative rotational inertias. D) Both reach the bottom at the same time

B) is the disk.

20) The volume of water displaced by a floating 20-ton boat A) is 20 cubic meters. B) is the volume of 20 tons of water. C) is the volume of the boat. D) depends on the shape of the ship's hull. E) none of the above

B) is the volume of 20 tons of water.

When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes A) smaller B) larger C) neither smaller or larger D) either smaller or larger, depending on the ring thickness

B) larger

When we enlarge a photograph of an iron ring, the image of the hole becomes A) smaller B) larger C) neither smaller or larger

B) larger

32) A car with closed windows makes a left hand turn. A helium-filled balloon in the car moves to the A) right. B) left. C) front. D) back. E) none of the above

B) left.

53) A car with closed windows makes a left hand turn. A helium-filled balloon in the car moves to the A) right. B) left. C) front. D) back. E) none of the above

B) left.

Salt water is denser than fresh water. A ship floats in both fresh water and salt water. Compared to the fresh water, the volume of water displaced in the salt water is A) more B) less C) the same D) cannot be determined

B) less

Compared to a single lamp connected to a battery, two identical lamps connected in series to the same battery will carry A) more current. B) less current. C) the same current

B) less current.

On a very hot day the pendulum on a clock swings to and fro A) more frequently. B) less frequently. C) at the same rate.

B) less frequently.

Compared to the resistance of two resistors connected in series, the same two resistors connected in parallel have A) more resistance. B) less resistance. C) the same resistance

B) less resistance.

34) A lobster crawls onto a bathroom scale on the ocean floor. Its weight compared to its weight above the surface is A) greater. B) less. C) the same.

B) less.

Compared to its average speed in air, the average speed of a beam of light in glass is A) more. B) less. C) the same.

B) less.

Microscopic slush in water tends to make the water density A) greater. B) less. C) no change

B) less.

The sun is more likely to appear red at sunset than in the middle of the day as a result of the A) scattering of lower frequencies by larger particles in the air. B) longer path of air through which sunlight travels. C) lower frequencies of light emitted late in the day by the sun. D) pollutants emitted by humans in daylight hours. E) absorption effects of the smaller particles in the air.

B) longer path of air through which sunlight travels.

A substance that heats up relatively quickly has a A) high specific heat B) low specific heat C) high conductivity D) low conductivity

B) low specific heat

43) Compared to an empty ship, the same ship loaded with Styrofoam will float A) higher in the water. B) lower in the water. C) at the same level in the water.

B) lower in the water.

Alcohol is less dense than water. If alcohol is used to make a barometer on a day when atmospheric pressure is normal, the height of the alcohol column would be A) less than 10.3 m. B) more than 10.3 m. C) 10.3 m.

B) more than 10.3 m.

A car with closed windows makes a left hand turn. A helium-filled balloon in the car will A) move to the right. B) move to the left. C) move to the front. D) move to the back. E) not move.

B) move to the left.

If each dimension of a steel bridge is scaled up ten times, its strength will be multiplied by about A) ten and its weight by ten also. B) one hundred, but its weight by one thousand. C) one thousand, and its weight by one hundred. D) none of these

B) one hundred, but its weight by one thousand.

23) The buoyant force on a one-ton blimp hovering in air is A) zero. B) one ton. C) less than one ton. D) more than one ton.

B) one ton.

36) The buoyant force on a one-ton blimp hovering in air is A) zero. B) one ton. C) less than one ton. D) more than one ton.

B) one ton.

Electromagnetic waves consist of A) compressions and rarefactions of electromagnetic pulses. B) oscillating electric and magnetic fields. C) particles of light energy. D) high-frequency gravitational waves.

B) oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

9) When a suction cup sticks to a wall it is A) pulled to the wall by the vacuum. B) pushed to the wall by the atmosphere. C) both of these D) neither of these

B) pushed to the wall by the atmosphere.

45) If you float a piece of wood in a container brim-full of water that rests on a weighing scale, some water will spill. Then the weight reading on the scale will A) decrease. B) remain unchanged. C) increase.

B) remain unchanged.

A main difference between gravitational and electric forces is that electrical forces A) attract. B) repel or attract. C) obey the inverse-square law. D) act over shorter distances. E) are weaker.

B) repel or attract.

When you tune a radio to a certain station, you match the frequency of the internal electrical circuit to the frequency of the wanted radio station. In so doing you are employing the principle of A) forced vibrations. B) resonance. C) beats. D) reverberation. E) wave interference.

B) resonance.

The sky is blue because air molecules in the sky act as tiny A) mirrors which reflect only blue light. B) resonators which scatter blue light. C) sources of white light. D) prisms. E) none of these

B) resonators which scatter blue light.

A torque acting on an object tends to produce: A) equilibrium. B) rotation. C) linear motion. D) velocity. E) a center of gravity

B) rotation.

41) Two life preservers have identical volumes, one filled with Styrofoam and the other filled with sand. When the two life preservers are worn by swimmers, one swimmer floats with part of the preserver above water, and the other swimmer sinks. In this case the buoyant force is greater on the life preserver filled with A) Styrofoam. B) sand. C) same for both

B) sand.

A child swings to and fro on a playground swing. If the child stands rather than sits, the time for a to-and-fro swing is A) lengthened. B) shortened. C) unchanged.

B) shortened.

Which interacts more with light of relatively high frequencies? A) large particles B) small particles C) both the same

B) small particles

Heat energy travels from an object with a high A) internal energy to an object with a lower internal energy B) temperature to an object with a lower temperature C) Both of these, for they say essentially the say the same thing D) None of the above choices are true

B) temperature to an object with a lower temperature

On some days, air nearest the ground is colder than air that is higher up. On one of these days, sound waves A) tend to be refracted upward. B) tend to be refracted downward. C) travel without refraction

B) tend to be refracted downward.

A hydraulic press multiplies a force by 100. This multiplication is done at the expense of A) energy, which is divided by 100. B) the distance through which the force acts. C) the time through which the force acts, which is multiplied by 100. D) the mechanism providing the force. E) none of these

B) the distance through which the force acts.

Two protons attract each other gravitationally and repel each other electrically. By far the greater force is A) the gravitational attraction. B) the electrical repulsion. C) neither - the forces are the same.

B) the electrical repulsion.

3) When you stand with only one of your feet on a weighing scale, the scale reading is A) half. B) the same as with both feet. C) doubled. D) none of the above

B) the same as with both feet.

21) If one of the pair of Magdeburg hemispheres were fastened to a strong tree, the force needed by a single party to pull them apart would be A) half as much. B) the same. C) twice as much. D) none of the above

B) the same.

21) If one of the pair of Magdeburg hemispheres were fastened to a strong tree, the force needed by a single party to pull them apart would be A) half as much. B) the same. C) twice as much. D) none of the above

B) the same.

Compared to the mass of a certain object on Earth, the mass of the same object on the moon is A) one sixth as much. B) the same. C) six times as much. D) zero

B) the same.

When ice floats in water, a small part of it extends above the surface. Interestingly enough, the volume of ice that extends above the surface is equal to the volume of the A) water the ice displaces. B) vast number of open spaces in the hexagonal ice crystals. C) both of these D) neither of these

B) vast number of open spaces in the hexagonal ice crystals.

During a very cold winter, water pipes sometimes burst. The reason for this is A) the ground contracts when colder, pulling pipes apart. B) water expands when freezing. C) water contracts when freezing. D) the thawing process releases pressure on the pipes. E) none of these

B) water expands when freezing.

9) A dam is thicker at the bottom than at the top mainly because A) water is denser at deeper levels. B) water pressure increases with depth. C) surface tension exists only on the surface of liquids. D) it looks better. E) none of the above

B) water pressure increases with depth.

5) Atmospheric pressure is caused by the A) density of the atmosphere. B) weight of the atmosphere. C) temperature of the atmosphere. D) solar energy on the atmosphere.

B) weight of the atmosphere.

6) Atmospheric pressure is caused by the A) density of the atmosphere. B) weight of the atmosphere. C) temperature of the atmosphere. D) solar energy on the atmosphere.

B) weight of the atmosphere.

If a weighted air-filled balloon sinks in deep water, it will

Be acted on by a continually decreasing buoyant force

water speeds up when it flows through the narrow or shallow part.

Because the flow is continuous

"When the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure drops." what principle is this?

Bernoulli's Principle

Airplane flight best illustrates

Bernoulli's principle

The tarp covering on a trailer or truck puffs upward for fast-moving vehicles, which illustrates

Bernoulli's principle

Bernoulli's Principle

Bernoulli's principle in its simplest form states that when the speed of a fluid increases, pressure in the fluid decreases.

Airplane flight best illustrates...

Bernoulli's principle.

Airplane flight best illustrates which principle?

Bernoulli's. Higher pressure below pushes the wing into a region of lower pressure above. The air flows faster over the top surface and is enhanced by the curvature of the wing

As a helium-filled balloon rises in the air, it becomes

Bigger

which star in globular clusters are believed to be examples of mergers

Blue stragglers

Which has the greater density, a lake full of water or a cup full of lake water?

Both have the same density

Water pressure is greatest against the

Bottom of a submerged object

Boyle's Law

Boyle's law states that the product of pressure and volume for a given mass of gas is a constant as long as the temperature does not change. P1V1 = P2V2 P1 and V1 represent the original pressure and volume P2 and V2 represent the second, or final, pressure and volume

An object in a vacuum has no... temperature. weight. buoyant force. mass. all of the above

Buoyant force

In a vacuum, an object has no

Buoyant force

A balloon that weighs 1 N is suspended in air, drifting neither up nor down. (a) How much buoyant force acts on it? (b) What happens if the buoyant force decreases? (c) If the buoyant force increases?

Buoyant force is 1 N up decreasing buoyant force: falls increases buoyant force: rises

Consider the fictional case of the incredible shrinking man. If he shrinks proportionately to 1/10 his original height, his weight will be multiplied by A) 0.1. B) 0.01. C) 0.001. D) 0.0001. E) none of these

C) 0.001.

10)The weight of air in a column 1-m2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere is A) 101 N. B) 10,100 N. C) 101,000 N. D) 101,000,000 N.

C) 101,000 N.

12) The weight of air in a column 1-m2 in cross section that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere is A) 101 N. B) 10,100 N. C) 101,000 N. D) 101,000,000 N.

C) 101,000 N.

The weight of a 1-square-meter column of air that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere is A) 101 N. B) 10,100 N. C) 101,000 N. D) 101,000,000 N.

C) 101,000 N.

29) A scale from which a rock is suspended reads 5 N when the rock is out of water and 3 N when the rock is submerged. The density of the rock is A) the density of water. B) 1.5 times the density of water. C) 2.5 times the density of water. D) 3.5 times the density of water. E) none of the above

C) 2.5 times the density of water.

Room temperature on the Kelvin scale is about A) 100 K B) 200 K C) 300 K D) 400 K E) more than 400 K

C) 300 K

56) Airplane flight best illustrates A) Archimedes' principle. B) Pascal's principle. C) Bernoulli's principle. D) Boyle's law.

C) Bernoulli's principle.

56) Airplane flight best illustrates A) Archimedes' principle. B) Pascal's principle. C) Bernoulli's principle. D) Boyle's law.

C) Bernoulli's principle.

Airplane flight best illustrates A) Archimedes' principle. B) Pascal's principle. C) Bernoulli's principle. D) Boyle's law.

C) Bernoulli's principle.

A bullet and a proton have the same momentum. Which has the longer wavelength? A) the bullet B) the proton C) Both have the same wavelength.

C) Both have the same wavelength.

Magnetism is due to the motion of electrons as they A) move around the nucleus. B) spin on their axes. C) Choices A and B are both correct. D) None of the above choices are correct.

C) Choices A and B are both correct.

Heat energy is measured in units of A) joules. B) calories. C) Choices A and B are both true. D) Choices A and B are both false.

C) Choices A and B are both true

2) Atmospheric molecules do not fly off into outer space due to A) their chaotic speeds. B) their relatively low densities. C) Earth gravitation. D) cohesive forces.

C) Earth gravitation.

The planet Jupiter is about 300 times as massive as Earth, yet on its surface you would weigh only about 3 times as much. This is because A) your mass is 100 times less on Jupiter. B) Jupiter is significantly farther from the sun. C) Jupiter's radius is 10 times the Earth's radius. D) you are 100 times more weightless there. E) none of these

C) Jupiter's radius is 10 times the Earth's radius.

46) The fact that the weight of a brim-full container of water is unchanged whether or not something floats in it is nicely employed in A) hydraulic devices. B) all floating devices. C) Scotland's Falkirk Wheel. D) none of the above

C) Scotland's Falkirk Wheel.

76) Which of the following bodies is comprised mostly of plasma? A) Earth B) Moon C) Sun D) all of the above E) none of the above

C) Sun

Which of these electromagnetic waves has the shortest wavelength? A) radio waves B) infrared waves C) X-rays D) ultraviolet waves E) light waves

C) X-rays

67) An umbrella tends to move upwards on a windy day principally because A) trapped air under the umbrella, warms, and rises. B) buoyancy increases with increasing wind speed. C) air pressure is reduced over the curved top surface. D) all of the above

C) air pressure is reduced over the curved top surface.

The function of polarizing filters in viewing 3-D slides or movies is to provide each eye A) the ability to see parallax. B) a balanced intensity. C) an independent left or right-hand view. D) a stereoscopic view. E) with light polarized at right angles to each other.

C) an independent left or right-hand view.

6) In drinking soda or water through a straw, we make use of A) capillary action. B) surface tension. C) atmospheric pressure. D) Bernoulli's principle. E) none of the above

C) atmospheric pressure.

7) In drinking soda or water through a straw, we make use of A) capillary action. B) surface tension. C) atmospheric pressure. D) Bernoulli's principle. E) none of the above

C) atmospheric pressure.

28) A bubble of air released from the bottom of a lake A) rises to the top at constant volume. B) becomes smaller as it rises. C) becomes larger as it rises. D) alternately expands and contracts as it rises. E) none of the above

C) becomes larger as it rises.

10) The pressure in a liquid depends on liquid A) density. B) depth. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

25) A buoyant force acts on A) gas-filled balloons. B) you and your classmates. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

31) A fish normally displaces its own A) volume of water. B) weight of water. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

34) The principle of continuity states that for fluid flow to be continuous it must A) speed up in narrow regions of flow. B) slow down in wide regions of flow. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

36) An egg rests at the bottom of a bowl filled with water. When salt is slowly added to the water the egg rises and floats, from which we conclude A) salt water is denser than fresh water. B) salt water is denser than an egg. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

38) A buoyant force acts on A) gas-filled balloons. B) you and your classmates. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

57) The principle of continuity states that for fluid flow to be continuous it must A) speed up in narrow regions of flow. B) slow down in wide regions of flow. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

If the sun were twice as massive A) its pull on the earth would double B) the pull of the earth on the sun would double C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

Interference colors in a soap bubble give evidence that the soap film A) has two reflecting surfaces. B) is thin. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

The pressure in a liquid depends on liquid A) density B) depth C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these

38) A buoyant force acts on A) gas-filled balloons. B) you and your classmates. C) both of these D) neither of these

C) both of these gas-filled balloons. you and your classmates.

If a light signal and a radio signal were emitted simultaneously from Alpha Centauri, the first to reach Earth would be the A) radio signal. B) light signal. C) both would reach Earth at the same time.

C) both would reach Earth at the same time.

At a concert the oboe is playing a long steady note as you walk away from the stage at an accelerating velocity toward the rest room. The pitch of the sound that you hear is A) steady but higher than normal. B) steady but lower than normal. C) continually decreasing. D) continually increasing. E) None of the above choices are correct.

C) continually decreasing.

When a bimetallic bar made of copper and iron strips is heated, the bar bends toward the iron strip. The reason for this is A) iron gets hotter before copper. B) copper gets hotter before iron. C) copper expands more than iron. D) iron expands more than copper

C) copper expands more than iron.

33) As a fluid gains speed, its internal pressure A) increases. B) remains unchanged. C) decreases.

C) decreases.

55) As a fluid gains speed, its internal pressure A) increases. B) remains unchanged. C) decreases.

C) decreases.

64) The Bernoulli effect causes passing ships to be drawn together when the ships are close and moving in A) the same direction. B) opposite directions. C) either of these

C) either of these

A balloon will stick to a wooden wall if the balloon is charged A) negatively. B) positively. C) either positively or negatively. D) None of the above choices are correct.

C) either positively or negatively.

39) The main difference between gases and plasmas has to do with A) the kinds of elements involved. B) interatomic spacing. C) electrical conduction. D) fluid pressure. E) the proportion of matter to antimatter in the universe.

C) electrical conduction.

70) The main difference between gases and plasmas has to do with A) the kinds of elements involved. B) interatomic spacing. C) electrical conduction. D) fluid pressure. E) the proportion of matter to antimatter in the universe.

C) electrical conduction.

50) When you float in fresh water, the buoyant force that acts on you is equal to your weight. When you float higher in the denser water of the Dead Sea, the buoyant force that acts on you is A) greater than your weight. B) less than your weight. C) equal to your weight.

C) equal to your weight.

7) While standing, your blood pressure is normally greatest in your A) head. B) heart. C) feet. D) same in each

C) feet.

If the sun were to disappear right now, we wouldn't know about it for 8 minutes because it takes 8 minutes A) for the sun to disappear. B) to operate receiving equipment in the dark. C) for light to travel from the sun to the Earth. D) all of these E) none of these

C) for light to travel from the sun to the Earth.

Between 0 degrees C and 8 degrees C a red-dyed-water-in-glass thermometer would A) be especially suitable B) always be wrong C) give ambiguous readings D) explode E) implode

C) give ambiguous readings

42) A mountain that floats on the mantle indicates that the density of the mantle is A) less than that of the mountain. B) about the same as that of the mountain. C) greater than that of the mountain. D) none of the above

C) greater than that of the mountain.

26)Compared with air pressure on the outside, air pressure inside an inflated stretched balloon is A) less. B) equal. C) greater. D) need more information

C) greater.

39) Compared with air pressure on the outside, air pressure inside an inflated stretched balloon is A) less. B) equal. C) greater. D) need more information

C) greater.

39) Compared with air pressure on the outside, air pressure inside an inflated stretched balloon is A) less. B) equal. C) greater. D) need more information

C) greater.

The moderate temperatures of islands throughout the world has much to do with water's A) poor conductivity. B) vast supply of internal energy. C) high specific heat. D) high evaporation rate. E) absorption of solar energy.

C) high specific heat.

In which one of these media does sound travel the fastest? A) water vapor B) water C) ice D) steam E) Sound travels the same speed in each of the above media.

C) ice

Which of the following contracts most when temperature is increased? Equal volumes of A) iron B) wood C) ice water D) helium E) none of these contract when heated

C) ice water

44) If you float a piece of wood in a container half-full of water that rests on a weighing scale, the weight reading on the scale will A) decrease. B) remain unchanged. C) increase.

C) increase.

Heat a copper wire and its electric resistance A) decreases. B) remains unchanged. C) increases.

C) increases.

The phenomenon of beats results from sound A) refraction. B) reflection. C) interference. D) all of these E) none of these

C) interference.

Buoyant force is greatest on a submerged A) 1-kg block of aluminum B) 1-kg block of lead C) is the same on each

C) is the same on each

38) A plasma differs from a gas in that A) its molecules are farther apart. B) it is hotter than a gas. C) it is electrically conducting. D) its atoms are boosted to higher atomic numbers. E) all of the above

C) it is electrically conducting.

69) A plasma differs from a gas in that A) its molecules are farther apart. B) it is hotter than a gas. C) it is electrically conducting. D) its atoms are boosted to higher atomic numbers. E) all of the above

C) it is electrically conducting.

Compared to the volume of a kilogram of feathers, the volume of a kilogram of lead is A) more B) the same C) less

C) less

What is the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave that has a frequency of 1 hertz? A) less than 1 m B) 1 m C) more than 1 m

C) more than 1 m

15) Alcohol is less dense than water. If alcohol is used to make a barometer at normal atmospheric pressure, the height of the alcohol column would be A) less than 10.3 m. B) 10.3 m. C) more than 10.3 m.

C) more than 10.3 m.

18) Alcohol is less dense than water. If alcohol is used to make a barometer at normal atmospheric pressure, the height of the alcohol column would be A) less than 10.3 m. B) 10.3 m. C) more than 10.3 m.

C) more than 10.3 m.

18) Alcohol is less dense than water. If alcohol is used to make a barometer at normal atmospheric pressure, the height of the alcohol column would be A) less than 10.3 m. B) 10.3 m. C) more than 10.3 m.

C) more than 10.3 m.

38) A 5-N block of wood is difficult to fully submerge in a pool of mercury because the buoyant force on the block when submerged is A) less than 5 N. B) 5 N. C) much more than 5 N.

C) much more than 5 N.

If a strong wind from the west breaks a window in the north wall of a house, most of the glass will fall A) upward. B) inside the house. C) outside the house.

C) outside the house.

42) When a common fluorescent lamp is lit, the mercury vapor inside is actually in a A) gaseous phase. B) liquid phase. C) plasma phase. D) solid phase. E) none of the above

C) plasma phase.

73) When a common fluorescent lamp is lit, the mercury vapor inside is actually in a A) gaseous phase. B) liquid phase. C) plasma phase. D) solid phase. E) none of the above

C) plasma phase.

13) Buoyant force acts upward on a submerged object because A) it acts in a direction to oppose gravity. B) the weight of fluid displaced reacts with an upward force. C) pressure against its bottom is greater than pressure against its top. D) none of the above

C) pressure against its bottom is greater than pressure against its top.

59) When water is turned on in a shower, the shower curtain moves towards the water spray. This partly involves A) capillary action. B) surface tension. C) pressure changes in moving fluids. D) none of the above

C) pressure changes in moving fluids.

47) A key feature of the Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is that opposite gondolas have the same weight when both are brim-full of water A) and boats in each have about equal weights. B) and at least one boat is in each gondola. C) regardless of the weights of boats or no boats in each. D) none of the above

C) regardless of the weights of boats or no boats in each.

31) Assuming no change in temperature, as a freely expanding helium-filled balloon rises in the atmosphere, the buoyant force acting on it A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains nearly the same.

C) remains nearly the same.

50) Assuming no change in temperature, as a freely expanding helium-filled balloon rises in the atmosphere, the buoyant force acting on it A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains nearly the same.

C) remains nearly the same.

50) Assuming no change in temperature, as a freely expanding helium-filled balloon rises in the atmosphere, the buoyant force acting on it A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains nearly the same.

C) remains nearly the same.

Suppose you are at the center of a large freely-rotating horizontal turntable in a carnival funhouse. As you crawl toward the edge, the angular momentum of you and the turntable A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same, but the RPMs decrease D) decreases in direct proportion to your decrease in RPMs

C) remains the same, but the RPMs decrease

27) Buoyant force is greater on a submerged 1-cubic centimeter block of A) lead. B) aluminum. C) same on each

C) same on each

40) Two life preservers have identical volumes, but one is filled with Styrofoam while the other is filled with sand. When the two life preservers are fully submerged, the buoyant force is greater on the one filled with A) Styrofoam. B) sand. C) same on each as long as their volumes are the same

C) same on each as long as their volumes are the same

In the periphery of our vision, we are A) more sensitive to low frequencies than high ones. B) insensitive to color and movement. C) sensitive to movement, but cannot see color. D) sensitive to both movement and color. E) none of these

C) sensitive to movement, but cannot see color.

A black hole is A) an empty region of space with a huge gravitational field. B) a small region that contains the mass of many galaxies. C) simply the remains of a giant star that has undergone gravitational collapse

C) simply the remains of a giant star that has undergone gravitational collapse

46) A helium-filled balloon released in the atmosphere will rise until A) the pressure inside the balloon equals atmospheric pressure. B) atmospheric pressure on the bottom and top of the balloon are equal. C) the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities. D) all of the above E) none of the above

C) the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities

30) A helium-filled balloon released in the atmosphere will rise until A) the pressure inside the balloon equals atmospheric pressure. B) atmospheric pressure on the bottom and top of the balloon are equal. C) the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities. D) all of the above E) none of the above

C) the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities.

46) A helium-filled balloon released in the atmosphere will rise until A) the pressure inside the balloon equals atmospheric pressure. B) atmospheric pressure on the bottom and top of the balloon are equal. C) the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities. D) all of the above E) none of the above

C) the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities.

The white hot sparks that strike your skin from a 4th of July type sparkler don't harm you because A) they have a low temperature B) the energy per molecule is very low C) the energy per molecule is high, but little energy is transferred because of the few molecules in the spark

C) the energy per molecule is high, but little energy is transferred because of the few molecules in the spark

15) There is a legend of a Dutch boy who bravely held back the Atlantic Ocean by plugging a leak near the top of a dike with his finger until help arrived. Which is the more likely scenario? A) the huge size of the Atlantic Ocean makes this impossible B) although the force on his finger would have been huge, the pressure would have been small enough for this to occur C) the force on his finger would have been less than 1 N D) both force and pressure on his finger would have been great, but not too great for a public-spirited Dutch lad E) none of the above

C) the force on his finger would have been less than 1 N

A 50-cm3 block of wood is floating on water, and a 50-cm3 chunk of iron is totally submerged in the water. Which one has the greater buoyant force on it? A) both have the same B) the wood C) the iron D) it cannot be determined without knowing their densities

C) the iron

Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-liter solid iron block is A) considerably less. B) considerably more. C) the same

C) the same

A carnival has a Ferris wheel 1 where the seats are located halfway between the center and outside rim. Compared to another identical Ferris wheel 2 but with seats on the outside rim, your angular speed while riding on this Ferris wheel 1 would be A) less and your tangential speed more. B) more and your tangential speed less. C) the same and your tangential speed less.

C) the same and your tangential speed less.

32) Compared to the density of water, the density of a fish is A) more. B) less. C) the same.

C) the same.

47) Compared with the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-liter solid iron block is A) considerably less. B) considerably more. C) the same.

C) the same.

47) Compared with the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-liter solid iron block is A) considerably less. B) considerably more. C) the same.

C) the same.

Compared to the buoyant force that acts on you when you float in fresh water, the buoyant force that acts on you when you float in the dense water of the Dead Sea is A) less, because less of your volume is displaced. B) more, because of the greater density of fluid displaced. C) the same.

C) the same.

5) A hospital patient confined to bed will be less likely to develop bed sores with a A) firm mattress. B) soft mattress. C) water bed. D) none of these will help.

C) water bed.

14)Two vertical tubes of equal cross-sectional areas are filled with liquids to heights producing atmospheric pressure at their bottoms. One liquid is water and the other is mercury. Both liquids have equal A) volumes. B) densities. C) weights. D) viscosity. E) none of the above

C) weights.

17) Two vertical tubes of equal cross-sectional areas are filled with liquids to heights producing atmospheric pressure at their bottoms. One liquid is water and the other is mercury. Both liquids have equal A) volumes. B) densities. C) weights. D) viscosity. E) none of the above

C) weights.

17) Two vertical tubes of equal cross-sectional areas are filled with liquids to heights producing atmospheric pressure at their bottoms. One liquid is water and the other is mercury. Both liquids have equal A) volumes. B) densities. C) weights. D) viscosity. E) none of the above

C) weights.

Which unit represents the most energy?

Calorie

If two protons are removed from an oxygen necleus, the result is

Carbon

The helium flash converts helium nuclei into:

Carbon

If two protons and two neutrons are removed from the nucleus of an oxygen atom, a nucleus of which element remains

Carbon-12

Which temperature scales have equal sized degrees?

Celcius and Kelvin

Which temperature scale labels the freezing point of water at 0 degrees?

Celsius

Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-kg helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a near by 1-kg solid iron block is

Considerably less

12) The mass of a cubic meter of water is A) 1 kg. B) 10 kg. C) 100 kg. D) 1000 kg. E) 9800 N.

D) 1000 kg.

A rock suspended by a string weighs 15 N out of water and 13 N when submerged. What is the buoyant force on the rock? A) 18 N B) 15 N C) 13 N D) 2 N E) none of these

D) 2 N

20) It would be easier to pull the evacuated Magdeburg hemispheres apart if they were A) held upside down. B) at sea level. C) 20 km beneath the ocean surface. D) 20 km above the ocean surface. E) none of the above

D) 20 km above the ocean surface.

A vehicle that weighs 4000 N on the surface of the Earth is travelling in outer space at a speed of 200 m/s. The smallest constant force that must be applied to stop it in 20 seconds is A) 20 N. B) 40 N. C) 400 N. D) 4000 N. E) more than 4000 N.

D) 4000 N.

61) The tarp covering on a trailer or truck puffs upward for fast-moving vehicles, which illustrates A) Pascal's principle. B) Archimedes' principle. C) the principle of continuity. D) Bernoulli's principle.

D) Bernoulli's principle.

We are best at hearing A) infrasonic sound. B) ultrasonic sound. C) both infrasonic and ultrasonic sounds. D) None of the above choices are true.

D) None of the above choices are true.

23) The weight of air in a bathtub (about 1/3 cubic meter) is about the same as the weight of A) a pea. B) an egg. C) a small apple. D) a pound of butter. E) a 10-pound sack of potatoes.

D) a pound of butter.

21) Archimedes' principle applies to A) liquids. B) gases. C) fluids. D) all of the above

D) all of the above

3) Compared to the ocean, Earth's atmosphere is different in that A) its density varies with depth. B) it has a less-distinct surface. C) molecules are more greatly spaced. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

3) Compared to the ocean, Earth's atmosphere is different in that A) its density varies with depth. B) it has a less-distinct surface. C) molecules are more greatly spaced. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

33) Archimedes' principle applies to A) liquids. B) gases. C) fluids. D) all of the above

D) all of the above

4) The air in your classroom has A) mass. B) weight. C) energy. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

5) The air in your classroom has A) mass. B) weight. C) energy. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

33) Archimedes' principle applies to A) liquids. B) gases. C) fluids. D) all of the above

D) all of the above liquids. gases. fluids

The air in this room has A) mass. B) weight. C) energy. D) all of these E) none of these

D) all of these

74) Glowing plasma is evident in the light from A) a fluorescent lamp. B) the aurora borealis (northern lights). C) some TV screens. D) all the above E) none of the above

D) all the above

The field surrounding every moving electron is A) always magnetic but never electric. B) always electric but never magnetic. C) sometimes magnetic and sometimes electric. D) always both electric and magnetic. E) none of the above

D) always both electric and magnetic.

A positron orbiting an antiproton would make up an atom of A) positronium. B) unobtainium. C) anti-helium. D) anti-hydrogen. E) none of these

D) anti-hydrogen.

31) A swimmer cannot snorkel more than a meter deep because air A) in the lungs cannot easily be expelled. B) tends to liquefy in the snorkel tube. C) is buoyed up leaving the swimmer breathless. D) at the surface will not freely enter the higher-pressure region in the compressed lungs. E) all of the above

D) at the surface will not freely enter the higher-pressure region in the compressed lungs.

If the volume of an object were to double while its mass stays the same, its density would A) double B) stay the same C) become 4 times as great D) halve

D) halve

Which of the following contracts most when the temperature is decreased? Equal volumes of A) iron B) wood C) water D) helium E) all contract the same

D) helium

Which of the following expands most when the temperature is increased? Equal volumes of A) iron. B) wood. C) ice water. D) helium. E) All expand the same.

D) helium.

37) Ice cubes submerged at the bottom of a liquid indicate that the liquid A) produces insufficient buoyant force on the ice. B) is warmer than the ice. C) is only partly displaced by the submerged ice. D) is less dense than ice.

D) is less dense than ice.

Ice has a lower density than water because ice A) sinks. B) molecules are more compact in the solid state. C) molecules vibrate at lower rates than water molecules. D) is made of open-structured, hexagonal crystals. E) density decreases with decreasing temperature.

D) is made of open-structured, hexagonal crystals.

According to the uncertainty principle, the more we know about a particle's momentum, the less we know about its A) kinetic energy. B) mass. C) speed. D) location. E) none of these

D) location.

The source of all magnetism is A) tiny pieces of iron. B) tiny domains of aligned atoms. C) ferromagnetic materials. D) moving electric charge. E) none of these

D) moving electric charge.

44) A common 5-liter metal can will float in air if it is A) evacuated of air. B) filled with a very large amount of helium. C) thrown high enough. D) no way, unless the displaced air weighs more than the can and its contents!

D) no way, unless the displaced air weighs more than the can and its contents!

18) The least buoyant force on a rock is when it is submerged A) near the surface. B) halfway to the bottom. C) near the bottom. D) none of the above

D) none of the above

37) Most of the matter in the universe is in the A) solid phase. B) liquid phase. C) gaseous phase. D) plasma phase. E) none of the above

D) plasma phase.

41) Most of the matter in our galaxy is in the A) solid phase. B) liquid phase. C) gaseous phase. D) plasma phase. E) none of the above

D) plasma phase.

72) Most of the matter in our galaxy is in the A) solid phase. B) liquid phase. C) gaseous phase. D) plasma phase. E) none of the above

D) plasma phase.

A) solid phase. B) liquid phase. C) gaseous phase. D) plasma phase. E) none of the above

D) plasma phase.

Which of the following is a property of light waves, but not of sound waves? A) frequency B) wavelength C) amplitude D) polarization E) none of these

D) polarization

The great Italian tenor Enrico Caruso is said to have made a crystal chandelier shatter with his voice. This is a demonstration of A) an echo. B) sound refraction. C) sound beats. D) resonance. E) interference

D) resonance.

11) The pressure at the bottom of a jug filled with water does NOT depend on A) the acceleration due to gravity. B) water density. C) the height of the liquid. D) surface area of the water. E) none of the above

D) surface area of the water.

1) The energy source responsible for molecular motions in Earth's atmosphere is A) their own natural kinetic energy. B) pressure caused by the weight of air. C) atmospheric tides. D) the Sun.

D) the Sun.

A feather and a coin will have equal accelerations when falling in a vacuum because A) their velocities are the same. B) the force of gravity is the same for each in a vacuum. C) the force of gravity does not act in a vacuum. D) the ratio of each object's weight to its mass is the same. E) none of these

D) the ratio of each object's weight to its mass is the same.

Which of the following expands when the temperature is lowered? Equal volumes of A) iron. B) wood. C) helium. D) water at 4 degrees C. E) None expands when the temperature is lowered.

D) water at 4 degrees C.

A dam is thicker at the bottom than at the top partly because A) water is denser at deeper levels B) surface tension exists only on the surface of liquids C) it looks better D) water pressure is greater with increasing depth E) none of these

D) water pressure is greater with increasing depth

35) The density of a submerged submarine at rest is about the same as the density of A) a crab. B) iron. C) a floating submarine. D) water. E) none of the above

D) water.

According to Newton, doubling the distance between two interacting objects

DIVIDES by 4 the gravitational force between them

A 20-solar-mass star will stay on the main sequence for 10 million years, yet its core can only exist for only a:

Day

An empty jar is pushed open side downward into water so that air trapped in it cannot get out. As it is pushed deeper, the buoyant force on the jar

Decreases

Wind blowing over the top of a hill

Decreases atmospheric pressure there

The higher a balloon rises, it decreases in... The lower a balloon sinks, it decreases in... density. weight. mass. volume.

Density Volume

Two Properties of Air

Density and Pressure

If a loaf of bread is compressed, its

Density increases

If the mass of an object were to double while its volume remains the same, its density would

Double

When gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume and the temperature remains the same, the gas pressure

Doubles

When gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume, its density

Doubles

A vehicle that weights 400 N on the surface of the Earth is traveling in outer space at a speed of 400 m/s . It can be stopped by applying a constant force of 20 N for A) 2 seconds. B) 4 seconds. C) 80 seconds. D) 400 seconds. E) 800 seconds

E) 800 seconds

If one neutron is added to a helium nucleus, the result is A) hydrogen. B) boron. C) lithium. D) beryllium. E) helium.

E) helium.

3) About what percentage of molecules in the air make up the atmosphere below a 6-kilometer altitude? A) 20% B) 30% C) 40% D) 50% E) more than 50%

E) more than 50%

4) About what percentage of molecules in the air make up the atmosphere below a 6-kilometer altitude? A) 20% B) 30% C) 40% D) 50% E) more than 50%

E) more than 50%

43) As a balloon rises higher and higher into the atmosphere its A) volume decreases. B) density increases. C) weight increases. D) mass decreases. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

A conductor differs from an insulator in that a conductor A) has more electrons than protons. B) has more protons than electrons. C) has more energy than an insulator. D) has faster moving molecules. E) none of these

E) none of these

Consider two planets in space that gravitationally attract each other. If the masses of both planets are doubled, and the distance between them is also doubled, then the force between them is A) one quarter. B) half as much. C) twice as much. D) four times as much. E) none of these

E) none of these

39) The reason a life jacket helps keep you afloat is A) the jacket makes you weigh less. B) the jacket has the same density as an average human. C) the jacket repels water. D) if you sink, the jacket sinks. E) the density of both you and the jacket together is less than your density alone.

E) the density of both you and the jacket together is less than your density alone.

The reason a life jacket helps you float is A) the jacket makes you weigh less. B) the jacket has the same density as an average human. C) the jacket repels water. D) if you sink, the jacket sinks. E) the density of both you and the jacket together is less than your density alone.

E) the density of both you and the jacket together is less than your density alone.

Consider a closed, sealed can of air placed on a hot stove. The contained air undergoes an increase in A) mass B) pressure C) temperature D) all of these E) two of these. . Consider a metal ring with a gap cut in it. When the ring is heated, the gap A) becomes narrower B) becomes wider C) retains its size B) becomes wider

E) two of these

Buoyant force acts on..

EVERYTHANG

A white dwarf has the mass of the sun and the volume of:

Earth

Atmospheric molecules do not fly off into outer space because of...

Earth gravitation

Atmospheric molecules do not fly off into outer space due to

Earth gravitation

The chemical properties of matter come mostly from its

Electrons

The volume of matter comes mostly from its

Electrons

What is the reason a type-I supernova slows its dimming after about 2 months?

Energy is released from the decay of radioactive cobalt 56 to iron 56.

Which type of heavy atomic nuclei are most common, and why?

Even numbered elements, for helium is "giant food" for everything beyond itself.

Two important properties of young neutron stars are...

Extremely rapid rotation and a strong magnetic field.

How far must one travel to get away from the Earth's gravitational field

FORGET ITTTTTTTT, you can't travel far enough. YOU ARE STUCK HERE FORRRREVVVVVVVER

Which temperature scale has the smallest sized degrees?

Fahrenheit

If a battleship sinks in a canal lock, the water level in the lock will

Fall

A temperature scale that has 100 degrees between the boiling point & the freezing point of water os the Fahrenheit scale. True or False?

False

True or False: Pressure in a fluid decreases with depth

False

How does faster moving water between two ships affect the water pressure against the sides of the ships?

Faster moving water decreases the pressure

How does faster-moving water between two ships affect the water pressure against the sides of the ships?

Faster-moving water decreases the pressure. Streamlines are closer together between the ships than outside the ships; water pressure that acts against the hulls is reduced between the ships.

Blood pressure is normally greater in your

Feet

Archimedes' principle applies to...

Fluids, liquids and gases

examples of plasma

Fluorescent lights, neon lights, plasma televisions Sun stars aurora borealis

What does a bubble do as it rises to the surface?

Gets bigggg. The lower pressure increases the volume

It is said that a gas fills all the space available to it. Why, then, doesn't the atmosphere go off into space?

Gravity tends to hold gas molecules near Earth. If Earth's gravity did not exist, atmospheric molecules would dissipate and disappear.

Gas pressure inside an inflated stretched balloon is actually

Greater than air pressure outside of the balloon

If the volume of an object were to double while its mass stays the same, its density would

Halve

Hydrogen molecules in a bottle and nitrogen molecules in an identical bottle

Have the same amount of molecules

Buoyant force is greater on heavier or lighter object in the same room?

Heavier

If one neutron is added to a helium nucleus, the result is

Helium

A little girl sits in a car at a traffic light holding a helium-filled balloon. The windows are closed and the car is relatively airtight. When the light turns green and the car accelerates forward, her head pitches backward but the balloon pitches forward. Explain why.

Helium gas is less dense than air. It pitches forward against the force, while the girl's head (more dense than air) pitches backwards due to the force.

Why is helium placed on the far right side of the pt

Helium is most similar to the other group 18 elements

Which of the following best describes the evolutionary track of the most massive stars?

Horizontal right

Of the elements in your body, which is the only one not formed in stars:

Hydrogen

Of the elements in your body, the only one not formed in stars is...

Hydrogen.

In the Lighthouse Model...

If the beam sweeps across us, we will detect a pulse of radiation.

Strontium and calcium are both

In group 2 of the periodic table

When a stars inward gravity and outward pressure are balanced, the star is said to be:

In hydrostatic equilibrium

What made supernova 1987a so useful to study?

In the Large Magellanic Cloud, we already knew its distance. Its progenitor had been observed previously. We saw direct evidence of nickel to iron decay in its light curve. It occurred after new telescopes, such as Hubble, could observe it very closely. All of the above are correct.

The heaviest nuclei of all are formed:

In the core collapse that sets the stage for type II supernova

A strong wind blows over the house shown in the figure. The wind is much stronger over the house's roof than lower down, and the house has an open chimney. A window on the ground floor is open, and so are the doors inside the house. Which way will air flow through the house?

In the window and out the chimney

As a woman holding her breath swims deeper and deeper beneath the water's surface, her density

Increases

If you stand on a weighing scale and suddenly the atmosphere vanishes, taking buoyancy into account, the scale reading

Increases

Rank the following steps that lead to a Type II supernova event in order of when they occur from first to last. Rank the steps of the supernova mechanism from first to last.

Initial State - Fusion Ceases - Photodisintegration of Core Atoms - Neutronization Begins - Core Rebound - Neutron Core Final State Feedback: Correct A Type II supernova occurs when a high-mass star's core becomes dominated by iron, halting the nuclear fusion process. The star's core can no longer maintain equilibrium, and the core begins to contract. The gravitational compression generates heat, which initiates photodisintegration. During photodisintegration, high-energy photons split large atoms into smaller and smaller atoms until only protons, neutrons, and electrons are left. Protons and electrons combine to form neutrons and neutrinos. The neutrinos are able to escape the star, carrying off energy, causing further contraction of the core. When the core contracts to the point where neutrons come into contact with each other, the core rebounds, sending out an energetic shockwave. This shockwave blasts the outer layers of the star into space, leaving behind a neutron core.

Some of the most energetic events in the universe occur when stars explode in an incredible release of energy known as a supernova. Although every supernova is characterized by a sudden, intense brightening, the differences in types of progenitor stars and the mechanisms of detonation produce two distinct supernova types: Type I and Type II. Rank the following steps that lead to a Type I supernova event in order of when they occur from first to last. Rank the steps of the supernova mechanism from first to last.

Initial State -accretion disk on growing WD -WD at Chandrasekhar limit -carbon fusion begins -detonation Final State Feedback: Correct A Type I supernova occurs in a binary system with a white dwarf and a companion star. The white dwarf gains mass by accreting matter from the companion, until enough mass accumulates and it cannot support its own weight. The white dwarf begins to collapse, causing carbon fusion to begin throughout the star, which leads to its detonation.

Does bernoullis principle refer to changes in the internal pressure of a fluid or to pressures the fluid may exert on objects?

Internal pressure only

Does Bernoulli's principle refer to changes in the internal pressure of a fluid or to pressures the fluid may exert on objects?

Internal pressure only (stated in Principle) conservation of energy. Stagnation Pressure is an increase in pressure of a fluid by rapidly stopping it. (water cannon, water jet, stopped hose)

Internal pressure and speed are

Inversely proportional

Type II supernovae occur when their cores start making...

Iron

Type II supernovae occur when their cores start making:

Iron

An iron core cannot support a star because:

Iron cannot fuse with other nuclei to produce energy

An iron core cannot support a star because...

Iron cannot fuse with other nuclei to produce energy.

White dwarfs and companion stars producing recurrent type I supernova events:

Is not possible

Buoyant force is greatest on a submerged - Is the same on each - 1 cubic centimeter block of lead - 1 cubic centimeter block of aluminum

Is the same on each

A solar-mass star will evolve off the main sequence when:

It builds up a core of inhert helium

By how much does the density of air increase when it is compressed to half its volume?

It doubles

What happens to the air pressure inside a balloon when it is squeezed to half its volume at constant temperature?

It doubles.

By how much does the density of air increase when it is compressed to half its volume?

It doubles. pressure and volume are inversely proportional; 2P=1/2V 1/2P=2V

An electron in a 7s orbital has more energy than one in a 1s orbital bc

It is farther from the nucleus

What happens to the fluid that goes up inside the tube in a hand sprayer?

It is pushed up by atmospheric pressure into the low-pressure, fast air stream

Is the fluid that goes up the inside tube in a hand sprayer pushed up the tube or sucked up the tube? Explain.

It is pushed up the tube by atmospheric pressure into the low-pressure, fast air stream. Just like the soda straw. Keep spraying your cats!

You're feeling sick, so you place a thermometer under your tongue to check your temperature. The directions on the box tell you to leave the thermometer there for three minutes before you read your temperature.Why should you wait?

It takes some time for the thermometer & your body to reach thermal equilibrium.

You are feeling sick, so you place a thermometer under your tongue to check your temperature. The directions on the box tell you to leave the thermometer there for three minutes before you read your temperature. Why should you wait?

It takes some time for the thermometer and your body to reach thermal equilibrium

What can you conclude about a Type I supernova?

It was originally a low-mass star.

Why does a suction cup stick to a wall?

It's pushed to the wall by the atmosphere

A temperature difference of 10 Celsius degrees is also equal to a temperature difference of 10 on the

Kelvin

Marshmallows in a vacuum (no atmospheric pressure) become

Larger

A block of styrofoam floats on water while a same size block of lead lies submerged in the water. The buoyant force is greatest on the

Lead

A lobster crawls onto a bathroom scale submerged at the bottom of the ocean. Compared to its weight above the surface, the lobster will have an apparent weight under water that is

Less

Pumice is a volcanic rock that floats. Its density is

Less than the density of water

Virtually all the carbon-rich dust in the plane of the galaxy originated in:

Low-mass stars

In a neutron star, the core is...

Made of compressed neutrons in contact with each other.

at which stage in a sun-like star's life is its core the least dense

Main sequence

The brightest stars in a young open cluster will be:

Massive blue main-sequence stars

The brightest stars in a young open cluster will be...

Massive blue main-sequence stars.

Why would a water barometer have to by 13.6 times taller than a mercury barometer?

Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water

Why would a water barometer have to be 13.6 times taller than a mercury barometer?

Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water.

Why would a water barometer have to be 13.6 times taller than a mercury barometer?

Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water. water density: 1g/cm3 (or 1000kg/m3) mercury density: 13.6g/cm3 (or 136000kg/m3) A water barometer would need to be 10.3 m high- not practical.

Compared to the density of a kilogram of feathers, the density of a kilogram of lead is

More

A block of wood half as dense as water floats with half its volume above water. A piece of iron is then tied on top so the wood floats with only 1/4 its volume above the surface. If the wood and iron is turned over so that the iron is submerged beneath the wood, then the volume of wood above the water surface will be

More than 1/4

Alcohol is less dense than water. If alcohol is used to make a barometer on a day when atmospheric pressure is normal, the height of the alcohol column would be

More than 10.3 m

what are the units used to describe the pressure for gases?

N/m(squared) N/cm(squared) kPa

To change mercury into gold, a pair of protons must be

Neither removed from the mercury nucleus nor added to the mercury nucleus

Where is the buoyant force on a submerged rock greater, near the surface of the fluid or 10 m below the surface?

Neither- the buoyant force is independent of depth

Which has the larger buoyant fore, a balloon filled with helium or a balloon the same size filled with air?

Neither- they both have the same buoyant force

If two protons are added to an oxygen nucleus, the result is

Neon

An object more massive than the Sun, but roughly the size of a city, is a...

Neutron star.

Why does neutron capture work?

Neutrons have no repulsive barrier to overcome in combining with positively charged nuclei.

If we used the most powerful microscope in the world would we be able to see an atom

No

As a balloon rises higher and higher into the atmosphere its mass decreases. density increases. volume decreases. weight increases.

None of those

A common 5-L metal can will float in air if it is

Nonsense! Unless the displaced air weighs more than the can and its contents, the can will not float in the air.

Black dwarfs are...

Not found yet; the oldest, coldest white dwarf in the Galaxy has not cooled enough yet.

A surface explosion on a white dwarf, caused by falling matter from the atmosphere of its binary companion, creates what kind of object?

Nova

what spectral type of star tht is still around formed most recently

O type

Compared to a cluster containing type O and B stars, a cluster with only type F and cooler stars will be...

Older

Compared to a cluster containing type O and B stars, a cluster with only type F and cooler stars will be:

Older

In an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons in the neucleus is balanced by an equal number of

Orbital electrons

formula for Boyle's law?

P1V1=P2V2

Boyle's Law

P1V1=P2V2 p*V=P*v applies to ideal gases

The hydraulic lift is an application of A) Torricelli B) Bernoulli C) Archimedes D) Poiseuille E) Pascal

PASCAL

You would expect millisecond pulsars to be...

Part of a binary system.

A(n) _________ represents a relatively peaceful mass loss as a red giant becomes a white dwarf.

Planetary nebula

What is the fate of our sun?

Planetary nebula

The weight of air in a bathtub (about 1/3 m3) is about the same as the weight of a

Pound of butter

As volume is halved, which two things double?

Pressure and density

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed decreases?

Pressure increases when speed decreases

Is pressure greater or less in regions where streamlines are crowded?

Pressure is lower where streamlines are closer. Streamlines are closer where flow is greater :: speed of fluid increases :: internal pressure in fluid decreases

the weight of matter comes mostly from its

Protons

A suction cup sticks to a wall. It is

Pushed to the wall by the atmosphere

Smallest particle listed: molecule, atom, proton, neutron, quark

Quark

Most pulsars are observed as ________ sources.

Radio

The brightest stars in again globular clusters will be:

Red supergiants like Betelgeuse and Antares

The brightest stars in aging globular clusters will be...

Red supergiants like Betelgeuse and Antares.

A boat loaded with a barrel of water floats in a swimming pool. When the water in the barrel is poured overboard, the swimming pool level will

Remain unchanged

As a 6 solar-mass star leaves the main sequence on its way to becoming a red supergiant, its luminosity...

Remains roughly constant.

A block of wood with a piece of iron tied to the top of it floats in a bucket of water. If the wood and iron is turned over so that the iron is submerged beneath the wood, the water level at the side of the bucket

Remains the same

As a freely expanding helium-filled balloon rises in the atmosphere, the buoyant force that acts on it

Remains the same

When an ice cube in a glass of water melts, the water level

Remains the same

Neutron stars do not have...

Rotation periods comparable to the Sun's.

Consider two mercury barometers, one with twice the cross-sectional area of the other. Neglecting capillarity, compared with the wider tube, mercury in the smaller tube will rise

Same height

Two life preservers have identical volumes, but one is filled with styrofoam while the other is filled with sand. When the two life preservers are fully submerged, the buoyant force is greater on the one filled with

Same on each as long as their volumes are the same

Two life preservers have identical volumes, but one is filled with styrofoam while the other is filled with sand. When the two life preservers are worn by swimmers so that one swimmer floats with part of the preserver above water, and the other swimmer sinks, the buoyant force is actually greater on the life preserver filled with

Sand

No nuclear reactions occur in the interior of a white dwarf. Its brilliance comes from stored heat. Therefore, the fate of an isolated white dwarf is to slowly lose its stored energy and dim over a long period of time. However, if a white dwarf is a member of a binary-star system with specific properties, the white dwarf can become explosively active. Label the components of such a binary-star system capable of producing a nova event. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

See picture at: http://www2.astro.psu.edu/users/rbc/a1/lec15_f3.jpg Feedback: Correct For a white dwarf to become explosively active, the distance between the dwarf and the companion must be small enough that the white dwarf's gravitational field can pull matter away from the surface of the companion. Due to the rotation of the binary system, the matter flowing through the mass-transfer stream from the companion star forms a flattened disk, called an accretion disk, which orbits around the white dwarf.

What is the energy source for the motion of gas in the atmosphere?

Solar energy

What is the energy source for the motion of a gas in the atmosphere? What prevents atmospheric gases from flying off into space?

Solar energy, gravity

What is the energy source for the motion of gas in the atmosphere? What prevents atmospheric gases from flying off into space?

Solar energy, gravity Solar energy fuels the kinetic energy of the gas molecules that spreads them apart; gravity tends to hold them near Earth. Together these competing forces determine the thickness of the atmosphere.

Pulsars...

Spin very rapidly when they're young.

Why does conversion of its core to iron have to mark the end of a star's life? Which stars can end up with iron cores?

Stars with a total mass of 8 solar masses may form iron cores. The formation of an iron core ends the normal life of a star because iron cannot be fused into heavier elements and produce energy, as previous fusion reactions have done. In order to fuse iron, energy must be provided. The star, at this point in its evolution, has finally run out of energy sources in its core.

What are streamlines?

Streamlines trace the smooth paths of bits of fluid. Closer together in narrower regions, where flow is greater.

The pressure at the bottom of a jug filled with water does NOT depend on

Surface area of the water

Due to Mercury being denser than Water, a water barometer would have to be...?

Taller

On which temperature scale does the average kinetic energy of molecules double when the temperature doubles?

The Kelvin temperature scale.

Which has more weight, a balloon filled with helium or a balloon the same size filled with air?

The air balloon

Why are high-altitude research balloons only partially inflated when launched?

The atmospheric pressure decreases as they rise, so they expand. If they were fully inflated at launch, they would burst at high altitudes. Fully inflate at higher altitudes when surrounding pressure lowers.

When you drink liquid through a straw, is it more accurate to say the liquid is pushed up the straw rather than sucked up the straw? What does the pushing?

The atmospheric pressure outside the straw pushes the liquid toward the lower pressure in your mouth

What happens when you drink water through a straw?

The atmospheric pressure outside the straw pushes the liquid toward the lower pressure in your mouth.

When you drink liquid through a straw, is it more accurate to say the liquid is pushed up the straw rather than sucked up the straw? What exactly does the pushing?

The atmospheric pressure outside the straw pushes the liquid toward the lower pressure in your mouth. *When you suck on the straw in the drink, you reduce air pressure in the straw.

How is it possible that as an atom gets more massive they become larger in size

The atomic nucleus becomes larger bc it has more subatomic particles

When a balloon's weight equals the weight of displaced air....

The balloon will reach it's max altitude

When a low mass star first runs short of hydrogen in its core, it becomes brighter because:

The core contracts, raising the temperature and hydrogen burning shell outward.

The outward pressure in the core of a red giant balances the inward pull of gravity when:

The electron orbits are compressed so much they are all in contact

There is a legend of a Dutch boy who bravely held back the Atlantic Ocean by plugging a leak near the top of a dike with his finger until help arrived. Which of the following is most likely?

The force on his finger would have been less than 1 N

What is stellar nucleosynthesis?

The formation of heavier elements inside stars.

The Simple Barometer

The height of the mercury in the tube of a simple barometer is a measure of the atmospheric pressure.

Which has more lift, a plane with larger wings or a plane with small wings flying at the same speed?

The large-wing plane

Which is used observationally to determine the age of a star cluster?

The luminosity of the main-sequence turn-off point

Which is used to determine the age of a star cluster?

The luminosity of the main-sequence turn-off point

What do X-ray observations tell us about conditions around a potential nova?

The mass transfer causes an accretion disk to build up around the white dwarf, and as the material spirals in toward the strong gravity of the collapsed star, it is heated up to millions of degrees, hence becoming observable in X-rays. In some cases, this disk is so hot that it outshines the white dwarf, even in visible light. Fluctuations in the transfer create observable short period changes in its light.

What makes an element distinct

The number of protons

How does the pressure at the bottom of a 76-cm column of mercury in a barometer compare with the air pressure at the bottom of the atmosphere?

The pressure are equal

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when it's speed increases?

The pressure decreases when the speed increases

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed increases?

The pressure decreases when the speed increases

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed increases?

The pressure decreases when the speed increases.

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed increases?

The pressure decreases when the speed increases. Bernoulli's Principle: fluid's increasing speed::fluid's decreasing internal pressure

If you squeeze a balloon to one third its volume, by how much will the pressure inside increase?

The pressure in the balloon is increased three times.

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed decreases?

The pressure increases when the speed decreases.

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed decreases?

The pressure increases when the speed decreases. Bernoulli's Principle fluid's decreasing speed :: fluid's increasing internal pressure

What change in pressure occurs in a party balloon that is squeezed to one-third its volume with no change in temperature?

The pressure will increase to three times its original pressure.

How does the pressure at the bottom of a 76-cm column of mercury in a barometer compare with the air pressure at the bottom of the atmosphere?

The pressures are equal. "The barometer 'balances' when the weight of the liquid in the tube exerts the same pressure as the atmosphere outside."

Compared to a bar of pure gold, the density of a pure gold ring is

The same

Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-L helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a near by 1-L solid iron block is

The same

Compared to the buoyant force that acts on you when you float in fresh water, the buoyant force that acts on you when you float in the dense water of the Dead Sea is actually

The same

Compared to the density of water, the density of a fish is

The same

The mass of air in your bedroom compared to your mass is...

The same

The pressure at the bottom of a barometer compared with the pressure at the bottom of the atmosphere are..

The same

How does faster-moving air above an airplane wing affect the pressure on the wing?

The speed increases as the air flows over the wing, so the pressure decreases. *also tilt in wing: angle of attack

Which of these is NOT true about supernovae?

The two types are both closely related to evolution of white dwarfs.

The volume of water displaced by a floating 20-ton boat is

The volume of 20 tons of water

Which is denser, ice at 0 degrees C or water at 4 degrees C?

The water

What is the cause of atmospheric pressure?

The weight of the air just as water pressure is caused by the weight of the water. Not felt; pressure inside our bodies balances the pressure of the surrounding air. No net force for us to sense.

Suppose that the pump shown in the figure operated with a perfect vacuum. From how deep a well could water be pumped?

There is still a 10.3-m limit on the height that water can be lifted, even with a perfect vacuum.The weight of the atmosphere on the surface of water simply pushes water up into the region of reduced pressure inside the pipe.

How does the mass of the air in your bedroom compare to your mass?

They are approximately equal

How does the mass of the air in your bedroom compare to your mass?

They are approximately equal.

What is true of a planetary nebulae?

They are ejected envelopes surrounding a highly evolved low-mass star

How does the weight of mercury in a barometer compare with the weight of an equal cross section of air from sea level to the top of the atmosphere?

They are equal

How does the weight of mercury in a barometer compare with the weight of an equal cross-section of air from sea level to the top of the atmosphere?

They are equal.

How does the weight of mercury in a barometer compare with the weight of an equal cross-section of air from sea level to the top of the atmosphere?

They are equal. "Whatever the width of the tube, a 76-cm column of mercury weighs the same as the air that would fill a super tall 30 km tube of the same width.

Are the ships in the preceding question sucked together or pushed together? Explain.

They are pushed together because faster flow between the ships decreases the pressure between them compared to the exterior pressure

Are the ships in the preceding question sucked together or pushed together? Explain.

They are pushed together, because faster flow between the ships decreases the pressure between them compared to the exterior pressure. "Unless the ships are steered to compensate for this, the greater pressure against the outer sides of the ships forces them together."

What is the difference of the atoms that make up an elderly person and the atoms that make up a newborn

They are the same age

Why aren't balloons fully inflated at launch?

They would burst at high altitudes

Suspend a pair of Ping-Pong balls from two strings so there is a small space between them. If you blow air between the balls, they will swing

Toward each other

When you blow air between a pair of closely-spaced Ping-Pong balls suspended by strings, the balls will swing

Towards eachother

The average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance is related to temperature. True or False?

True

True or False: At any depth in a fluid at rest, the presence is the same in all directions at the given depth

True

True or False: If an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure at every point within the fluid increases by that amount.

True

How many different elements are in a water molecule

Two

If it gains sufficient mass from a binary companion, a white dwarf can become a:

Type I supernova

A recurrent nova could eventually build up to a...

Type I supernova.

Each supernova type is distinct in initial components, process, and observational properties. Sort the following characteristics as to whether they describe a Type I or Type II supernova. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Type I: - low-mass star - hydrogen-poor - carbon-detonation supernova - graph with green line (initial increase followed by steady decrease) Type II: - high-mass star - hydrogen-rich - core-collapse supernova - graph with red line (higher initial luminosity but luminosity constant from 25 to 100 days before decrease) Feedback: Correct Although both Type I and Type II supernovae are similar in their impressive release of energy, the two events occur under vastly different circumstances and are produced by different mechanisms.

What does not depend on a close binary system to occur?

Type II supernova

When a chocolate bar is cut in half, its density is

Unchanged

The reason that buoyant force acts upward on a submerged object is that

Upward pressure against the bottom is greater than downward pressure against the top of the submerged object

Which of these atoms has the greater number of electrons: helium, carbon, iron, gold, uranium

Uranium

A completely submerged object always displaces its own

Volume of fluid

The density of a submerged submarine is about the same as the density of

Water

Wharves are made with pilings that permit the free passage of water. Why would a solid-walled wharf be disadvantageous to ships attempting to pull alongside?

Water pressure between the hulls of the ships and the solid wall would reduce with faster-moving water; the two could collide. A wharf that allows free water passage allows the pressure to decrease, thus a smooth landing for the ship.

A dam is thicker at the bottom than at the top because

Water pressure is greater with increasing depth

Which, at the same temperature, will cool more slowly on a hot day?

Watermelon

Which statement about our current knowledge of elements is FALSE?

We have now produced over 50 radioactive elements not occurring in nature.

Buoyant force of the atmosphere on a body is equal to the ___ of the air displaced

Weight

Atmospheric pressure is mainly due to the _______

Weight of air

A rising balloon is buoyed up with a force equal to the

Weight of air it displaces

Atmospheric pressure is caused by the

Weight of the atmosphere

Air has what three things?

Weight, mass and energy!

Two vertical tubes of equal cross-sectional areas are filled with liquids to heights producing atmospheric pressure at their bottoms. One liquid is water and the other is mercury. Both liquids have equal...

Weights

Two vertical tubes of equal cross-sectional areas are filled with water and mercury. If water is filled to a depth of 10.3 m and mercury to a depth of 0.76 m, both liquids have equal

Weights

Bernoulli's Principle

Where the speed of a fluid increases, the internal pressure in the fluid decreases. vice versa: Where the speed decreases, the internal pressure increases. Holds for smooth flow along streamlines.

When the outer envelope of a red giant escapes, the remaining carbon core is called a:

White dwarf

Which of these events is not possible?

White dwarfs and companion stars producing recurrent Type I supernova events.

There are as many atoms of air in lungs at any moment as there are breaths of air in the atmosphere of the

Whole world

A large block of wood and a small block of iron on weighing scales both register the same weight1 ton. Taking buoyancy of air into account, which has the greater mass?

Wood

Can a star become a red giant more than once?

Yes, before and after the helium flash.

An atomic mass unit (amu) is 1/12 the mass of

a carbon atom

what is an altimeter?

a device which is calibrated to measure altitude

what is required to make a simple mercury barometer?

a dish, liquid mercury, and a hollow glass tube closed at one end

ozone is

a form of oxygen with 3 oxygen atoms in each molecule

If there were no greenhouse effect, Earth's average temperature would likely be

a frigid -18 C

what is the unsuaual result of mass transfer in the Algol binary system

a helium white dwarf

what is a dirigible?

a lighter- than-air ship, often called blimps

why does an umbrella tend to move upward on a windy day?

a low pressure area is created on top of the umbrella

An umbrella tends to move upward on a windy day because ____.

a low-pressure area is created on top of the umbrella

The total energy emitted by the brightest nova explosions is about

a million Suns.

Which of these is correct?

a piece of ice floats in water

why does a spinning ball curve in flight?

a spinning ball produces a crowding of streamlines on one side; Bernoulli's Principle

Mix some 70 C water with some 40 C water and you'll get water at_____.

a temperature depending on the masses ( or volumes ) of water

The air in your room is composed of molecules that have

a wide variety in speeds

The supernova that formed M-1, the Crab Nebula, was observed in: a. 1054 AD by Chinese and Middle Eastern astronomers. b. about 9,000 BC by all our ancestors. c. 1572 AD by Tycho Brahe. d. 1006 by observers in the southern hemisphere. e. 1604 AD by Johannes Kepler.

a. 1054 AD by Chinese and Middle Eastern astronomers.

Which one of the following does not provide evidence that supernovae have occurred in our Galaxy? a. The existence of binary stars in our Galaxy. b. Historical records from China and Europe. c. The rapid expansion and filamentary structure of the Crab nebula. d. The existence of iron on Earth.

a. The existence of binary stars in our Galaxy.

A nova differs from a supernova in that the nova a. is much less luminous. b. is much more luminous. c. involves only high-mass stars. d. can occur only once.

a. is much less luminous.

Most of the carbon in our bodies was formed in a. the core of a red-giant star. b. nearby galaxy. c. supernova. d. the core of the Sun.

a. the core of a red-giant star.

The temperature of outer space is

about 2.7 kelvin

A column that extends from sea level to the top of the atmosphere contains a certain mass of air. If the same column instead had the same mass of mercury in it, the height of the mercury column would be...

about 3/4 meter

The Hubble Space Telescope is observing a distant Type I supernova with peak apparent magnitude 25. Using the light curve in Figure 21.8 in the textbook, estimate how long after the peak brightness the supernova will become too faint to be seen.

about 70 days

compared to our sun , a typical white dwarf is.....

about the same mass and a million times higher density

When water changes to steam, energy is _______.

absorbed by the steam

A(n) _________________ consists of hot, swirling gas captured by a white dwarf (or neutron star or black hole) from a binary companion star.

accretion disk

noting the turnoff mass in a star cluster allows you to determine its

age

Which of the following is not a compound

air

Does the air exert a buoyant force on all objects in air or only on objects such as balloons that are very light for their size

air exerts a buoyant force on all objects

When boarding an airplane you bring a bag of chips. While in flight the bag puffs up, because

air pressure in the air-tight bag is greater than cabin air pressure

when boarding an airplane you bring a bag of chips. while in flight, the bag puffs up, because

air pressure in the air-tight bag is greater than cabin air pressure.

An umbrella tends to move upwards on a windy day principally because

air pressure is reduced over the curved top surface.

Air pressure over the surface of a bird's wings decreases when... -air speed increases there air speed decreases there -the wing is tilted downward -turning motion is executed

air speed increases there

Air pressure over the surface of a birds wings decreases when

air speed increases there

The Bernoulli effect causes fast-moving vans on the highway to be drawn together when

air speeds up in passing between them

Alcohol evaporates faster than water at the same temperature. Which cools your skin more: alcohol, or the same amount of water, evaporating from your skin?

alcohol

Glass in a florist's greenhouse acts as a one-way valve in that it

allows high-frequency waves in and blocks low frequency waves exiting

When the temperature of a strip of iron is increased, the length of the strip _______.

also increases

Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing

altitude

Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing...

altitude

If a weighted, air-filled balloon sinks in a lake, it will ____.

always sink to the bottom

If an astronaut landed on a planet made of antimatter, there would be an explosion as bothe the astronaut and

an amount of planet matter equal to that of the astronaut would annihilate

Which is the smallest particle listed below?

an electron

Archimedes' principle (for air)

an object in the air is buoyed up with a force equal to the weight of the displaced air.

Nuclei of atoms that make up a newborn baby were made in

ancient stars

what is the name of an instrument that uses a small metal box containing a partial vacuum for measuring atmospheric pressure?

aneroid barometer

A positron orbiting an antiproton would make up an atom of

anti-hydrogen

a star no matter what its mass spends most of its life

as a main sequence star

in the HR diagram steps labeled 10-11 is the ....branch

asymptotic giant branch

Pour a liter of water at 40°C into a liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes

at or about 30 degrees C

Pour a liter of water at 40°C into a liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes

at or about 30°C

In drinking soda or water through a straw, we make use of

atmospheric pressure

In drinking soda or water through a straw, we make use of...

atmospheric pressure

Temperature is related mostly to the _____.

average molecular kinetic energy in a substance

Temperature is related mostly to the _________

average molecular kinetic energy in a substance

Temperature is generally proportional to a substance's _______.

average translational kinetic energy of its particles

For a white dwarf to explode entirely as a Type I supernova, its mass must be: a. at least 0.08 solar masses. b. 1.4 solar masses, the Chandrasekhar Limit. c. 3 solar masses, the Schwartzschild Limit. d. 20 solar masses, the Hubble Limit. e. 100 solar masses, the most massive known stars.

b. 1.4 solar masses, the Chandrasekhar Limit.

Nuclear fusion in the Sun will a. never create elements heavier than helium. b. create elements up to and including oxygen. c. create all elements up to and including iron. d. create some elements heavier than iron.

b. create elements up to and including oxygen.

A massive star becomes a supernova when it a. suddenly increases in surface temperature. b. forms iron in its core. c. suddenly increases in mass. d. collides with a stellar companion.

b. forms iron in its core.

What produces a type-I supernova? a. a nova igniting a helium flash in its red giant companion b. mass transfer onto a white dwarf pushing it over 1.4 solar masses c. the helium flash blows apart a giant's core d.the collapse of the core of a massive star e. the radioactive decay of nickel 56 into cobalt 56 into iron 56

b. mass transfer onto a white dwarf pushing it over 1.4 solar masses

A surface explosion on a white dwarf, caused by falling matter from the atmosphere of its binary companion, creates what kind of object? a. hypernova b. nova c. gamma ray burstar d. type I supernova e. type II supernova

b. nova

what is the name of a device that is used to measure air pressure?

barometer

An instrument used for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere is called a

barometer.

isolated main sequence stars as massive as 10-12 times the mass of the sun may still manage to avoid going supernova why?

because it can also have strong stellar winds

A bubble of air released from the bottom of a lake

becomes larger as it rises

A bubble of air released from the bottom of a lake ___.

becomes larger as it rises

A bubble of air released from the bottom of a lake...

becomes larger as it rises.

As entropy in a system increases, energy in the system _______.

becomes less ordered

Consider a metal ring with a gap cut in it. When the ring is heated, the gap

becomes wider

If a pair of helium nuclei are fused together, the result is

beryllium

As a helium-filled balloon rises in the air, it becomes...

bigger

A liter of cold water will warm faster in sunlight in a

black pot

A quantity of water has more entry when it is

boiling

In which is the temperature greater: boiling tea in a cup or boiling tea in a fire-engine pail?

both are the same

A very massive object A and a less massive object B move toward each other under the influence of gravitation. Which force, if either, is greater?

both forces are the same

Which has the greater density, a lake full of water or a cup full of lake water?

both have the same density

In a closed bottle are a certain number of hydrogen molecules. In a identical closed bottle at the same temperature and internal pressure are a certain number of nitrogen molecules. The bottle with the greater number of molecules is the one containing

both the same

Water pressure on a submerged object is greatest against the ___.

bottom of the object

the apparent loss of weight of an object in a fluid medium is known as what?

buoyancy

In a vacuum on Earth, an object has no ____.

buoyant force

In a vacuum, an object has no...

buoyant force

The energy content of a piece of food is normally determined by _____.

burning the food

When an object is partly or wholly immersed in a liquid, it is buoyed up

by a force equal to the weight of liquid displaced

An observable supernova should occur in our Galaxy about once every a. year. b. decade. c. century. d. millennium.

c. century

The silver atoms found in jewelry originated in a. nearby galaxy. b. the core of a red-giant star. c. supernova. d. the core of the Sun.

c. supernova.

The amount of heat transferred to a system can be measured in _______.

calories or joules

If two protons are removed from an oxygen nucleus, the result is

carbon

The second law of thermodynamics tells us that heat flows from _______.

cold to hot with work input

In terms of transferring heat, red-hot wooden coals

conduct poorly

Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-kilogram helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-kilogram solid iron block is...

considerably less

compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-kilogram helium filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmoshpere on a nearby 1-kilogram solid iron block is what?

considerably less

compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1 kg iron block, the buoyant force on a nearby 1 kg helium filled balloon is

considerably more

Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-kilogram iron block, the buoyant force on a nearby 1-kilogram helium-filled balloon is

considerably more.

Newton's law of cooling applies to objects that _______.

cool or warm up

The process of boiling that occurs in water tends to _______.

cool the water

what are black dwarfs

cooled off white dwarfs that no longer glow visibly

Blow on your hand with your open mouth and you feel the warmth of your breath. Pucker your lips so your breath expands as you blow and your breath is

cooler

Aluminum has a specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. Place equal masses of aluminum and copper wire in a flame and the one to undergo the fastest increase in temperature

copper

Aluminum has a specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. Place equal masses of aluminum and copper wire in a flame and the one to undergo the fastest increase in temperature will be

copper

When a bimetallic bar made of copper and iron strips is heated , the bar bends toward the iron strip. The reason for this is

copper expands more than iron

When a bimetallic bar made of copper and iron strips is heated, the bar bends toward the iron strip. The reason for this is

copper expands more than iron

Figure 21.8 in the textbook ("Supernova Light Curves") indicates that a supernova whose luminosity declines steadily in time is most likely associated with a star that is a. on the main sequence. b. more than eight times the mass of the Sun. c. without a binary companion. d. comparable in mass to the Sun.

d. comparable in mass to the Sun.

A white dwarf can dramatically increase in brightness only if it: a. is descended from a very massive star. b. is spinning very rapidly. c. can avoid nuclear fusion in its core. d. has another star nearby.

d. has another star nearby

A 20 solar mass star will stay on the main sequence for 10 million years, yet its iron core can exist for only a

day

The iron we commonly find in our surroundings came from

decay of nickel 56 and cobalt 56 in a supernova remnant.

If the Earth's mass decreased to one-half its original mass with no change in radius, then your weight would

decrease to one-half your original weight

The tires of a car support the weight of a stationary car. If one tire has a slow leak, the air pressure within the tire will ________ with time, the surface area between the tire and the road will ________ in time, and the net force the tire extorts on the road will _______ in time. blank options: increase, decrease, remain constant

decrease, increase, remain constant

An empty jar is pushed open-side downward into water so that trapped air cannot escape. As it is pushed deeper, the buoyant force on the jar

decreases

As a fluid gains speed, its internal pressure

decreases

As a piece of metal with a hole in it cools, the diameter of the hole

decreases

As a whale swims deeper into the ocean, increasing water pressure squeezes its volume, making it smaller. As the whale swims deeper and deeper, the buoyant force on it ____.

decreases

If an object falls, it's buoyant force...

decreases

On a windy day, atmospheric pressure ____.

decreases

When a volume of air is compressed, air temperature

decreases

When the speed of a fluid increases, internal pressure in the fluid...

decreases

When work is done by a system and no heat added to it, the temperature of the system

decreases

on a windy day, atmosphere pressure does what?

decreases

As balloons rise, atmospheric pressure... This makes them....

decreases expand

Wind blowing over the top of a hill

decreases atmospheric pressure there

When fluid speeds up, internal pressure.. What principle is this?

decreases; Bernoulli's

Earth's atmosphere has no ______ surface.

definite

As a high-altitude balloon rises higher into the atmosphere, it undergoes a decrease in A) volume.

density

How much a liquid weighs, and thus how much pressure it exerts, depends on

depends on its density.

Pressure in a liquid depends on the ____.

depth of the measuring point and density of the liquid

It is important that the two metals that compose a bimetallic strip have

different rates of expansion

what best descirbes the difference between solids and liquids?

distances between molecules are greater

The main difference between gases and liquids is that in a gas ____.

distances between molecules are larger

When a gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume with no change in temperature, the gas pressure

doubles

When a gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume, its density

doubles

When gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume and the temperature remains the same, the gas pressure...

doubles

When gas in a container is squeezed to half its volume, its density...

doubles

Hwy is the value for atmospheric pressure not constant on Earth?

due to the motion of air currents and storms

Type II supernovae and star forming regions are related to one another because: a. as a result of both processes, lighter elements are transformed into heavier elements. b. they both involve high mass ionizing stars. c. the shock waves of a supernova can trigger star formation. d. they both contain ionized hydrogen. e. All of the above.

e. All of the above.

A bimetallic strip will bend when heated because______.

each metal expands at different rates

What can be produced when a plasma beam is directed into the field of a strong magnet?

electric power *MHD power MagnetoHydroDynamic interaction

Which of these forces determines the chemical properties of an atom?

electrical force

The radius of a white dwarf is determined by a balance between the inward force of gravity and the outward push of _________________

electron degeneracy pressure

Thermal conduction in solids mainly involves _______.

electron motion

The chemical properties of matter comes mostly from its

electrons

The volume of matter comes mostly from its

electrons

The first law of thermodynamics is a restatement of the conservation of

energy

In a hydraulic press operation, it is impossible for the ____.

energy output to exceed the energy input

Heat is the ____.

energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference

Heat is the____.

energy transffered between objects because of a temperature difference

Two equal-sized buckets are filled to the top with water. One of the buckets has a piece of wood floating in it, making its total weight ____.

equal to the weight of the other bucket

To say that water has a high specific heat capacity means that water _______.

equires a lot of energy in order to increase in temperature absorbs a lot of energy for a small increase in temperature releases a lot of energy in cooling

The temperature at the°bottom of Lake Tahoe, high in the Sierra Mountains in California, at this moment is

exactly 4°C

When water at 4 degrees C is heated, it expands. When water at 4 degrees C is cooled, it___.

expands

When most substances are heated, molecules inside move faster and take up more space, resulting in thermal

expansion

if you stand on the moon, which does not have an atmosphere, and release a balloon filled with helium gas, what will the balloon then do?

fall/sink

It is possible to wholly convert a given amount of heat energy into mechanical energy

false

When a river narrows, the water in the river flows ____.

faster

when a river narrows, the water in the river flows how?

faster

Blood pressure is normally greater in your

feet

Internal energy is greater in a

fire-engine pail of boiling tea

The process of thermal convection mainly involves _______.

fluids

Compared with sea level cooking, in cooking eggs by boiling in mountain regions you should boil the eggs

for a longer time

When you touch a hot potato with your finger, energy flows

from the potato to your finger

When you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows

from your finger to the ice

Harry places a new air conditioner in the middle of his hot room, which when operating

further warms the room

What direct evidence do astronomers have that supports the heavy element formation in stars?

gamma-ray emissions from decay of cobalt 56 in supernovae the presence of technetium in giant star spectra observed elemental abundances light curves of type-I supernovae Correct: All of the above are evidence of this.

which state of matter has the greatest diffusiom rate?

gases

When carbon and oxygen atoms combine, energy is

given off by the reaction

Which has the greatest number of protons in its nucleus: gold, mercury, lead, silver

gold

A good absorber of radiation is a

good emitter of radiation

Compared with air pressure on the outside, air pressure inside an inflated stretched balloon is

greater

gas pressure inside an inflated stretched balloon is what?

greater than the air pressure outside the balloon

Lobsters live on the bottom of the ocean. The density of a lobster is ____.

greater than the density of seawater

what term is used to descirbe the natural phenomenon whereby certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere absorb heat?

greenhouse effect

When volume doubles, pressure is

halved

Your grandmother places a pitcher of iced tea next to a plate of warm, freshly baked cookies so that the pitcher and the plate are touching. You tell your grandmother that the plates are in thermal contact, which means that _____.

heat flows from the warm plate to the cold pitcher

Your grandmother places a pitcher of iced tea next to a plate of warm, freshly baked cookies so that the pitcher and the plate are touching. You tell your grnadmother that the plates are in thermal contact, which means that___________.

heat flows from the warm plate to the cold ptcher

If one neutron is added to a helium nucleus, the result is

helium

what inevitably forces a star like the sun to evolve away from being a main sequence star

helium builds up in the core, while the hydrogen burning shell expands

Some molecules are able to absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations. Materials composed of such molecules have

high specific heat capacities

Some molecules are able to absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations. Materials composed of such molecules would have__________.

high specific heat capacities

A substance that heats up relatively slowly has a

high specific heat capacity

The moderate temperatures of islands throughout the world has much to do with water's

high specific heat capacity

Materials composed of molecules that absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations have

high specific heats

White-hot sparks from a 4th-of-July-type sparkler that strike your skin have relatively

high temperatures, few molecules per spark, low transfer of energy

Compared to a giant iceberg, a hot cup of coffee has

higher temperature, but less potential energy

in the HR diagram steps labeled 10 is the ....branch

horizontal branch

which describes the eveolutionary track on the HR diagram for the most massive stars

horizontallly right

A nova produces a characteristic light curve, which provides astronomers with details about the nova event. Select the appropriate light curve that shows how a nova's brightness changes over time. Select the correct light curve.

http://staff.on.br/jlkm/astron2e/AT_MEDIA/CH21/CHAP21AT/AT21FG04.JPG Feedback: Correct A light curve of a nova event shows a sudden increase in luminosity in a matter of days, followed by a gradual fade over several months, until the white dwarf's luminosity returns to normal.

which of the follwoing elements contained in your body is NOT formed in the cotrd of stars during thermonuclear fusion

hydrogen

Nearly all the elements found in nature were formed inside stars, except for

hydrogen and helium.

Which of the following contracts most when the temperature is slightly increased? Equal volumes of

ice water

If the part of an iceberg that extends above the water were removed, the ____.

iceberg would rise

when a star inward gravity and outward pressure are balanced, the star is said to be

in a hydrostatic equilibrium

The heaviest nuclei of all are formed

in the core collapse that set the stage of Type II supernovae.

The largest extremes in temperature are usually experienced ____.

in the middle of a continent

The largest extrmes in temperature are usually experienced_____.

in the middle of a continent

the roche lobe of a star in a binary star system...

in, in terms of the star's gravity its "zone of influence"

Suppose you are standing on a weighing scale and all of a sudden the atmosphere vanished. The reading on the scale would..

increase

As a woman holding her breath swims deeper and deeper beneath the water'r surface, her density ____.

increases

If an object rises, it's buoyant force..

increases

When you rapidly stir raw eggs with an eggbeater, the temperature of the eggs

increases

If you squeeze a balloon to one half its original size, the pressure inside _____.

increases by a factor of 2

if you sqeeze a balloon to one half its original size, the pressure inside does what?

increases by a factor of 2

If you stand on a weighing scale and suddenly the atmosphere vanishes, taking buoyancy into account, the scale reading

increases.

Bernoulli's principle says that ___.

internal fluid pressure decreases as the fluid speed increases

Aluminum has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. This means that for equal masses of aluminum and iron, the metal that heats more quickly when the same amount of heat is applied is

iron

Which of the following normally warms up faster when heat is applied

iron

Which of the following normally warms up fastest when heat is applied?

iron

Ice has a lower density than water because ice

is made of open-structured, hexagonal crystals

a solar mass star will evolve off the main sequence when

it builds up a core of inert helium

when the speed of a fluid flowing in a pipe increases, what happens to the internal pressure in the fluid?

it decreases

When first put in water, a plastic toy boat will sink until ___.

it displaces a weight of water equals to its own weight

What happens to the air pressure inside a balloon when it is squeezed to half its volume at constant temp

it doubles

a high mass star dies more violently than a low mass star because...

it generate more heat and its core eventually collapses very suddendly

As a woman holds her breath while swimming deeper and deeper beneath the surface of a pool, what happens to her density?

it increases

a star is on the horizontal branch of the HR diagram,...then

it is burning both hydrogen and helium

you observed a low mass helium white dwarf, what can you conclude

it is part of a binary star system

in the evolution of massive stars, what is th esignificance of the temperature 600 million kelvin

it is the temperature need for carbon fusing into heavier elements

what happens when air is compressed?

its density increases & it warms

When the speed of a fluid increases,

its pressure decreases.

A helium filled balloon will reach its maximum altitude when ______

its weigh equals the weight of displaced air

A helium-filled balloon will reach its maximum altitude when...

its weight equals the weight of displaced air

Heat energy is measured in units of

joules and calories

Heat is measured in_____.

kilocalories, joules and calories

Heat is measured in _____.

kilocalories, joules, calories (all of the above)

Temperature is most closely related to molecular

kinetic energy

In a vacuum a marshmallow becomes...

larger

When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes

larger

When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes _____.

larger

When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes_____.

larger

When we enlarge a photograph of an iron ring, the image of the hole becomes

larger

Which has the greatest number of protons in its nucleus?

lead

Plasma

least common phase of matter in everyday life, but most prevalent phase of matter in the universe as a whole. *stripped of 1+ electrons, with corresponding number of free electrons. May be positive or negative then. As a whole, plasma is electrically neutral (equal # of pos/neg charges.)

Microscopic slush in water tends to make the water _______.

less dense

The faster a fluid moves, the...

less its internal pressure.

If the specific heat capacity of water were higher than it is, lakes would be______.

less likely to freeze

Place a 1-kilogram block of iron at 40°C into 1 kilogram of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes

less than 30 degrees C

Place a 1-kilogram block of iron at 40◦C into 1 kilogram of water at 20◦C and the final temperature of the two after the thermal equilibrium is established becomes

less than 30◦C

Hot sand cools off faster at night than do plants and vegetation. Hence, the specific heat capacity for sand is _______.

less than that of plants and vegetation

if you blow across the top of a piece of paper, what will the paper then do?

lift

A hydraulic press works because ____.

liquids transmit pressure undiminished, one piston is larger than the other piston, Pascal's principle is operating, liquids transmit pressure in all directions (all of the above)

Archimedes' principle applies to

liquids, gases and fluids

The white-hot sparks from a 4th-of-July-type sparkler that strike your skin transfer

little energy to you in spite of their high temperature

One of water's interesting thermal properties is that when heated it takes a relatively

long time in changing temperature

The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold at night is evidence that the specific heat capacity of sand is relatively

low

A substance that cools down faster than others has a

low specific heat capacity

A substance that heats up relatively quickly has a

low specific heat capacity

The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold at night is evidence that sand has a _____.

low specific heat capacity

The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold in at night is evidence that sand has a_____.

low specific heat capacity

virtually all the carbon-rich dust in the plane of the galaxy originated in

low-mass stars

A swimmer cannot have a snorkel tube that is more than a meter deep. The reason for this is that at that depth the lungs are so compressed ____.

low-pressure air at the surface is difficult to inhale

The air in your classroom has ____.

mass, energy, weight & temperature (all of the above)

The quantity of heat that a substance can transfer relates to its

mass, specific heat capacity, and change in temperature

The air in this room has...

mass, weight, energy. All of these!

the brightest stars of a young open cluster will be

massive blue main sequence stars

the brightest stars in a young open cluster will be

massive blue stars at the top of the HR diagram

A(n) __________________ occurs when fusion creates iron in the core of a star.

massive star supernova

which planet has a temporary atmosphere because of low gravity?

mercury

Which of these statements is true?

molecules are the smallest subdivision of matter that still retains chemical properties of a substance

liquid phase

molecules can flow freely from position to position by sliding over one another. A liquid takes the shape of its container.

If the specific heat of water were lower than it is, ponds in the cold of winter would be

more likely to freeze

Alcohol is less dense than water. If it is used to make a barometer at normal atmospheric pressure, what will the height be?

more than 10.3

Alcohol is less dense than water. If alcohol is used to make a barometer on a day when atmospheric pressure is normal, the height of the alcohol column would be...

more than 10.3 m

since rubbing alcohol is less dense than water, if you use it to make barometer on a day when atmospheric pressure is normal, the level of the alcohol will be what?

more than 10.3 meters

Pour two liters of water at 40°C into one liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes

more than 30 degrees C

Pour two liters of water at 40◦C into one liter of water at 20◦C and the final temperature of the two becomes

more than 30◦C.

The reason a granite block is mostly empty space is that the atoms in the granite are

mostly empty space themselves

Translational motion is characterized by

motion that carries a molecule and motion used in measuring temperature

A car with closed windows makes a left-hand turn. A helium-filled balloon in the car will ____.

move to the left

Specifice heat compacity is related to the amount of internal energy_______.

needed to change the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree

If an object has a density equal to the density of water, it will ____.

neither float nor sink, but stay anywhere is is put

To change mercury into gold, a pair of protons must be

neither of these (removed from the mercury nucleus and added to the mercury nucleus)

which has a larger buoyant force, a balloon filled wit helium or a balloon filled with air?

neither. there the same

If two protons are added to an oxygen nucleus, the result is

neon

In neutronization of the core, a proton and an electron make a neutron and a

neutrino

Which of the following is electrically neutral: proton, neutron, electron

neutron

Which of the following is electrically neutral?

neutron

As seen in 1987, when two silicon 28 nuclei fuse, or when seven alpha particles are added to a Si-28 nucleus, the initial result in either case is

nickel 56.

As a balloon rises higher and higher into the atmosphere its As a balloon rises higher and higher into the atmosphere its volume decreases. mass decreases. weight increases. density increases. none of the above

none of the above

To melt 50 grams of 0-degree-Celsius ice requires

none of the above

To turn 50 grams of boiling water to steam requires

none of the above

A surface explosion on a white dwarf, caused by falling matter from the atmosphere of its binary companion, creates what kind of object?

nova

A(n) __________________ occurs when hydrogen fusion ignites on the surface of a white dwarf in a binary system.

nova

Atoms heavier than hydrogen were made by

nuclear fusion

Solid matter is mostly empty space. The reason solids don't fall through one another is because

of electrical forces

compared to a cluster containing type O and B stars, a cluster with only type F and cooler stars will be..

older

A one-ton blimp hovers in the air. The buoyant force acting on it is...

one ton

The buoyant force on an one-ton blimp hovering in air is

one ton

Melting and freezing are _______.

opposite processes

In an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons in the nucleus is balanced by an equal number of

orbital electrons

what is the essential layer of gas located about 40 kilometers above the surface of the earth whose purpose is essential to life by absorbing nd scattering harmful UV radiation?

ozone layer

in the HR diagram steps labeled 11-12 is the ....branch

planetary nebula

which of these will the sun probably become in the distant future

planetary nebula

what does Boyle's law relate?

pressure & volume

Boyle's law relates _______.

pressure and volume

When water is turned on in a shower, the shower curtain moves towards the water spray. This partly involves

pressure changes in moving fluids

pressure is __________ to density.

proportional

Pressure is

proportional to force and inversely proportional to area

Density is

proportional to mass and inversely proportional to volume

The weight of matter comes mostly from its

protons

When a suction cup sticks to a wall it is

pushed to the wall by the atmosphere

A suction cup sticks to a wall. It is...

pushed to the wall by the atmosphere.

Heat comes from the Sun to Earth by the process of _______.

radiation

The form of heat transfer that doesn't depend on a medium is

radiation

The planet Earth loses heat primarily by

radiation

Brownian motion has to do with the

random motions of atoms and molecules

the "helium flash" occurs at what stage in stellar evolution

red giant

in the HR diagram steps labeled 8-9 is the ....branch

red giant branch

in globular clusters the brightest stars will be

red supergiants

the bightest star in aging globular cluster will be

red supergiants like Betelguese and antares

A spinning tossed baseball veers off course in the direction of

reduced air pressure on the ball

A spinning tossed baseball veers off course in the direction of

reduced air pressure on the ball.

Water in a car radiator sometimes boils explosively when the radiator cap is removed, which is due to sudden

reduced pressure

When water changes to ice, energy is _______.

released by the water

A boat loaded with a barrel of water floats in a swimming pool. When the water in the barrel is poured overboard, the swimming pool level will ____.

remain unchanged

as a 4-10 solar mass star leaves the main sequence on its way to becoming a red supergiant, its luminosity

remains roughly constant

When an ice cube in a glass of water melts, the water level _____.

remains the same

When heat is added to boiling water, its temperature

remains unchanged

When evaporation occurs, the molecules left behind in the water _______.

result in lowered temperature are less energetic have decreased average speeds

Mass transfer in binaries occurs when one giant swells to reach the

roche lobe

Entropy is closely related to the

second law of thermodynamics

Two identical blocks of iron, one at 10°C and the other at 20°C, are put in contact. Suppose the cooler block cools to 5°C and the warmer block warms to 25°C. This would violate the

second law of thermodynamics

The wavelengths radiated by a high-temperature source are relatively _______.

short

If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a nice hot bath would be a

shorter experience

If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a watermelon in a picnic cooler would cool in a

shorter time

Assuming all the atoms exhaled by Julius Caesar in his last dying breath are still in the atmosphere, then we probably breathe one of those atoms with each breath

single breath

Consider an air-filled balloon, weighted with a stone, that just barely floats in water. When the balloon is pushed beneath the surface, say about a meter deep, and then released, it will ____.

sink

If an object has a density greater than the density of water, it will ____.

sink

when a river brodens, the water in the river flows how?

slower

The specific heat capacity is highest for substances that absorb or release large quantities of heat for correspondingly

small temperature changes

The energy source responsible for the motion of molecules that make up the atmosphere is..

solar power

which of these is true regarding planetary nebulae

some are spherical, but most have bipolar struccture

A substance with a high thermal inertia has a high

specific heat capacity

in a fairly young star cluster, if the most massive star are swelling up into giants, the least massive star are

still evolving toward their ZAMS positions

If we doubled the magnifying power of the most powerful optical microscope in the world, we would

still not be able to see an atom

the smooth path of a small region of fluid in steady flow is known as what?

streamlines

A closed, sealed can of air placed on a hot stove. The contained air undergoes an increase in

temperature

The factor that determines whether a substance is in the solid, liquid, gaseous, or plasma state is its

temperature

Heat energy travels from an object with a high

temperature to an object with a lower temperature

At temperatures of ________ K, photons can split apart nuclei until only protons and neutrons are left in photodisintegration.

ten billion

Molecules in the atmosphere are closer together at sea level

than at higher altitudes.

A column of mercury 76 cm tall has a weight that is equal to...

that of a column of water 10.3 meters tall

The density of air inside the tire is also more than

that of the air outside.

that brighter sirius A weighs 3 solar masses, but the white dwarf sirius B is only about one solar mass implies

that the collapsed companion transfered mass to sirius A

A 10-kg piece of aluminum sits at the bottom of a lake, right next to a 10-kg piece of lead, which is much denser than aluminum. Which one has the greater buoyant force on it?

the aluminum

The reason an astronaut in an earth satellite feels weightless is that

the astronaut is falling

Why are high-altitude research balloons only partially inflated when launched?

the atmospheric pressure decreases as they rise, so they expand. If they were fully inflated at launc, they would burst at high

The air pressure inside the inflated tires of an automobile is more than

the atmospheric pressure outside.

A helium-filled balloon released in the atmosphere will rise until

the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities

A helium-filled balloon released in the atmosphere will rise until

the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities.

A helium-filled balloon released in the atmosphere will rise until...

the balloon and surrounding air have equal densities.

A helium-filled balloon released into the atmosphere will rise until ____.

the balloon's density equals atmospheric density

Blow on your hand with your mouth open. Then do the same with your lips puckered and you'll find

the breath from puckered lips is cooler

just as low-mass main sequence star runs out of fuel in its core, it actually becomes brighter...

the core contracts, rasing the temperature and increasing the size of the region of hydrogen shell burning

When the volume of gas is decreased

the density—and therefore pressure—is increased

what is a planetary nebula

the ejected envelope, often bipolar , of a red giant surroundings a stellar core remenant

The reason that the white-hot sparks that strike your skin form a 4th-of-July-type sparkler don't harm you is because

the energy per molecule is high, but the total energy transferred is small

In terms of thermal expansion it is important that

the fillings in your teeth expand at the same rate as your teeth

There is a legend of a Dutch boy who bravely held back the Atlantic Ocean by plugging a leak near the top of a dike with his finger until help arrived. Which of the following is most likely?

the force on his finger would have been less than 1 N

As a star's evolution approaches the Type II supernova, we find

the heavier the element, the less time it takes to make it. the heavier the element, the higher the temperature to fuse it. helium to carbon fusion takes at least 100 million K to start. the heavier the element, the less time it takes to make it. photodisintegration of iron nuclei begins at 10 billion K to ignite the supernova. Correct: All of the above are correct.

which has less weight, a balloon filled with helium or the same sized balloon filled with air?

the helium filled balloon

The air gets thinner and thinner (less dense)

the higher one goes

Air pressure in a tire depends on ____.

the impact of the molecular collisions on the tire

The reason an iron ship doesn't sink is that ____.

the iron displaces more water than it would if it were in a solid block

which will generate more lift, a plane with large wings or a plane with small wings flying at the same speed?

the large-winged plane

Which has more lift, a heavy plane flying at a low speed or a light with wings the same size and shape flying at a high speed?

the light plane

which is used obsevationally to dtermine the age of a star cluster

the luminosity of the main sequence turnoff point

what chracteristic of a star cluster is used to determine it sage

the main sequence turnoff

The reason that evaporation is a cooling process is

the more energetic molecules escape the liquid

What makes an element distinct?

the number of protons

how does popcorn pop

the popcorn kurnal gets really hot and because the kirnle has a little water in it the kirnal gets a lot of pressure and needs to equilise with the air around it so it pops into popcorn

What happens to the internal pressure in a fluid flowing in a horizontal pipe when its speed decreases?

the pressure increases when the speed decreases

Where is the pressure greater, one meter beneath the surface of Lake Michigan or one meter beneath the surface of a swimming pond?

the pressure is approximately the same in both places

When the density of the air in the tire is increased,

the pressure is increased.

How does the pressure at the bottom of a 76-cm column of mercury in a barometer compare with the air pressure at the bottom of the atmosphere?

the pressures are equal

How does the pressure at the bottom of a 76cm column of mercury in a barometer compare with the air pressure at the bottom of the atomosphere?

the pressures are equal

The flight of a blimp best illustrates...

the principle of Archimedes.

in the HR diagram steps labeled at which point on the graph does helium flash occur

the red giant branch (9)

Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-liter solid iron block is ___.

the same

Compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium-filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-liter solid iron block is...

the same

Compared to the energy it takes to separate oxygen and hydrogen from water, the amount of energy given off when they recombine is

the same

Compared with the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1 liter solid iron block is

the same

If object are in the same vicinity, their buoyant forces are..

the same

compared to the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a 1-liter helium filled balloon, the buoyant force of the atmosphere on a nearby 1-liter solid iron block is what?

the same

Compared to the atoms that make up the body of an elderly person, the atoms that make up the body of a newborn baby are

the same age

Consider two mercury barometers, one with twice the cross-sectional area of the other. Neglecting capillarity, mercury in the smaller tube will rise...

the same height as in the larger tube

during the hydrogen shell burning phase

the star grows more luminous

Tomatoes have a higher specific heat capacity than dough. This means that when you bite into a hot pizza

the tomato sauce feels hotter than the dough

Tomatoes have a higher specific heat capacity than dough. This means that when you bite into a hot pizza

the tomato sauce feels hotter than the dough

Water in a tube could be used to make a barometer, but ____.

the tube would have to be very, very long

The Chandrasekhar limit is

the upper mass limit for a white dwarf.

what does Charle's law relate?

the volume of a gas & its temperature

whay are barometere that use liquid water not a popular choice to consider when constructing a barometer?

the water-filled tube would have to be very long

A balloon is buoyed up by a force equal to what?

the weight of air it displaces

There are about as many atoms of air in our lungs at any moment as there are breaths of air in the atmosphere of

the whole world

Which of these statements is true?

there are only about 100 different kinds of atoms that combine to form all substances

The reason a shower curtain will pull to the inside of a bathtub during a shower is that ___.

there is less pressure inside the curtain

why does a shower curtain pull to the inside of the tub during a shower?

there is less pressure inside the curtain

Heat is simply another word for _______.

thermal energy that flows from hot to cold

The fact that a thermometer "takes its own temperature" illustrates

thermal equillibrium

what is the hottest layer of the atmosphere

thermosphere

How does the weight of mercury in a barometer compare with the weight of an equal cross-section of air from sea level to the top of the atomosphere?

they are equal

Consider two mercury barometers, one with twice the cross-sectional area of the other. Neglecting capillarity, compared with the wider tube, mercury in the smaller tube will rise

to the same height.

When you blow air between a pair of closely-spaced Ping-Pong balls suspended by strings, the balls will swing

toward each other

Suspend a pair of Ping-Pong balls from two strings so there is a small space between them. If you blow air between the balls, they will swing...

toward each other.

A refrigerator

transfers internal energy from inside to outside

The kind of molecular motion that mostly relates to the temperature of a substance is

translational motion

When a party balloon is compressed to one-third its volume, gas pressure in the balloon...

triples

in what layer of the Earth's atmoshere do we live?

troposphere

what is the first layer of the atmosphere

troposphere

The reason objects immersed in a fluid experience an upward buoyant force is because fluid pressure on the bottom of the object is greater than fluid pressure on the top of the object. `

true

what does the concept "tropos" mean?

turn

How many different elements are in a water molecule?

two

If it gains sufficient mass, a white dwarf can become a

type I supernova.

The making of abundant iron nuclei is typical of

type II supernovae.

The reason that buoyant force acts upward on a submerged object is that

upward pressure against the bottom is greater than downward pressure against the top of the submerged object

Which of these atoms has the greatest amount of electrical charge in its nucleus?

uranium

Which of these atoms has the greatest number of electrons?

uranium

Which of these atoms has the most mass?

uranium

Which of these has the most mass:hydrogen, iron, Lead, uranium

uranium

The cooling effect inside a refrigerator is produced by

vaporizing the refrigeration liquid

which planet has a runaway greenhouse effect resulting in surface temperatures around 900 degrees Fahrenheit?

venus

As a balloon high in the atmosphere descends, it undergoes a decrease in

volume

As a high-altitude balloon sinks lower into the atmosphere, it undergoes a decrease in

volume

as a high-altitude balloon sinks lower into the atmosphere, it undergoes decrease in

volume

what decreases on a high-altitude balloon as it sinks lower and lower into the atmosphere?

volume

The density of a submerged submarine is about the same as the density of ____.

water

Which has the higher heat capacity, water or sound?

water

Which has the higher specific heat capacity, water or sand?

water

Which of the following expands most when the temperature is lowered? Equal volumes of

water at 4°C

The reason fish live from year to year in ponds that freeze over in the winter is that ____.

water below the ice is 4 degrees above freezing

The reason fish live from year to year in ponds that freeze over in the winter is that_____.

water below the ice is 4 degrees above freezing

During a very cold winter, water pipes sometimes burst due to

water expanding when freezing

During a very cold winter, water pipes sometimes burst. The reason for this is

water expands when freezing

During a very cold winter, water pipes sometimes burst. The reason for this is ____.

water expands when freezing

During a very cold winter, water pipes sometimes burst. The reason for this is______.

water expands when freezing

The reason an ocean's temperature doesn't vary much from one season to the next is that _____.

water has a high specific heat capacity

The reason an ocean's temperature doesn't vary much from one season to the next is that______.

water has a high specific heat capacity

The reason water can be pumped out of a well using an old-fashioned farm-type pump is that the ____.

water is pushed to the surface by the atmosphere

Which will change temperature more slowly? Dry beans, watermelon, potatoes, bread or all will cool at the same or similar rates.

watermelon

The air in your classroom has ____, _________, _________

weight mass energy

The Atmosphere is caused by

weight of air

The buoyant force of the atmosphere on a body is equal to the

weight of air displaced

A balloon is buoyed up with a force equal to the ____.

weight of air it displaces

A balloon is buoyed up with a force equal to the...

weight of air it displaces.

Atmospheric pressure is caused by the

weight of the atmosphere

Archimedes' principle says that an object is buoyed up by a force that is equal to the ___.

weight of the fluid displaced

The water pressure is caused by

weight of water

in the HR diagram steps labeled 13-14 is the ....branch

white dwarf

the order of evolutionary stages of a star like the sun would be Main sequence, giant, planetary nebula and finally

white dwarf

A white dwarf in a close binary system will explode as a supernova if it gains enough mass to exceed the __________________.

white dwarf limit (1.4 solar masses)

A(n) __________________ can occur only in a binary system, and all such events are thought to have the same luminosity.

white dwarf supernova

Which of these events is not possible?

white dwarfs and companion stars producing recurrent Type I supernova events

Consider a gap cut into a metal ring. If the ring is heated, the gap becomes____.

wider

As a block of ice at 0 C melts, the block absorbs energy

without a temperature change

A large block of wood and a smaller block of iron on weighing scales both register 1 ton. Taking buoyancy of air into account, which has the greater mass?

wood

A large block of wood and a smaller block of iron on weighing scales both register the same weight - 1 ton. Taking buoyancy of air into account, which has the greater mass?

wood

The reason a life jacket helps you float is that ____.

you and the jacket together have density less than your density alone