Physio Psyc 8.2

Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?​

narcolepsy

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?​

​90 minutes

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?

​Part of the brain is still asleep.

During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.​

​REM sleep

PGO waves are associated with ____.​

​REM sleep

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?​

​Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?​

​a high level of brain activity

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____.​

​almost completely inactive during sleep

What does cataplexy involve?​

​an attack of muscle weakness while awake

The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.​

​are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep

Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?​

​being obese

Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____.​

​block histamine

What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?​

​consistently feeling sleepy during the day

During sleep, what happens in the brain?

​increased firing by GABA neurons

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.​

​interrupted or shortened REM sleep

What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?​

​irregular waves with low amplitude

During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____.​

​irregular, low-voltage fast waves

What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?​

​it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways

People with REM behavior disorder ____.​

​move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams

Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____.​

​narcolepsy

EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____.​

​neurons are becoming more synchronized

In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.​

​norepinephrine

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.​

​only one of several systems involved in arousal

Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?​

​periods without breathing during sleeping

The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____

​pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex

One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____. ​

​pontomesencephalon

The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.​

​reticular formation

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.​

​slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number

Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____.​

​stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?​

​stage 2

Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.

​stages 3 and 4

What is narcolepsy?​

​sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior. ​

​vegetative