Physio Psyc 8.2
Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?
narcolepsy
For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?
90 minutes
Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?
Part of the brain is still asleep.
During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.
REM sleep
PGO waves are associated with ____.
REM sleep
What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?
Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.
REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
a high level of brain activity
With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____.
almost completely inactive during sleep
What does cataplexy involve?
an attack of muscle weakness while awake
The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.
are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep
Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?
being obese
Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____.
block histamine
What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?
consistently feeling sleepy during the day
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
increased firing by GABA neurons
A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.
interrupted or shortened REM sleep
What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?
irregular waves with low amplitude
During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____.
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?
it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways
People with REM behavior disorder ____.
move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to ____.
narcolepsy
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____.
neurons are becoming more synchronized
In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.
norepinephrine
The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.
only one of several systems involved in arousal
Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?
periods without breathing during sleeping
The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____
pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.
pontomesencephalon
The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.
reticular formation
With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.
slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____.
stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?
stage 2
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.
stages 3 and 4
What is narcolepsy?
sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.
vegetative
