Physiology Exam 1
how many milliequivalents are represented by a mole of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
1000 milliequivalents
a molecule of sucrose has a molecular weight of 342 Daltons. How many grams of sucrose would be required to make one liter of a 2.5 Molar solution of sucrose
805 gram per liter 2.5 (342) =805
mass balance involves determining the total amount of a substance in the body. We can determine the rate of production (i.e. Mass Flow) of this substance by which of the following formulas
(concentration of a substance) x (volume/min)
a change in pH value of one unit indicated
10 fold change in [H+]
this particle has a charge of -1 and a negligible mass
electron
list the following in order of increasing mass atom, molecule, proton, neutron, electron
electron < proton < neutron < atom < molecule
a _______ is a substance that consists entirely of atoms with the same atomic number
element
the reaction rates of many chemical reaction that occur in the body are controlled by special protein molecules called
enzymes
a physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ______ medicine
evidence-based
the lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of _____ environment
external
the watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as
extracellular fluid
which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body
extracellular fluid
because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body
false
which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their set points
feedback loops
The protein keratin which is found in hair and nails and affords nails their rigid structure would be categorized as what protein shape?
fibrous
a nucleotide consists of
five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
cell membranes are said to be
freely permeable barrier
Which statement is false..... simple sugars include galactose, glucose, and ribose cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide on earth glycogen is a storage polysaccharide made by animal cells polysaccharides are important both for energy storage and to provide structure to cells glycogens is important both for energy storage and to provide structure for cells
glycogen is important both for energy storage and to provide structure for cells
the proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the
golgi complex for packaging
the number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cell is ______ adipose (fat) cells
greater than
according to the rules of complementary base perigean, a nucleotide containing ht base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide contacting the base
guanina
you conduct an experiment on twenty 18 year old male subject to see how various intestines of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is considered an dependent variable
heart rate
the vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following?
hormonal control
which of the following is one of Cannon's "internal secretions"
hormones
these are weak attractive forces that are responsible for the surface tension of water
hydrogen bond
What would be disrupted by changes in free hydrogen ions in solution, thus disrupting the molecule's shape and function
hydrogen bonds
the weak interaction between atoms that keep atoms near each other are called
hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces
molecules that readily dissolve in water are called
hydrophilic
molecules that do not dissolve well in water are called
hydrophobic
a scientifically logical guess is a
hypothesis
the law of mass balance states
if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss
Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured
if this is not done, a trend would be obscured or even misrepresented
microvilli are found
in cells that are actively engaged in absorption
HCL (hydrochloric acid) is considered an acid because
in solution it donates its H+
cells regulate their level of activity by regulating the amount of proteins present in the cell at any given time, so an up regulation of enzymes would be expected to
increase the cells' response that is produced by the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme
Individuals with Type I diabetes do not make enough insulin. which of the following would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body?
insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane
you conduct an experiment on twenty 18 year old male subject to see how various intestines of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is considered an independent variable
intensity of exercise
which of the following is a way to recognize a carbohydrate by looking at its name only
it ends in -ose
What is a nocebo effect
it is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects that an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed
which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules
kinesins
an _________ is any molecule or ion that binds to another molecule
ligand
explain why animals are used in research. Are there any limitations to the application of animal data to human physiology? Could these limitations be addressed using cell or tissue culture, or computer simulation
limitations for the usefulness of computer simulations and cell/tissue culture system for the same reason that nonhuman animal data are not 100% applicable to human physiology. How human organ systems perform may be different in very subtle ways from corresponding systems in other species. Cells in culture are in an artificial environment, and while much has been learned from such systems, it has also been noted that the behavior of cells in culture is not identical to cells in a living body. Furthermore cells cultured from established lines can change over time, becoming less like the original cells from which they were derived, and presumably less like normal cells. Computer simulations are valuable, but are only as good as the data entered, and given that we don't know everything there is to know about physiology, we can't write a perfect computer program. All three approaches are useful, but for different reasons, and therefore one research system does not completely substitute for another, nor is it appropriate to abandon one entirely
the following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body 1. tissue 2.cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system what is the correct order from larges to smallest
molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger
positive feedback
a double covalent bond is formed when
share two pairs of electrons, total of four
electrons travel around the center of the atom at high speed forming
shell
the largest carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides because they are composed of _____ molecules bonded together with one another
simple sugar
the concentration of a solution expressed the amount of
solute per volume of solution
a _______ is a homogenous mixture containing a solvent and a solute
solution
the designation Ca2+ means calcium has
space for two more electrons
in humans, only ______ cells have flagella
sperm
which does not accurately complete the sentence? one of the major functions of Both types of endoplasmic reticulum ER is the
storage of genetic material for the cell
when an enzyme reaches its saturation point, the amount of
substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very high
glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs this type of explanation is
teleogical
which of the following substance is most alkaline
urine, pH=6
peroxisomes
use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell
you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time briefly describe some ways you might manipulate the independent variable
vary the amounts of caffeine consumed; vary the source, for example, use coffee pills cola drink chocolate
a molecule referred to as highly soluble is
very likely to dissolve in water
the most important polar molecule is _______ because it is practically a universal solvent
water
the internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ project
physiome
which structure is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell
plasma membrane
this particle has a charge of +1 and a mass of 1
porton
a blood pH of less than 7 and greater than 7.7 is incompatible with life
true
a free radical is a
molecule with an unpaired electron
you conduct an experiment on twenty 18- year old male subjects to see how various levels of exercise influence heart rate. Explain why only 18 year old males were used as subjects
An important part of scientific inquiry is to remove sources of variation from among subjects. By choosing subjects of one gender in a particular age group, it is easier to determine that the dependent variable depends only on the independent variable. This also allows a study to have fewer participants assuming that subjects were randomly assigned to a level of exercise. If subjects were of random ages and genders, data would have to be collect from many more individuals
which of the following is an example of a cation SO4^2- Ca^2+ HPO4^2- HCO3- CL-
Ca^2+
Use the following terms to develop a concept map: brain, sensory neuron, an eye, foot, soccer ball, motor neuron,
Eye sees soccer ball Sensory neuron sends visual information brains receives information and formulates a plan motor neuron carries action information foot muscle contracts and the ball is kicked
The mitochondria contains no DNA or RNA T/F
False
a component of an important buffer in the human body is
HCO3-
you are interested in learning more about parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation
MedlinePlusPubMed
which group of elements makes up more than 90% of the body's mass
O, C, H
all of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except....
RNA
a horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse What would the labels be for the graph axes?
The x-axis is race number or date; the y-axis is finish time in minutes
which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium
a cell wall
these result when the carbon atoms phospholipids share a pair of electrons
a covalent bond
a placebo is
a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect
Why is it necessary to label the axes of a graph
a graph with no axis labels is meaningless-without knowing what trend is being illustrated, there is no communication of scientific information
what is the difference between a peer-reviewed article and a review article
a peer-reviewed article describes original research by one author (or group of authors working together) that has gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientists evaluate the work. A review article is a summary (usually a collection of published research that was previous peer-reviewed, usually from more than one independent lab) that discuss a particular topic in the field
what would be considered an allosteric modulator
a substance that binds to proteins away from the active site
protein specificity is the
ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands
what substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes
acid
if a substance has a pH that is less than 7 it is considered
acidic
which bass below are purines adenine cystosine guanin thymine uracil
adenine and guanine
the purines found in DNA are
adenine, guanine
the most important energy-transferring compounds in cells is a nucleotide known as
adenosine triphosphate
intermediate filaments provide the cell with strength stabilize the position of organelles transport material within the cytoplasm form the neurofilaments in nerve cells
all of the answers are correct
molecular function and distinctive shapes of large complex biomolecules result from the interactions of which of the following van der Waals forces ionic bonds hydrogen bonds covalent bond angles
all of them
stanley miller set out to demonstrate an explanation for the origins of organic molecules using a combination of simple organic molecules, heat and periodic bursts of electricity through the mixture, ultimately producing which kind of molecules
amino acids
a liposome is
an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle
an ion has gained or lost
an electron
Chromium is
an essentail element involved in glucose metabolism
what results when an atom has such a strong attraction for electrons that is pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom
an ionic bond
ions with a negative charge are called
aniona
microtubules
are composed of tubular are hollow, filament structures, form cilia that aid in cell movement are the largest cytoplasmic fibers
essentail amino acids that are used to build proteins
are derived from the foods we eat and digest
an elements ability to bind to and with other elements is determine by which of the following
arrangement of electron in the outer shell of an atom
the smallest unit of an element is
atom
you want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. Which type of graph would best display this information
bar graph
you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time sketch a simple graph to convey these results to your classmates. What kind of graph did you choose? why? which variable did you plot on the x-axis? which one did you plot on the y-axis? why ?
bar graph; allows comparison of the average of two groups. The x-axis: group caffeinie or none. They y-axis: reaction time in milliseconds
provide an example of a control system. Be sure to include the three main components: an input signal, a controller and an output signal
blood glucose concentration. The input signal is a blood glucose concentration outside of the normal range, the controller is the pancreas, and the output signal is release of either insulin or glucagon
the organic molecules known as phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and composed of which molecules
both glycerol and fatty acids
you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time which is the independent variable
caffeine consumption
an immunoliposome is a liposome that
can recognize caner cells
atoms in a covalent molecule
can share electrons in single pairs, double pairs, or triple pair
what best describes an irreversible antagonist
cannot be displaced by competition
what biological molecules does glycogen belong to
carbohydrates
all organic molecules contain what
carbon
what elements combine to form non polar covalent bonds
carbon and hydrogen
a positively charged ion is called
cation
ions with a positive charge are called
cations
in a chemical reaction _____ between atoms are broken as atom are rearranged in new combinations to form different chemical substances
chemical bonds
each amino acid differs from others in
chemical structure of the R group
which of the following systems does not exchanged material with the internal and external environments
circulatory
if a reaction which is stopped by substance X can revoker when a lot more of the native activator is supplied, substance x would be considered what
competitive inhibitor
you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time name three stimuli you could use and how you might measure reaction time for each
computer based time could measure the time elapsed between subjects detecting the appearance of an object on the computer monitor and depressing a key on the keyboard, auditory or touch stimuli could be used too
you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time you compute the following average values from your experiment. What would be a logical conclusion for these dates average caffeine consumer's reaction time: 400 ms average non caffeine consumers reaction time: 650ms
consumption of caffeine improves reaction time by 250 ms on average
when glucose enters a cell it is phosphorated in order to maintain a low glucose concentration in the cell. The enzyme that phosphorylates glucose would be what kind of modulator
covalent modulator
a study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ____ study
crossover
the pyrimidines found in DNA are
cytosine, thymine
the molecule DNA contains the five-carbon sugar
deoxyribose
if a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to
digest cellular wastes and bacteria
centrioles
direct the movement of DNA during cell division
what types of bonds between adjacent amino acids plays an important role in the shape of globular proteins
disulfide bonds
a horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. you set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse what type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse
line graph
what is the reason for using a line graph to express the results of this study?
line graphs are commonly used when the independent variable (x-axis) is a continuous phenomenon. In this study the concentration of epinephrine is a continuous function. The line allows for interpolation
glycosylated molecules are those formed with which group of organic compounds
lipids
to what group of biomolecules do triglycerides and steroids belong to
lipids
the pace that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as the
lumen
what is an example of a membranous organelle
lysosome
Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective
lysosomes
you are designing a study to assess the effects of a new treatment for hypertension. What ethical considerations would you employ when monitoring your progress
major considerations should involve assessing the efficacy of the treatment such that the control group patient are not deprived as well as ensuring that the experimental treatment is not less effective that the standard treatments
glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin this type of explanation is
mechanistic
which of the following is not considered an essential element for a living organism carbon hydrogen mercury oxygen nitrogen
mercury
a technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is
meta-analysis
when cancer develops in one tissues and spread to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process
metastasis
the thickest protein fibers from are
microtubules
most of the tap required to power cellular operation is produced in
mitochondria
what type of structure is not involved in storage
mitochondrial cristae
when two or more atoms are chemically linked, the smallest unit of the resulting matters is referred to as
molecule
excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion?
movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin
the literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of
nature
isotopes of the same element differ by having different numbers of
neutrons
which of the following is a common feature of soluble proteins
noncovalent interaction
ribosomal RNA is formed by
nucleoli
nucleic acids are polymers of unit called
nucleotides
the center of an atom is called the
nucleus
the control center for cellular operation is the
nucleus
the chemical bonding behavior of an atom is directly determined by the
number and arrangement of electrons
place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the process of scientific inquiry: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication
observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory
polymers are a typical formation of ______ molecules
organic
molecules that contain the element carbon are known as
organic molecule
Sarah has just flow around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition known as insomnia. How doe you think Sarah's long flights and her insomnia are related to biological rhythms
our sleep-wake cycle is a biological rhythm that lets our body know when it is time to rest. most likely Sarah has ignored the signals like sleepiness, changes in body temperature and mood that her body is sending. By ignoring these rhythm she has disrupted the cycle and the body is struggling to maintain homeostasis.
which combination of elements make up 90% of the body's mass
oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen
which statement best describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ions
pH and hydrogen ions are inversely proportional
which formula describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ions
pH=-log[H+]
the study of body function in a disease states is
pathophysiology
how genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called
pharmacogenomics
adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the
physiological functions that promote an organism's survival
you are designing a study to assess the effects of a new drug treatment for hypertension. In your stud y of this drug's efficacy in treating hypertension, your subjects are white males, ages 40 to 60 years. Is your study applicable to all people? Explain
possibly but not necessarily, There are gender differences in appropriate therapies because of physiological effects of higher testosterone in males compared to female, for example. Drugs are often not tested in children, and children also have a different hormonal environment than adults (again, sex hormones are a good example, because their levels are low until just before the onset of puberty) There are also racial differences in effectiveness of therapies, and while it is a contentious issue as to whether these represent genetic or socioeconomic influences, they should be considered
cholesterol is a
precursor to steroid hormones and a structural component of cell membranes
the sequence and number of amino acids in the chain is an example of which of the levels of protein structure
primary
what is not a function of membrane proteins
produce energy
during intense exercise our muscle produce lactate and hydrogen ions. What molecules would be affected by the accumulation of hydrogen ions
proteins actin and myosin
two methods of protein activation include ______ and _____
proteolytic, cofactor binding
this particle has a neutral charge and a mass of 1
proton
the identity of an element can be determined by the number of
protons
interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which type of structure
quaternary
potassium channels are usually composed of several subunits. This is an example of what level of protein structure
quaternary
homeostasis is the ability of the body to
quickly restore changed conditions to normal
you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time what is the dependent variable
reaction time
what biological molecule exhibit the characteristics of saturation, specificity, and competition
receptor proteins
_____ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its _______
regulated variables, stepping
What is the major problem with the deconstructionist view of biology
return to the topic of function and process. The deconstructionist view of biology predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the human genome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. In reality it is possible to know HOW a gene codes for a particular proteins without knowing WHY that protein exists. Our knowledge of the human genome is only a piece of the puzzle
the molecules RNA contains the five-crabon-sugar
ribose
the beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. What organelle would be found in higher levels in the beta calls
ribosomes
There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but give daily injections of different concentration of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. you set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish and vitamin dose?
scatter plot
the alpha-helix and pleated sheet are example of the _____ structure of a protein
secondary
write a teleological explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise. Now write a mechanistic explanation for the same phenomenon
teleological: heart rate increase because the increased activity of skeletal and cardiac muscles requires increased delivery of blood contents such as oxygen and glucose. Mechanistic: heart rate increase in response to signals from the brain (pacemaker cells of the heart are stimulated by the nervous system)
the human environment is terrestrial, dry and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kid of scientific endeavor
telogical
hemoglobin molecules are made from four globular protein subunits. The three-dimensional shape of these globular subunits would be an example of what level of protein structure
tertiary
what levels of protein structure occurs from spontaneous folding that results from covalent bonds and noncovalent interaction
tertiary
what is/are the major roles of phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane
the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins
physiology is the study of
the normal function of living organisms
Explain why the prefix homeo- is used in the term homeostasis. why do physiologists prefer the term homeodynamics over homeostasis
the prefix home- meaning like or similar is used to indicate that the body's internal environment is maintained within a range of acceptable values rather than a fixed state. Some physiologist argue that the term homeodynamisc better reflects the small but constant changes that continuously take place in the internal environment, as opposed to homeostasis, which erroneously implies lack of change
in regard to lipids, the term unsaturated refers to
the presence of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid
you want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horse in a single act at the Kentucky Derby What would the labels be for the graph axes?
the x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes
if a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a
theory
in a 5% NaCl solution
there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution
the term polar is used to describe molecules because
there are at least two distinct ends of the molecule regarding election positions and the resulting charge
what is not a membrane lipid sphingolipids cholesterol phospholipids
they are all membrane lipids
nucleotides participate in what function
they transfer energy and are part of genetic material
high cholesterol levels have been show to be a contributing factor to heart disease and death due to cardiovascular disease fro many decade. IN the 1970's scientists used this information to develop a hypothesis that giving a medicine to reduce blood cholesterol levels could reduce the chances of developing cardiovascular disease or dying from cardiovascular disease. They tested a group of people living in a town called Framingham, Massachusetts. This study became known as the Framingham study and it is very well known because it did not support the hypothesis that giving cholesterol-lowering medications would reduce the risk of developing or dying from cardiovascular disease. Does this mean that high cholesterol is not a risk factor for heart disease? What does this demonstrate about the scientific process, especially as it pertains to human studies?
this demonstrates the difficulty in doing human research because even though elevated cholesterol levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, reducing cholesterol levels without addressing the reason those levels were high in the first place may not have the expected effect on reducing heart disease. Human testing on hypotheses is important because humans don't always respond to treatments like other animals do, they may actually respond quite differently and each person may respond differently from the rest. It is why we need to test each hypothesis in circumstances as smilier to the actual real group that would be treated.
Beta strands are an example of a spatial arrangement of amino acids
true
Van der Waals forces are weak attractive forces between the nucleus of one atom and the electrons of another atom close by
true
There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but give daily injections of different concentration of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. you set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. What are the labels for the graph axes
x-axis is vitamin dose; the y-axis is finish time in minutes
you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis you chose
yes
