Physiology Exam 1

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how many milliequivalents are represented by a mole of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

1000 milliequivalents

a molecule of sucrose has a molecular weight of 342 Daltons. How many grams of sucrose would be required to make one liter of a 2.5 Molar solution of sucrose

805 gram per liter 2.5 (342) =805

mass balance involves determining the total amount of a substance in the body. We can determine the rate of production (i.e. Mass Flow) of this substance by which of the following formulas

(concentration of a substance) x (volume/min)

a change in pH value of one unit indicated

10 fold change in [H+]

this particle has a charge of -1 and a negligible mass

electron

list the following in order of increasing mass atom, molecule, proton, neutron, electron

electron < proton < neutron < atom < molecule

a _______ is a substance that consists entirely of atoms with the same atomic number

element

the reaction rates of many chemical reaction that occur in the body are controlled by special protein molecules called

enzymes

a physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ______ medicine

evidence-based

the lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of _____ environment

external

the watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as

extracellular fluid

which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body

extracellular fluid

because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body

false

which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their set points

feedback loops

The protein keratin which is found in hair and nails and affords nails their rigid structure would be categorized as what protein shape?

fibrous

a nucleotide consists of

five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

cell membranes are said to be

freely permeable barrier

Which statement is false..... simple sugars include galactose, glucose, and ribose cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide on earth glycogen is a storage polysaccharide made by animal cells polysaccharides are important both for energy storage and to provide structure to cells glycogens is important both for energy storage and to provide structure for cells

glycogen is important both for energy storage and to provide structure for cells

the proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the

golgi complex for packaging

the number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cell is ______ adipose (fat) cells

greater than

according to the rules of complementary base perigean, a nucleotide containing ht base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide contacting the base

guanina

you conduct an experiment on twenty 18 year old male subject to see how various intestines of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is considered an dependent variable

heart rate

the vasodilation of blood vessels surrounding muscles due to the production of carbon dioxide during exercise is an example of which of the following?

hormonal control

which of the following is one of Cannon's "internal secretions"

hormones

these are weak attractive forces that are responsible for the surface tension of water

hydrogen bond

What would be disrupted by changes in free hydrogen ions in solution, thus disrupting the molecule's shape and function

hydrogen bonds

the weak interaction between atoms that keep atoms near each other are called

hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces

molecules that readily dissolve in water are called

hydrophilic

molecules that do not dissolve well in water are called

hydrophobic

a scientifically logical guess is a

hypothesis

the law of mass balance states

if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured

if this is not done, a trend would be obscured or even misrepresented

microvilli are found

in cells that are actively engaged in absorption

HCL (hydrochloric acid) is considered an acid because

in solution it donates its H+

cells regulate their level of activity by regulating the amount of proteins present in the cell at any given time, so an up regulation of enzymes would be expected to

increase the cells' response that is produced by the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme

Individuals with Type I diabetes do not make enough insulin. which of the following would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body?

insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane

you conduct an experiment on twenty 18 year old male subject to see how various intestines of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is considered an independent variable

intensity of exercise

which of the following is a way to recognize a carbohydrate by looking at its name only

it ends in -ose

What is a nocebo effect

it is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects that an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed

which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules

kinesins

an _________ is any molecule or ion that binds to another molecule

ligand

explain why animals are used in research. Are there any limitations to the application of animal data to human physiology? Could these limitations be addressed using cell or tissue culture, or computer simulation

limitations for the usefulness of computer simulations and cell/tissue culture system for the same reason that nonhuman animal data are not 100% applicable to human physiology. How human organ systems perform may be different in very subtle ways from corresponding systems in other species. Cells in culture are in an artificial environment, and while much has been learned from such systems, it has also been noted that the behavior of cells in culture is not identical to cells in a living body. Furthermore cells cultured from established lines can change over time, becoming less like the original cells from which they were derived, and presumably less like normal cells. Computer simulations are valuable, but are only as good as the data entered, and given that we don't know everything there is to know about physiology, we can't write a perfect computer program. All three approaches are useful, but for different reasons, and therefore one research system does not completely substitute for another, nor is it appropriate to abandon one entirely

the following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body 1. tissue 2.cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system what is the correct order from larges to smallest

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger

positive feedback

a double covalent bond is formed when

share two pairs of electrons, total of four

electrons travel around the center of the atom at high speed forming

shell

the largest carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides because they are composed of _____ molecules bonded together with one another

simple sugar

the concentration of a solution expressed the amount of

solute per volume of solution

a _______ is a homogenous mixture containing a solvent and a solute

solution

the designation Ca2+ means calcium has

space for two more electrons

in humans, only ______ cells have flagella

sperm

which does not accurately complete the sentence? one of the major functions of Both types of endoplasmic reticulum ER is the

storage of genetic material for the cell

when an enzyme reaches its saturation point, the amount of

substrate for the enzyme to act upon is very high

glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs this type of explanation is

teleogical

which of the following substance is most alkaline

urine, pH=6

peroxisomes

use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell

you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time briefly describe some ways you might manipulate the independent variable

vary the amounts of caffeine consumed; vary the source, for example, use coffee pills cola drink chocolate

a molecule referred to as highly soluble is

very likely to dissolve in water

the most important polar molecule is _______ because it is practically a universal solvent

water

the internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ project

physiome

which structure is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell

plasma membrane

this particle has a charge of +1 and a mass of 1

porton

a blood pH of less than 7 and greater than 7.7 is incompatible with life

true

a free radical is a

molecule with an unpaired electron

you conduct an experiment on twenty 18- year old male subjects to see how various levels of exercise influence heart rate. Explain why only 18 year old males were used as subjects

An important part of scientific inquiry is to remove sources of variation from among subjects. By choosing subjects of one gender in a particular age group, it is easier to determine that the dependent variable depends only on the independent variable. This also allows a study to have fewer participants assuming that subjects were randomly assigned to a level of exercise. If subjects were of random ages and genders, data would have to be collect from many more individuals

which of the following is an example of a cation SO4^2- Ca^2+ HPO4^2- HCO3- CL-

Ca^2+

Use the following terms to develop a concept map: brain, sensory neuron, an eye, foot, soccer ball, motor neuron,

Eye sees soccer ball Sensory neuron sends visual information brains receives information and formulates a plan motor neuron carries action information foot muscle contracts and the ball is kicked

The mitochondria contains no DNA or RNA T/F

False

a component of an important buffer in the human body is

HCO3-

you are interested in learning more about parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation

MedlinePlusPubMed

which group of elements makes up more than 90% of the body's mass

O, C, H

all of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except....

RNA

a horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse What would the labels be for the graph axes?

The x-axis is race number or date; the y-axis is finish time in minutes

which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium

a cell wall

these result when the carbon atoms phospholipids share a pair of electrons

a covalent bond

a placebo is

a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect

Why is it necessary to label the axes of a graph

a graph with no axis labels is meaningless-without knowing what trend is being illustrated, there is no communication of scientific information

what is the difference between a peer-reviewed article and a review article

a peer-reviewed article describes original research by one author (or group of authors working together) that has gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientists evaluate the work. A review article is a summary (usually a collection of published research that was previous peer-reviewed, usually from more than one independent lab) that discuss a particular topic in the field

what would be considered an allosteric modulator

a substance that binds to proteins away from the active site

protein specificity is the

ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands

what substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes

acid

if a substance has a pH that is less than 7 it is considered

acidic

which bass below are purines adenine cystosine guanin thymine uracil

adenine and guanine

the purines found in DNA are

adenine, guanine

the most important energy-transferring compounds in cells is a nucleotide known as

adenosine triphosphate

intermediate filaments provide the cell with strength stabilize the position of organelles transport material within the cytoplasm form the neurofilaments in nerve cells

all of the answers are correct

molecular function and distinctive shapes of large complex biomolecules result from the interactions of which of the following van der Waals forces ionic bonds hydrogen bonds covalent bond angles

all of them

stanley miller set out to demonstrate an explanation for the origins of organic molecules using a combination of simple organic molecules, heat and periodic bursts of electricity through the mixture, ultimately producing which kind of molecules

amino acids

a liposome is

an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle

an ion has gained or lost

an electron

Chromium is

an essentail element involved in glucose metabolism

what results when an atom has such a strong attraction for electrons that is pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom

an ionic bond

ions with a negative charge are called

aniona

microtubules

are composed of tubular are hollow, filament structures, form cilia that aid in cell movement are the largest cytoplasmic fibers

essentail amino acids that are used to build proteins

are derived from the foods we eat and digest

an elements ability to bind to and with other elements is determine by which of the following

arrangement of electron in the outer shell of an atom

the smallest unit of an element is

atom

you want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. Which type of graph would best display this information

bar graph

you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time sketch a simple graph to convey these results to your classmates. What kind of graph did you choose? why? which variable did you plot on the x-axis? which one did you plot on the y-axis? why ?

bar graph; allows comparison of the average of two groups. The x-axis: group caffeinie or none. They y-axis: reaction time in milliseconds

provide an example of a control system. Be sure to include the three main components: an input signal, a controller and an output signal

blood glucose concentration. The input signal is a blood glucose concentration outside of the normal range, the controller is the pancreas, and the output signal is release of either insulin or glucagon

the organic molecules known as phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and composed of which molecules

both glycerol and fatty acids

you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time which is the independent variable

caffeine consumption

an immunoliposome is a liposome that

can recognize caner cells

atoms in a covalent molecule

can share electrons in single pairs, double pairs, or triple pair

what best describes an irreversible antagonist

cannot be displaced by competition

what biological molecules does glycogen belong to

carbohydrates

all organic molecules contain what

carbon

what elements combine to form non polar covalent bonds

carbon and hydrogen

a positively charged ion is called

cation

ions with a positive charge are called

cations

in a chemical reaction _____ between atoms are broken as atom are rearranged in new combinations to form different chemical substances

chemical bonds

each amino acid differs from others in

chemical structure of the R group

which of the following systems does not exchanged material with the internal and external environments

circulatory

if a reaction which is stopped by substance X can revoker when a lot more of the native activator is supplied, substance x would be considered what

competitive inhibitor

you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time name three stimuli you could use and how you might measure reaction time for each

computer based time could measure the time elapsed between subjects detecting the appearance of an object on the computer monitor and depressing a key on the keyboard, auditory or touch stimuli could be used too

you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time you compute the following average values from your experiment. What would be a logical conclusion for these dates average caffeine consumer's reaction time: 400 ms average non caffeine consumers reaction time: 650ms

consumption of caffeine improves reaction time by 250 ms on average

when glucose enters a cell it is phosphorated in order to maintain a low glucose concentration in the cell. The enzyme that phosphorylates glucose would be what kind of modulator

covalent modulator

a study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ____ study

crossover

the pyrimidines found in DNA are

cytosine, thymine

the molecule DNA contains the five-carbon sugar

deoxyribose

if a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to

digest cellular wastes and bacteria

centrioles

direct the movement of DNA during cell division

what types of bonds between adjacent amino acids plays an important role in the shape of globular proteins

disulfide bonds

a horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. you set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse what type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse

line graph

what is the reason for using a line graph to express the results of this study?

line graphs are commonly used when the independent variable (x-axis) is a continuous phenomenon. In this study the concentration of epinephrine is a continuous function. The line allows for interpolation

glycosylated molecules are those formed with which group of organic compounds

lipids

to what group of biomolecules do triglycerides and steroids belong to

lipids

the pace that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as the

lumen

what is an example of a membranous organelle

lysosome

Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective

lysosomes

you are designing a study to assess the effects of a new treatment for hypertension. What ethical considerations would you employ when monitoring your progress

major considerations should involve assessing the efficacy of the treatment such that the control group patient are not deprived as well as ensuring that the experimental treatment is not less effective that the standard treatments

glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin this type of explanation is

mechanistic

which of the following is not considered an essential element for a living organism carbon hydrogen mercury oxygen nitrogen

mercury

a technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is

meta-analysis

when cancer develops in one tissues and spread to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process

metastasis

the thickest protein fibers from are

microtubules

most of the tap required to power cellular operation is produced in

mitochondria

what type of structure is not involved in storage

mitochondrial cristae

when two or more atoms are chemically linked, the smallest unit of the resulting matters is referred to as

molecule

excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion?

movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin

the literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of

nature

isotopes of the same element differ by having different numbers of

neutrons

which of the following is a common feature of soluble proteins

noncovalent interaction

ribosomal RNA is formed by

nucleoli

nucleic acids are polymers of unit called

nucleotides

the center of an atom is called the

nucleus

the control center for cellular operation is the

nucleus

the chemical bonding behavior of an atom is directly determined by the

number and arrangement of electrons

place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the process of scientific inquiry: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication

observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory

polymers are a typical formation of ______ molecules

organic

molecules that contain the element carbon are known as

organic molecule

Sarah has just flow around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition known as insomnia. How doe you think Sarah's long flights and her insomnia are related to biological rhythms

our sleep-wake cycle is a biological rhythm that lets our body know when it is time to rest. most likely Sarah has ignored the signals like sleepiness, changes in body temperature and mood that her body is sending. By ignoring these rhythm she has disrupted the cycle and the body is struggling to maintain homeostasis.

which combination of elements make up 90% of the body's mass

oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen

which statement best describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ions

pH and hydrogen ions are inversely proportional

which formula describes the relationship between pH and hydrogen ions

pH=-log[H+]

the study of body function in a disease states is

pathophysiology

how genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called

pharmacogenomics

adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the

physiological functions that promote an organism's survival

you are designing a study to assess the effects of a new drug treatment for hypertension. In your stud y of this drug's efficacy in treating hypertension, your subjects are white males, ages 40 to 60 years. Is your study applicable to all people? Explain

possibly but not necessarily, There are gender differences in appropriate therapies because of physiological effects of higher testosterone in males compared to female, for example. Drugs are often not tested in children, and children also have a different hormonal environment than adults (again, sex hormones are a good example, because their levels are low until just before the onset of puberty) There are also racial differences in effectiveness of therapies, and while it is a contentious issue as to whether these represent genetic or socioeconomic influences, they should be considered

cholesterol is a

precursor to steroid hormones and a structural component of cell membranes

the sequence and number of amino acids in the chain is an example of which of the levels of protein structure

primary

what is not a function of membrane proteins

produce energy

during intense exercise our muscle produce lactate and hydrogen ions. What molecules would be affected by the accumulation of hydrogen ions

proteins actin and myosin

two methods of protein activation include ______ and _____

proteolytic, cofactor binding

this particle has a neutral charge and a mass of 1

proton

the identity of an element can be determined by the number of

protons

interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which type of structure

quaternary

potassium channels are usually composed of several subunits. This is an example of what level of protein structure

quaternary

homeostasis is the ability of the body to

quickly restore changed conditions to normal

you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time what is the dependent variable

reaction time

what biological molecule exhibit the characteristics of saturation, specificity, and competition

receptor proteins

_____ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its _______

regulated variables, stepping

What is the major problem with the deconstructionist view of biology

return to the topic of function and process. The deconstructionist view of biology predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the human genome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. In reality it is possible to know HOW a gene codes for a particular proteins without knowing WHY that protein exists. Our knowledge of the human genome is only a piece of the puzzle

the molecules RNA contains the five-crabon-sugar

ribose

the beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. What organelle would be found in higher levels in the beta calls

ribosomes

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but give daily injections of different concentration of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. you set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish and vitamin dose?

scatter plot

the alpha-helix and pleated sheet are example of the _____ structure of a protein

secondary

write a teleological explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise. Now write a mechanistic explanation for the same phenomenon

teleological: heart rate increase because the increased activity of skeletal and cardiac muscles requires increased delivery of blood contents such as oxygen and glucose. Mechanistic: heart rate increase in response to signals from the brain (pacemaker cells of the heart are stimulated by the nervous system)

the human environment is terrestrial, dry and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kid of scientific endeavor

telogical

hemoglobin molecules are made from four globular protein subunits. The three-dimensional shape of these globular subunits would be an example of what level of protein structure

tertiary

what levels of protein structure occurs from spontaneous folding that results from covalent bonds and noncovalent interaction

tertiary

what is/are the major roles of phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane

the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

physiology is the study of

the normal function of living organisms

Explain why the prefix homeo- is used in the term homeostasis. why do physiologists prefer the term homeodynamics over homeostasis

the prefix home- meaning like or similar is used to indicate that the body's internal environment is maintained within a range of acceptable values rather than a fixed state. Some physiologist argue that the term homeodynamisc better reflects the small but constant changes that continuously take place in the internal environment, as opposed to homeostasis, which erroneously implies lack of change

in regard to lipids, the term unsaturated refers to

the presence of double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms in a fatty acid

you want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horse in a single act at the Kentucky Derby What would the labels be for the graph axes?

the x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes

if a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a

theory

in a 5% NaCl solution

there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution

the term polar is used to describe molecules because

there are at least two distinct ends of the molecule regarding election positions and the resulting charge

what is not a membrane lipid sphingolipids cholesterol phospholipids

they are all membrane lipids

nucleotides participate in what function

they transfer energy and are part of genetic material

high cholesterol levels have been show to be a contributing factor to heart disease and death due to cardiovascular disease fro many decade. IN the 1970's scientists used this information to develop a hypothesis that giving a medicine to reduce blood cholesterol levels could reduce the chances of developing cardiovascular disease or dying from cardiovascular disease. They tested a group of people living in a town called Framingham, Massachusetts. This study became known as the Framingham study and it is very well known because it did not support the hypothesis that giving cholesterol-lowering medications would reduce the risk of developing or dying from cardiovascular disease. Does this mean that high cholesterol is not a risk factor for heart disease? What does this demonstrate about the scientific process, especially as it pertains to human studies?

this demonstrates the difficulty in doing human research because even though elevated cholesterol levels are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, reducing cholesterol levels without addressing the reason those levels were high in the first place may not have the expected effect on reducing heart disease. Human testing on hypotheses is important because humans don't always respond to treatments like other animals do, they may actually respond quite differently and each person may respond differently from the rest. It is why we need to test each hypothesis in circumstances as smilier to the actual real group that would be treated.

Beta strands are an example of a spatial arrangement of amino acids

true

Van der Waals forces are weak attractive forces between the nucleus of one atom and the electrons of another atom close by

true

There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but give daily injections of different concentration of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. you set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. What are the labels for the graph axes

x-axis is vitamin dose; the y-axis is finish time in minutes

you are doing an experiment to determine if caffeine consumption affects reaction time do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis you chose

yes


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