physiology exam 2

your subject has a cardiac output of 13.4, a heart rate of 151, and a blood pressure of 142/71. what is their stroke volume in ml?

88.7 +/- 2

what fiber type would tend to be recruited first?

I

the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers at the SA node is

acetylcholine

if observed when does the 3rd heart sound occur relative to our other heart sounds?

shortly after S2

which of the following could cause anemia - dehydration - going to a high altitude - lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach - dietary deficiency of folic acid - dietary deficiency of iron

- lack of intrinsic factor secretion by the stomach - dietary deficiency of folic acid - dietary deficiency of iron

during the diving reflex, what causes the changes in heart rate and blood pressure - signals are sent to the medulla oblongata - increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity - decrease in heart rate - decrease in the hearts oxygen demand - increase in blood pressure - facial cooling and apnea

-facial cooling and apnea - signals are sent to the medulla oblongata - increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity - decrease in heart rate - decrease in the hearts oxygen demand - increase in blood pressure

which of the following is/are correct

during ejection period, the left ventricular volume is decreasing

skeletal muscle

striated, multinucleated, under voluntary control

smooth muscle

unstriated, no voluntary control

which of the following are true about blood lots and heart attacks - a clot associated with the blood vessel wall is called a thrombus - a free floating clot is called a embolus - the process by which a clot becomes free--floating and gets lodged in a blood vessel is called thromboembolism - all of the above - two of the above

- all of the above

if your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, which of the following are likely to occur? - an increase in hematocrit - a decrease in resistance to blood flow - an increase in erythropoietin acting on bond marrow cells - the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone - secondary polycythemia

- an increase in hematocrit - an increase in erythropoietin acting on bone marrow cells - the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone - secondary polycythemia

put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order. Note: some events have been skipped and all events are after acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction - activation of dihydrophyridine receptors - myosin dissociates from thin filament - ATP binds myosin head - Ca2+ binds troponin - myosin binds with actin "coupling" - end plate potential

- end plate potential - activation of dihydropyradine receptors - Ca2+ binds troponin - myosin binds with actin "coupling" - ATP binds myosin head - myosin dissociated thin filament

our body is a little like goldilocks; it wants everything just right. which of the following is/are true about hypertension, normotension, and hypotension? - hypertension increases the risk of having a stroke - orthostatic hypotension is when blood pressure drops due to an injury - essential hypertension is when a patient needs to have high blood pressure to promote blood flow to critical organs - preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy associated with low blood pressure - 40-50% of all US adults have hypertension - severe hypotension may be a more immediate threat to a patient's life than hypertension - a blood pressure of 80 over 40 could cause syncope - hypotension increases the risk of coronary artery disease

- hypertension increases the risk of having a stroke - 40-50% of all US adults have hypertension - severe hypotension may be a more immediate threat to a patient's life than hypertension - a blood pressure of 80 over 40 could cause syncope

which of the following is/are true about the period of isovolumetric ventricular contraction - the AV valves are open - the semilunar valves are closed - the AV valves are closed - the semilunar valves are open - the volume of blood in the ventricle is increasing - the pressure in the ventricle is increasing - the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant - it begins when the first heart sound occurs - the pressure in the ventricle is decreasing - the volume of blood in the ventricle is decreasing

- the semilunar valves are closed - the AV valves are closed - the pressure in the ventricle is increasing - the volume of blood in the ventricle is constant - it begins when the first heart sound occurs

put the following events of ventricular diastole in order - ventricular muscle cells begin to repolarize - pressure in ventricles falls below pressure in the aorta - second heart sound occurs - pressure in ventricles falls below pressure in the atria - ventricles begin to fill passively - active filling of ventricles

- ventricular muscle cells begin to repolarize - pressure in ventricles falls below pressure in the aorta - second heart sound occurs - pressure in ventricles falls below pressure in the atria - ventricles begin to fill passively - active filling of ventricles

changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. this question is what causes the initial change in blood pressure. please put the following events in order 1. blood pools in lower extremities 2. venous return decreases 3. end diastolic volume decreases 4. stroke volume decreases 5. cardiac output decreases 6. blood pressure decreases

1. blood pools in lower extremities 2. venous return decreases 3. end diastolic volume decreases 4. stroke volume decreases 5. cardiac output decreases 6. blood pressure decreases

your subject has a cardiac output of 12.9, a heart rate of 151, and a blood pressure of 158/91. what is their mean arterial pressure

113

your subject has a cardiac output of 13.4 a heart rate of 119 and a blood pressure of 150/98. what is their mean arterial pressure

115

current guidelines in the United States use an SBP cutoff value of greater than or equal to _______ to diagnose hypertension

130

which of the following is closest to a healthy platelet count for a healthy adult male?

270,000/mm^3

what heart sound is heard right at the end of the ventricular ejection period

2nd heart sound

which heart sound is heard right at the end of the ventricular ejection period

2nd heart sound

if your subject's stroke volume was 70 ml and their end diastolic volume was 100 ml then their end systolic volume would be

30 ml

what is a typical value for cardiac output in a healthy adult human

4-6

what is a typical value for stroke volume in a healthy adult human in mL

59-91

what is your subject's cardiac output (use L not ml) if your subject's heart rate is 76 and they have an end systolic volume of 54 and an end diastolic volume of 144?

6.84

a diastolic blood pressure of less than or equal to __________ mm Hg would be suggestive of hypotension

60

what is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 79, they have an end systolic volume of 59 and an end diastolic volume of 164

64

what is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 72 and they have an end systolic volume of 50 and an end diastolic volume of 147

66

possible hematocrit in an adult male with relative polycythemia

68%

possibly hematocrit in a adult male who is has been monitoring climbers at mt. Everest base camp for 6 weeks

68%

what is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human

80

what is a typical value for mean arterial pressure in a healthy adult human

86.6-100

in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could have anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies

A-

in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have A antigens

A-

which antigens would be found in blood type B+

B, Rh

which of the following antigens would be found in blood type B+

B, Rh

____________ are a type of proprioreceptor that helps us to receive the amount of tension placed upon the muscle

Golgi tendon organs

which fiber type would tend to have the greatest mitochondrial volume

I

which fiber type would tend to have the greatest succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDH catalyzes a step in the Citric Acid Cycle)

I

which fiber type would tend to have the most myoglobin

I

in which parts of a sarcomere would we find the least amount of myosin? assume the muscle and sarcomere are at optimal, resting length

I band

which fiber type would have the lowest capillary density

IIX

which fiber type would tend to have the greatest lactate dehydrogenase activity

IIX

in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems a blood type that would only have Rh antigens

O+

a blood type that would not have antigens in the ABO and Rh antigenic systems

O-

which of the following is/are true of myocardial ischemia? - it can be caused by a decrease in oxygen delivery to the myocardium - it can be caused by a failure to increase oxygen delivery to the heart when there is a high myocardial oxygen demand - the classic symptom of myocardial ischemia is angina pectoris - all of the above - only 2 of the above

all of the above

which of the following is/are NOT true about muscle spindle function? - alpha-gamma coactivation is a process whereby extrafusal and intrafusal fibers contract at nearly the same time, which allows the spindles to always be sensitive to stretch - if a muscle spindle in the hamstrings was stimulated it would tend to cause hamstring muscle contraction - if a muscle spindle in the hamstrings was stimulated it would tend to cause quadriceps muscles to relax - they are a type of proprioreceptor that sends information to the central nervous system about the length of the muscle - all of the above ARE true

all of the above ARE true.

what is not true about the A band - the thick and thin filaments overlap for a portion of the A band - it is approximately 1.6 um the length of the thick filament - in humans, the triads are near the ends of the A band where they meet the I band - the M line is in the middle zone of the A band

all of these answers are true

which of the following would NOT enhance the strength of cardiac contraction - phosphorylation of phospholamban - enhanced Ca2+ entry from ECF - an increase in end systolic volume - an increase in end diastolic volume - all of the above DO increase the strength of contraction - three of the above do NOT increase the strength of contraction

an increase in end systolic volume

if your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, what is likely to occur

an increase in erythropoietin acting on bone marrow - secondary polycythemia - an increase in hematocrit - the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone

which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of norepinephrine on the SA node?

atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)

if your patient's blood pressure was 132/78 what about this is true regarding the guidelines

based on the new guidelines they have hypertension

the fourth heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle

during late filling of the ventricle when the atria contract

muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and breaks down a lot of ATP. we also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP consumption in active skeletal muscle - a. none of these are true - b. roughly 70% of the ATP breakdown during muscular exercise is by myosin ATPase - c. SERCAs are a major consumer of ATP during muscular exercise, and may consume over a quarter of all of the ATP use in muscle during exercise. - d. two of these are not true - e. after myosin ATPase, the next bigger consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria

e. after myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria

which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles?

filling of the ventricles

which heart sound is associated with closing of the AV valves?

first

in the atherosclerotic process, when macrophages pick up oxidized LDLs they become ________ cells

foam

which of the following is NOT a property of type IIX fibers? - low SERCA density - recruited last - low myoglobin content - high LDH activity - low capillary density

low myoglobin content

if the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following

negative chronotropic effect

if your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50 ml then which of the following would be true - their stroke volume would be 100 ml - their ejection fraction would be 67% - only 3 of these answers - their cardiac output would be 10 L/min - only 2 of these answers

only 3 of these answers

if your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 and their ESV was 50 ml, then which of the following would be true? - their ejection fraction would be 67% - only 3 of these answers - their stroke volume would be 100 ml - only 2 of these answers - their cardiac output would be 10 L/min

only 3 of these answers

if observed, when does the 4th heart sound occur relative to out other heart sounds?

shortly before S1

cardiac muscle

striated, branched, no voluntary control

if a muscle were performing a concentric action, we would expect the following to decrease in length except - the A band - the distance between Z lines - two of these answers - the I band - the H zone

the A band