Physiology Exam #3
Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them. 1. secondary bronchi 2. bronchioles 3. primary bronchi 4. alveoli 5. terminal bronchioles
3, 1, 2, 5, 4
Put these phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order. 1. opening of the semilunar valves 2. isovolumic contraction 3. beginning of atrial systole 4. closure of the AV valves 5. completion of ventricular filling 6. beginning of ventricular systole 7. ventricular relaxation 8. ventricular ejection
3, 5, 6, 4, 2, 1, 8, 7
________________ is an electrode placement technique that uses three leads in order to record an electrocardiogram
Einthoven's triangle
Atrial depolarization
P wave
Conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node
PR segment
Conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) bundle
Q wave
Ventricular depolarization
QRS complex
Total time it takes for the ventricular muscle to depolarize and repolarize
QT interval
The ventricles are in their depolarized state
ST segment
ventricular repolarization
T wave
A two electrode pair constitutes a ________________ which records the electrical activity of the heart.
lead
The osmolarity in the bottom of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM: A. 1200 B. 300 C. 100 D. 900 E. None of these answers are correct
A. 1200
Which of these would cause the greatest increase in glomerular filtration rate?: A. Decreased diameter in the efferent arteriole B. Increased diameter in the efferent arteriole C. Increased resistance in the afferent arteriole D. Decreased diameter in the afferent arteriole
A. Decreased diameter in the efferent arteriole
At a holiday celebration, you ate foods high in salt. Which would you predict?: A. Decreased urine volume and increased blood volume B. Increased urine volume and decreased blood volume C. Increased urine volume and increased blood volume D. Decreased urine volume and decreased blood volume
A. Decreased urine volume and increased blood volume
A patient has a tumor that secretes high levels of aldosterone. Which would you expect?: A. Hypokalemia and increased potassium in urine B. Hypokalemia and decreased potassium in urine C. Hyperkalemia and increased potassium in urine D. Hyperkalemia and decreased potassium in urine
A. Hypokalemia and increased potassium in urine
Which statement is correct? A. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. B. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. C. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. D. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. E. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.
A. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
What causes the internal urethral sphincter to open?: A. Increasing pressure due to contraction of the full bladder B. Signals from somatic motor neurons C. Reflex stimulation initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall D. Signals from parasympathetic neurons
A. Increasing pressure due to contraction of the full bladder
When aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption, why doesn't water automatically follow?: A. The distal nephron epithelium is impermeable to water without vasopressin B. Aldosterone causes sodium reabsorption and water secretion C. There is no need for water to follow because reabsorbed sodium does not change ECF osmolarity D. Aldosterone causes sodium to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule, but all water reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule
A. The distal nephron epithelium is impermeable to water without vasopressin
If all glucose is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the nephron, why do people with diabetes have glucose in their urine?: A. The plasma concentration is greater than the renal threshold B. The glucose concentration is below its saturation point C. The excreted glucose is a product of chemical pathways that occur in the urine of diabetic patients D. Some glucose is secreted at the distal tubule when serum glucose concentrations are high
A. The plasma concentration is greater than the renal threshold
Which is FALSE about angiotensin II?: A. activates parasympathetic output B. increases blood pressure C. stimulates vasoconstriction D. increases cardiac output E. stimulates thirst
A. activates parasympathetic output
The force for glomerular filtration is the: A. blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries B. ATP-dependent processes in the nephron C. osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries D. fluid pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules D. None of the answers are correct
A. blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Which is greater?: A. blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict B. blood pressure when the peripheral vessels dilate
A. blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is: A. bound to hemoglobin. B.bound to a plasma protein C. dissolved in plasma D. in ionic form as solute in the plasma E. carried by white blood cells
A. bound to hemoglobin
The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the: A. countercurrent exchange system B. portal system C. capillaries D. countercurrent heat exchanger
A. countercurrent exchange system
When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies sense increased blood pressure, this results in: A. decreased vasopressin secretion. B. increased glomerular filtration C. increased vasopressin secretion D. increased thirst.decreased urine production
A. decreased vasopressin secretion
Which is NOT normally be found in the filtrate?: A. erythrocytes B. potassium C. glucose D. urobilinogen
A. erythrocytes
thickened alveolar membrane and decreased lung compliance: A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edema
A. fibrotic lung disease
The primary osmoreceptors are located in the: A. hypothalamus B. pons C. stomach D. medulla E. kidney
A. hypothalamus
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increased pH: A. increase B. decrease
A. increase
If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure?: A. increases B. decreases C. is unchanged
A. increases
Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure: A. increases B. decreases C. has no effect on
A. increases
Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the: A. kidneys B. digestive system C. sweat glands D. liver E. spleen
A. kidneys
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the: A. lungs and blood vessels B. heart C. kidneys D. liver
A. lungs and blood vessels
The hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys: A. only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules B. only decreases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules C. increases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules D. decreases water permeability throughout the kidney tubules
A. only increases water permeability in certain portions of the kidney tubules
Urea is: A. passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule B. actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule C. actively secreted in the distal tubule D. completely eliminated in the urine E. actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct
A. passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
The most potent stimulus for vasopressin release is: A. plasma osmolarity B. blood pressure C. low potassium D. blood volume
A. plasma osmolarity
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the: A. pulse pressure B. blood pressure C. systemic pressure D. circulatory pressure E. mean arterial pressure
A. pulse pressure
Granular cells secrete: A. renin B. angiotensin I C. aldosterone D. angiotensinogen E. angiotensin converting enzyme
A. renin
Aldosterone: A. stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidney principal cells B. helps decrease blood volume.increases the concentration of sodium in urine C. is secreted in response to increased levels of sodium in the blood D. functions in pH regulation
A. stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidney principal cells
In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle: A. sympathetic stimulation is removed B. norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors C. norepinephrine combines with β1 receptors D. acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors E. acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors
A. sympathetic stimulation is removed
Blood pressure is determined by measuring: A. the force exerted by blood in a vessel B. the pressure in the left ventricle C. the size of the pulse pressure D. the degree of turbulence in a closed vessel E. All of the answers are correct
A. the force exerted by blood in a vessel
Malnutrition can cause edema because: A. there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis B. the resulting anemia increases blood pressure C. interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels D. there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis and interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels E. All of the answers are correct
A. there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis
Which would decrease peripheral resistance?: A. vasodilation B. increased sympathetic stimulation C. plaques in the vessel walls D. increased levels of epinephrine E. factors that cause increased hematocrit
A. vasodilation
The hormone that directly controls water reabsorption by the kidneys is: A. vasopressin B. aldosterone C. ANP D. angiotensin E. epinephrine
A. vasopressin
Kidneys regulate: A. water loss only B. water gain only C. both water loss and gain
A. water loss only
The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately ________ of the total volume: A. 1/2 B. 1/5 C. 90% D. 4/5 E. 3/4
B. 1/5
If a female has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be: A. 80 mm Hg B. 93 mm Hg C. 100 mm Hg D. 40 mm Hg E. 200 mm Hg
B. 93 mm Hg
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood: A. Nose B. Alveoli C. Bronchi D. Bronchioles E. Trachea
B. Alveoli
________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system: A. Venules B. Arteries C. Capillaries D. Arterioles E. Veins
B. Arteries
A malnourished child has very low protein in her diet. Which would you expect?: A. Increased absorption and decreased edema B. Decreased absorption and increased edema C. Increased absorption and increased edema D. Decreased absorption and decreased edema
B. Decreased absorption and increased edema
A patient has a genetic defect that decreases the number of GLUT transporters in the nephron tubule. Which would you expect?: A. Increased transport maximum and increased glucose in urine B. Decreased transport maximum and increased glucose in urine C. Increased transport maximum and decreased glucose in urine D. Decreased transport maximum and decreased glucose in urine
B. Decreased transport maximum and increased glucose in urine
Why is inulin administration an effective way of measuring renal clearance rates?: A. Inulin is freely filtered and secreted B. Inulin is neither secreted nor reabsorbed C. Inulin is filtered and completely reabsorbed in the distal tubule D. It is not filtered by the glomerulus
B. Inulin is neither secreted nor reabsorbed
Which of the following has a direct effect to signal for renin secretion?: A. High extracellular fluid volume B. Low blood pressure C. High plasma osmolarity D. Hypertension
B. Low blood pressure
Which statement about autoregulation is TRUE?: A. In tubuloglomerular feedback, stretch-sensitive ion channels open, resulting in depolarization of smooth muscle cells B. Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes C. In myogenic response, the macula densa cells send a paracrine message to the neighboring afferent arteriole D. Myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism
B. Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes
Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter?: A. Epithelial tissue B. Smooth muscle C. Cardiac muscle D. Neural tissue
B. Smooth muscle
In a diabetic patient with high blood sugar above transport maximum, which would you expect?: A. Glucose clearance is equal to GFR B. There will be increased glucose in urine and increased glucose clearance C. There will be no reabsorption of glucose because of increased clearance D. All of the glucose that filters is reabsorbed, and glucose clearance is zero
B. There will be increased glucose in urine and increased glucose clearance
A patient has a hemorrhage and loses a large volume of the blood. Which compensatory mechanisms would you expect?: A. Vasodilation and increased kidney fluid output in urine B. Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine C. Vasodilation and increased release of epinephrine D. Increased kidney fluid output in urine and increased parasympathetic activity
B. Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine
Which combination of changes would increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) the most?: A. Vasoconstriction of both afferent and efferent arterioles B. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole C. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole and vasodilation of the efferent arteriole D. Vasodilation of both the afferent and efferent arterioles
B. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
What is the effect of countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle?: A. The filtrate is least concentrated at the deepest part of the loop of Henle B. Water is reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle C. The filtrate becomes progressively more hyposmotic as it descends the loop D. Solutes (ions) are most concentrated as filtrate leaves the loop of Henle
B. Water is reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is: A. somatotropin B. aldosterone C. parathormone D. cortisol E. thymosin
B. aldosterone
The chloride shift occurs when: A. hydrogen ions enter the red blood cells B. bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells C. hydrogen ions leave the red blood cells D. carbonic acid is formed
B. bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells
Which of the following is occurring during systole?: A. blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases B. blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls C. pulse pressure decreases D. blood pressure increases E. more stress is placed on arterial walls
B. blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls
About 23% of the carbon dioxide in blood is carried __________: A. by hemoglobin, bound to iron B. by hemoglobin, bound to amino groups C. as CO2 dissolved in plasma D. as bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma
B. by hemoglobin, bound to amino groups
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increased 2,3-DPG: A. increase B. decrease
B. decrease
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increased PCO2: A. increase B. decrease
B. decrease
Match the factor with its effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increased temperature: A. increase B. decrease
B. decrease
decreased surface area for gas exchange: A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edema
B. emphysema
destruction of alveoli: A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edema
B. emphysema
When the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its renal concentration, more of the substance will be: A. secreted B. excreted C. filtered D. reabsorbed E. None of the answers are correct
B. excreted
High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called: A. hypercarbia B. hypercapnia C. hyperoxia D. carbonation E. hyperdioxia
B. hypercapnia
Chronic hypoxia: A. increases 2,3-BPG production in blood B. increases 2,3-BPG production in blood and can result from anemia C. shifts the HbO2 dissociation curve to the left D. can be caused by anemia E. All of the answers are correct
B. increases 2,3-BPG production in blood and can result from anemia
Atrial natriuretic peptide: A. stimulates release of renin B. increases GFR and inhibits release of renin C. increases GFR and stimulates release of renin D. inhibits release of renin.increases GFR
B. increases GFR and inhibits release of renin
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because: A. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole B. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow C. it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained D. it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole E. All of the answers are correct
B. it represents the driving pressure for blood flow
Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________. A. sympathetic neurons, epinephrine B. macula densa, renin C. liver, angiotensinogen D. granular cells, renin
B. macula densa, renin
Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as: A. reabsorption B. secretion C. filtration D. excretion
B. secretion
Which kidney process is always active and always requires energy to occur?: A. filtration B. secretion C. excretion D. reabsorption
B. secretion
Angiogenesis is: A. an examination of the arteries and veins B. the growth of new blood vessels C. being able to detect a pulse in arteries D. having blood drawn into a tube for tests E. surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries
B. the growth of new blood vessels
One substance has no membrane transporters to move it but can diffuse freely through open leak channels if there is a concentration gradient. Initially, this substance's concentrations in the filtrate and extracellular fluid are equal. Later, however, the active transport of Na+ and other solutes creates a gradient by removing water from the lumen of the tubule where it is located. What substance is this?: A. glucose B. urea C. calcium D. glucose and calcium E. glucose, calcium, and urea
B. urea
When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder: A. can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys B. will still be expelled from the body in the urine C. can be returned to the circulation directly
B. will still be expelled from the body in the urine
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cells of peripheral tissues is approximately ________ mm Hg: A. 40 B. 100 C. 46 D. 50 E. 70
C. 46
In which form is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?: A. Bound to hemoglobin B. As carbonic acid C. As bicarbonate ion D. Dissolved in the plasma
C. As bicarbonate ion
If a person's lymph vessels suddenly vanished (an impossible scenario), what impact would this have on the circulatory system?: A. Blood pressure would increase B. Blood volume would increase C. Blood pressure would decrease D. It would not have any impact on the circulatory system, since the question involves lymph and not blood
C. Blood pressure would decrease
Which change would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?: A. Increased 2,3-BPG B. Decreased pH C. Decreased temperature D. Increased PCO2
C. Decreased temperature
Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance?: A. Flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance B. Flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance C. Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance D. Flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance
C. Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance
Choose the combination of factors that would lead to the greatest oxygen unloading from hemoglobin: A. High pH, low temperature, low PCO2, low 2,3-BPG B. Low pH, high temperature, low PCO2, high 2,3-BPG C. Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-BPG D. High pH, high temperature, high PCO2, low 2,3-BPG
C. Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-BPG
Blood pressure can be measured with a sphygmomanometer. When the display indicates diastolic pressure, what is heard through the stethoscope? Why?: A. Sounds are heard, because the blood flow through the partially compressed artery is turbulent B. Korotkoff sounds are heard, because blood is flowing through the artery, but the sounds are different than the sounds heard when pressure is higher than diastolic C. Nothing is heard, because blood flow is smooth through the fully open artery D. Nothing is heard, because blood flow has stopped in the compressed artery
C. Nothing is heard, because blood flow is smooth through the fully open artery
In which process can glucose transport reach saturation?: A. Excretion B. Filtration C. Reabsorption D. Excretion and reabsorption
C. Reabsorption
During a workout, a student drinks too much water. Which would you expect to be stimulated?: A. Oropharynx receptors B. Angiotensin II C. Salt appetite D. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
C. Salt appetite
Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia, you would expect: A. the potassium ion concentration of the interstitial fluid to be less than normal B. muscle weakness and increased strength of twitch contractions C. abnormal cardiac rhythms D. the membrane potential of nerves and muscles to be more negative E. All of the answers are correct
C. abnormal cardiac rhythms
Secretion into the nephron is __________ because the direction is __________ the concentration gradient: A. passive; with B. passive; against C. active; against D. active; with
C. active; against
increased airway resistance A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edema
C. asthma
Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the: A. electrical charge B. diffusion distance C. concentration gradient D. membrane thickness E. membrane surface area
C. concentration gradient
Normal removal of excess water in urine is known as: A. filtration B. osmotic diuresis C. diuresis D. diuretics.
C. diuresis
Which about the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is FALSE?: A. produced by cells in the heart B. increases sodium loss at the kidneys C. increases aldosterone secretion D. decreases vasopressin secretion E. decreases blood pressure
C. increases aldosterone secretion
Hemoglobin A. is the site of cellular respiration.has five subunits. B. is found in blood plasma. C. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. D. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells
C. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are: A. filtered and secreted B. filtered then reabsorbed C. not filtered D. secreted then reabsorbed
C. not filtered
Water reabsorption by the kidneys is a result of: A. cotransport with ions B. exchange with ions C. osmosis D. both passive and active transport processes
C. osmosis
Most reabsorption of fluid from the filtrate back into the blood occurs from the __________: A. distal tubule B. ascending limb of the loop of Henle C. proximal tubule D. descending limb of the loop of Henle
C. proximal tubule
The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as: A. completely nonspecific B. highly specific C. relatively nonspecific
C. relatively nonspecific
The RAS pathway begins with secretion of: A. angiotensinogen B. aldosterone C. renin D. angiotensin converting enzyme E. vasopressin
C. renin
The hormone vasopressin: A. stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions B. stimulates the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine C. stimulates the kidneys to retain water D. is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity E. All of the answers are correct
C. stimulates the kidneys to retain water
If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases: A. the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow B. the stretch stimulates further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure C. stretch stimulates vasoconstriction to reduce the flow D. the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow and the stretch stimulates further relaxation of the arteriolar wall, lessening blood pressure
C. stretch stimulates vasoconstriction to reduce the flow
Match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney epithelium glucose A. transcytosis B. active transport C. symport with a cation D. passive reabsorption/diffusion
C. symport with a cation
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by: A. diffusion B. countertransport C. symport with sodium D. cotransport
C. symport with sodium
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately ________ mm Hg: A. 40 B. 50 C. 45 D. 100 E. 70
D. 100
Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?: A. 114 mm Hg B. Hg-6 mm Hg C. 54 mm Hg D. 24 mm Hg E. 84 mm Hg
D. 24 mm Hg
Approximately what percentage of the total blood oxygen is bound to hemoglobin instead of dissolved in plasma?: A. 2% B. 78% C. 88% D. 98%
D. 98%
Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called: A. beta blockers B. diuretics C. calcium channel blockers D. ACE inhibitors
D. ACE inhibitors
Which hormone increases sodium excretion?: A. Aldosterone B. Angiotensin II C. Renin D. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Atrial natriuretic peptide
What is the main factor in the net driving force for filtration in the glomerulus?: A. Glomerular filtration rate B. Capsular hydrostatic pressure C. Colloid osmotic pressure D. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
During the micturition reflex, what does activation of parasympathetic efferent neurons cause the bladder to do?: A. Inhibit sensations of fullness B. Stretch further C. Relax D. Contract
D. Contract
What happens if reabsorption of a substance increases (and filtration and secretion stay the same)?: A. Decreased excretion of the substance and a decreased amount of the substance in blood B. Increased excretion of the substance and an increased amount of the substance in blood C. Increased excretion of the substance and a decreased amount of the substance in blood D. Decreased excretion of the substance and an increased amount of the substance in blood
D. Decreased excretion of the substance and an increased amount of the substance in blood
What is the main mechanism by which gases move from the alveoli into the blood and cells and back?: A. Bulk flow B. Active transport C. Symport D. Simple diffusion
D. Simple diffusion
What is the primary driving force for glucose transport into proximal tubule cells?: A. ATP hydrolysis allows active transport of glucose B. The apical Na+/K+-ATPase creates a gradient for K+, which can then flow down its concentration gradient to allow co-transport of glucose C. Glucose moves down its concentration gradient into tubular cells D. Sodium concentration gradient allows secondary active transport of glucose
D. Sodium concentration gradient allows secondary active transport of glucose
Which would NOT cause an increase in blood pressure?: A. an increase in arterial resistance B. an increase in sympathetic activity C. a decrease in arterial diameter D. a decrease in cardiac output
D. a decrease in cardiac output
The enzyme renin is responsible for the production of: A. erythropoietin B. angiotensinogen C. atrial natriuretic peptide D. angiotensin I E. cortisol
D. angiotensin I
The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the: A. veins B. venules C. elastic arteries D. arterioles E. muscular arteries
D. arterioles
Perfusion is: A. movement of blood through a shunt B. the driving force behind blood flow C. the connection between capillaries and other vessels D. blood flow through an organ E. delivery of oxygen to cells
D. blood flow through an organ
Most body water is located in: A. plasma B. interstitial fluid C. lumens of organs open to the outside D. cells
D. cells
The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is permeable only to __________, which are reabsorbed all along the length because the fluid outside is __________ concentrated deeper in the medulla: A. ascending; water molecules; more B. descending; ions; less C. ascending; water molecules; less D. descending; water molecules; more
D. descending; water molecules; more
The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80: A. exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole B. exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole and reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole C. are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits D. estimates the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole E. All of the answers are correct
D. estimates the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole
An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called: A. hyperpotassemia B. hyperpotasseplasmia C. hypercalcemia D. hyperkalemia E. hypernatremia.
D. hyperkalemia
Which would make the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right?: A. decreased temperature B. decreased CO2 C. increased pH D. increased H+ concentration E. None of the answers are correct
D. increased H+ concentration
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the: A. vessels constrict B. level of oxygen at the tissue increases C. pH increases D. level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases E. All of the answers are correct
D. level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases
Stimuli for the activation of the RAS pathway include: A. a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule only B. high blood pressure in the renal artery only.low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron only C. low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron, a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule, and high blood pressure in the renal artery D. low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule
D. low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule
fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces: A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edD. pulmonary edemaema
D. pulmonary edema
increased diffusion distance: A. fibrotic lung disease B. emphysema C. asthma D. pulmonary edema
D. pulmonary edema
Why is sodium actively reabsorbed in the nephron?: A. to decrease osmolarity inside the nephron B. to decrease blood pressure C. to make urine less concentrated D. to increase passive reabsorption of water
D. to increase passive reabsorption of water
Blood vessels cover approximately ________% of the alveolar surface. A. 50 B. 10-20 C. > 90 D. < 10 E. 80-90
E. 80-90
Increased angiotensin II levels would result in increased: A. blood pressure B. blood volume C. retention of sodium ions at the kidney D. retention of water E. All of these effects
E. All of these effects
ACE converts: A. angiotensin II to aldosterone B. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I C. renin to angiotensinogen D. renin to aldosterone E. angiotensin I to angiotensin II
E. angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as: A. solute dissolved in the plasma B. carbonic acid C. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells D. carbaminohemoglobin E. bicarbonate ions
E. bicarbonate ions
After blood becomes oxygenated, A. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. B. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. C. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. D. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. E. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells
E. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells
Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to: A. restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure, and minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure B. restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure C. reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure D. minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure E. minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure, and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure
E. minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure, and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________% saturated with oxygen: A. 50 B. 75 C. 25 D. 10 E. over 90
E. over 90
The lung pathology most likely to result from certain kinds of heart disease is: A. asthma B. lung cancer C. emphysema D. fibrotic lung disease E. pulmonary edema
E. pulmonary edema
The primary function of the proximal tubule is: A. secretion of acids and ammonia B. adjusting the urine volume C. filtration D. secretion of drugs E. reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water
E. reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water
During inhalation: A. air moves up the trachea B. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases C. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs D. the diaphragm relaxes E. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
E. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
Edema is likely to occur when: A. the blood hydraulic pressure in a capillary is equal to the blood osmotic pressure B. hemorrhage occurs C. the concentration of protein in the blood increases D. blood hydraulic pressure at the capillary decreases E. the heart becomes an insufficient pump
E. the heart becomes an insufficient pump
Angiotensin II stimulates: A. thirst only B. release of aldosterone C. vasoconstriction only D. thirst and vasoconstriction E. thirst, vasoconstriction, and release of aldosterone
E. thirst, vasoconstriction, and release of aldosterone
Fainting is also known as: A. eclampsia B. infarction C. orthostatic hypotension D. reactive hyperemia E. vasovagal syncope
E. vasovagal syncope
The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the: A. capillaries B. venules C. arterioles D. arterioles and capillaries E. venules and capillaries
E. venules and capillaries
In the condition known as complete heart block, what happens?: A. Electrical signals from the SA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles B. Coronary arteries are blocked by plaques, preventing blood and oxygen from reaching the myocardial contractile cells C. Blood flow through the foramen ovale is blocked D. The mitral valve leaflets calcify and close, preventing blood from being pumped efficiently by the left side of the heart E. the fibrous skeleton of the heart breaks down, interfering with the passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles
A. Electrical signals from the SA node never reach the ventricles, so the contraction of the atria is not coordinated with the contraction of the ventricles
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ion flow through ________ channels A. If and Ca2+ B. K+ only C. If only D. Na+ only E. Ca2+ only
A. If and Ca2+
What is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries?: A. Relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end B. The mechanism for bulk flow at the capillary is either simple diffusion or vesicular transport C. Colloid osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary D. Relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the venous end
A. Relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end
Manganese ions block the calcium channels in the cardiac muscle membrane. How would the presence of manganese ions in the extracellular fluid affect the contraction of the heart muscle? A. The heart would beat less forcefully B. The contraction phase would be prolonged C. The plateau phase of contraction would be longer D. The heart rate would increase.
A. The heart would beat less forcefully
What is an advantage to the longer duration of cardiac action potential compared with the skeletal muscle action potential?: A. The longer duration prevents tetanus, which allows the heart chambers to relax and refill with blood before the next contraction B. The longer duration allows the chambers to generate enough force to supply enough blood to tissues C. The longer duration results from an initial influx of calcium and sodium. This calcium allows the peak voltage to be higher than it would be with sodium influx alone, to allow for stronger contraction D. The longer duration results from an initial influx of calcium and sodium. This calcium adds to the calcium released from internal stores to allow for stronger contraction.
A. The longer duration prevents tetanus, which allows the heart chambers to relax and refill with blood before the next contraction
Which is the best definition of anatomical dead space?: A. The volume of the conducting system B. The volume of the exchange portion of the respiratory system C. The tidal volume D. The ventilation rate
A. The volume of the conducting system
Active expiration is produced by contraction of: A. abdominal muscles and internal intercostals B. external intercostals only C. diaphragm only D. abdominal muscles only E. internal intercostals only
A. abdominal muscles and internal intercostals
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are: A. alveoli B. pleural spaces C. alveolar ducts D. bronchioles E. terminal sacs
A. alveoli
Autorhythmic cells: A. are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat B. have organized sarcomeres C. are the same size as myocardial contractile cells D. contribute to the force of contraction E. None of the answers are correct
A. are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat
A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts ________ millisecond(s): A. at least 200 B. at least 500 C. 1-5 D. less than 150-100
A. at least 200
Blood velocity is lowest in the __________: A. capillaries B. arterioles C. arteries D. veins
A. capillaries
The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is: A. cardiac output (CO) B. stroke volume (SV) C. end-diastolic volume (EDV) D. end-systolic volume (ESV) E. heart rate (HR).
A. cardiac output (CO)
Drugs known as beta blockers will: A. decrease heart rate B. decrease the end-systolic volume C. increase cardiac output D. increase stroke volume E. increase heart rate.
A. decrease heart rate
In a laboratory, students used a stimulus that decreased the distance between R waves on an ECG. This represents a _____. A. decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate B. increased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate C. decreased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate D. increased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate
A. decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate
The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of ________ K+ permeability and ________ Ca2+ permeability A. decreasing, increasing B. decreasing, decreasing C. increasing, increasing D. increasing, decreasing
A. decreasing, increasing
The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is: A. end-diastolic volume (EDV) B. stroke volume (SV) C. end-systolic volume (ESV) D. cardiac output (CO) E. heart rate (HR)
A. end-diastolic volume (EDV)
Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end: A. filtration, absorption B. absorption, filtration
A. filtration, absorption
The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads from cell to cell through: A. gap junctions B. desmosomes C. chemical synapses D. tight junctions.
A. gap junctions
If the membranes of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions: A. heart rate will decrease B. heart rate will increase C. stroke volume will increase D. the membrane will depolarize E. intracellular concentration of calcium ion will increase
A. heart rate will decrease
Acetylcholine slows the heart rate by just: A. increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+ B. increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization C. increasing the permeability to K+ D. increasing the permeability to Ca2+ E. decreasing the permeability to Ca2+
A. increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+
Boyle's law states that gas volume is: A. inversely proportional to pressure B. directly proportional to temperature C. inversely proportional to temperature D. directly proportional to pressure E. None of the answers are correct
A. inversely proportional to pressure
The cardiac output is equal to the: A. The cardiac output is equal to the product of heart rate and stroke volume B. stroke volume less the end-systolic volume C. product of heart rate and blood pressure D. difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume E. difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise
A. product of heart rate and stroke volume
Type II alveolar cells: A. secrete a chemical known as surfactant B. allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic C. allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes D. are phagocytic E. None of the statements are true
A. secrete a chemical known as surfactant
ECGs A. show the summed electrical activity generated by all cells of the heart B. measure the mechanical activity of the heart.are most useful in diagnosing heart murmurs C. have two major components: waves and nodes D. provide direct information about the heart function.
A. show the summed electrical activity generated by all cells of the heart
According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart: A. the cardiac output is directly related to the heart rate B. thickness of the myocardium C. venous return D. size of the ventricle E. end-systolic volume
C. venous return
The AV node is important because it: A. slows the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting B. directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria C. serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart D. electrically opens the AV valves E. None of these answers are correct.
A. slows the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting
During ventricular systole: A. the AV valves are closed B. blood is entering the ventricles C. the ventricles are relaxed D. the pressure in the ventricles declines E. the atria are contracting
A. the AV valves are closed
Which event results in the first heart sound?: A. The AV valves close B. The semilunar valves close C. The atria contract D. The AV valves open E. The semilunar valves open
A. the AV valves close
During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole: A. the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed B. the atria contract.blood is ejected into the great vessels C. the ventricles are filling with blood D. the ventricles are relaxing
A. the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed
Autorhythmic cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have: A. unstable membrane potentials B. channels for Na+ and K+ that are always open C. L-type Ca2+ channels D. a net influx of Na+ E. prolonged Ca2+ influx
A. unstable membrane potentials
In a cardiac autorhythmic cell, which ion is responsible for the increase in membrane potential from threshold during an action potential?: A. K+ B. Ca2+ C. Cl- D. Na+
B. Ca2+
The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)? A. Ca2+ only B. Na+ only C. K+ only D. both Ca2+ and K+ E. both Na+ and K+
B. Na+ only
immediately followed by ventricular contraction: A. P wave B. QRS complex C. T wave D. PR segment E. ST segment
B. QRS complex
Drugs known as calcium channel blockers can be used to: A. increase sympathetic stimulation of the myocardium B. decrease the force of cardiac contraction C. increase blood pressure D. increase stroke volume E. constrict the coronary arteries
B. decrease the force of cardiac contraction
The P wave of an ECG corresponds to: A. repolarization of the ventricles B. depolarization of the atria C. the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization D. repolarization of the atria E. None of the answers are correct.
B. depolarization of the atria
The lymphatic system: A. stores blood when circulatory demand is low B. empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the collarbones C. can be removed without health consequences D. has heart-like pumps called lymph nodes E. All of the answers are correct
B. empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the collarbones
The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is: A. heart rate (HR) B. end-diastolic volume (EDV) C. stroke volume (SV) D. cardiac output (CO) E. end-systolic volume (ESV).
B. end-diastolic volume (EDV)
Dalton's law states that: A. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional B. in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture C. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure D. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional E. None of the answers are correct
B. in a mixture of gases like air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture
Total cross-sectional area ________ with each division of the airways: A. decreases B. increases C. does not change
B. increases
In quiet breathing: A. inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions B. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive C. inspiration and expiration are both passive processes D. inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions E. None of the answers are correct
B. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Alveolar ventilation refers to the: A. movement of air into and out of the lungs B. movement of air into and out of the alveoli C. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli D. utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism E. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood
B. movement of air into and out of the alveoli
The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in: A. regulating Ca2+ availability to the cells B. preventing tetanus C. enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells D. preventing overstretching of the cells E. fibrillation.
B. preventing tetanus
The distance between the alveolar air space and capillary endothelium is ________, allowing gases to diffuse ________ between them. A. long, rapidly B. short, rapidly C. long, slowly D. short, slowly E. None of the answers are correct-distance does not affect diffusion rate
B. short, rapidly
During ventricular systole: A. the atria are contracting B. the AV valves are closed C. the pressure in the ventricles declines D. blood is entering the ventricles E. the ventricles are relaxed
B. the AV valves are closed
Air moves into the lungs because: A. contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity B. the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure C. the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration D. the thorax is muscular E. All of the answers are correct
B. the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure
Which of the following statements best describes the electrical events recorded by an ECG? A. the sum of the electrical activity of the contractile cells only B. the sum of the electrical activity of all cells in the heart C. the sum of the electrical activity of all the cells of the body D. the sum of the electrical activity of the autorhythmic cells only
B. the sum of the electrical activity of all cells in the heart
During ventricular ejection: A. blood is forced into veins B. the ventricles are in systole C. the QRS complex is just starting D. the AV valves are open E. the semilunar valves are closed
B. the ventricles are in systole
Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat: A. myocardial infarction B. ventricular fibrillation C. heart block D. heart murmur E. atrial fibrillation.
B. ventricular fibrillation
Which two factors have the greatest influence on the amount of work needed for breathing?: A. Elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and the tension created by the ribs B. Surface tension and pneumothorax C. Compliance and airway resistance D. Compliance and inertia
C. Compliance and airway resistance
What causes the greatest change in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration?: A. Relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles B. Increased intrapleural pressure C. Contraction of the diaphragm D. Air flowing into the lungs
C. Contraction of the diaphragm
If channels are permeable to: A. Ca2+ only B. K+ only C. Na+ and K+ D. Ca2+ and K+ E. Na+ only
C. Na+ and K+
For what are If channels responsible in cardiac autorhythmic cells?: A. Action potential B. Membrane repolarization C. The pacemaker potential D. Cardiac diastole
C. The pacemaker potential
The term that describes the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute is: A. end-systolic volume (ESV) B. stroke volume (SV) C. cardiac output (CO) D. end-diastolic volume (EDV) E. heart rate (HR).
C. cardiac output (CO)
The end of the plateau phase of cardiac contractile cell action potentials is due to the ________ of Ca2+ channels and ________ of K+ channels: A. closing, closing B. opening, opening C. closing, opening D. opening, closing
C. closing, opening
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system: A. thirst-quenching B. digestive C. lymphatic D. urinary E. immune
C. lymphatic
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the: A. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space B. utilization of oxygen C. movement of air into and out of the lungs D. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood E. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells
C. movement of air into and out of the lungs
A drug decreases heart rate by hyperpolarizing cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to: A. alpha adrenergic receptors B. nicotinic receptors C. muscarinic receptors D. beta receptors
C. muscarinic receptors
The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes: A. activation of NCX transporters B. opening of HCN channels C. opening of L-type calcium channels D. opening of ryanodine receptor calcium channels E. activation of sodium-potassium ATPase
C. opening of L-type calcium channels
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the: A. end-systolic volume B. cardiac output C. stroke volume D. end-diastolic volume E. cardiac reserve.
C. stroke volume
A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed: A. a normal resting heart rate B. fibrillation C. tachycardia D. bradycardia E. an arrhythmia.
C. tachycardia
Fenestrated capillaries are found in: A. skeletal muscles B. cardiac muscle C. the kidney D. the spleen E. skin
C. the kidney
Which key property of the bronchi increases as the average diameter of the passageways decreases? (Hint: it also occurs in the arterial vasculature.): A. Fluid velocity (air in the lungs and blood in the vasculature) B. Wall thickness C. Radius D. Cross-sectional area
D. Cross-sectional area
________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow selective materials to pass: A. Continuous, fenestrated B. Fenestrated, transcytotic C. Transcytotic, continuous D. Fenestrated, continuous E. Transcytotic, fenestrated
D. Fenestrated, continuous
There are a total of four mechanical events of the cardiac cycle, all of which are associated with their own electrical events. Recall that in order for a muscle to contract, it must receive an electrical signal that leads to a depolarization phase. If the heart is to perform a series of contractions, then, for each contraction, the muscle must relax as well. Relaxation of the muscle is correlated with the repolarization of the muscle and indicates a time in which the chambers are filling with blood. Which portion of a normal ECG represents ventricular depolarization? A. PR segment B. ST segment C. T wave D. QRS complex
D. QRS complex
Which electrical event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle?: A. The P wave develops B. Atrial systole occurs C. Blood is ejected from the atrium D. The SA node fires E. ventricular systole occurs.
D. The SA node fires
Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels?: A. The capillaries have a larger diameter than the arterioles that feed them B. The capillaries have a relatively large amount of smooth muscle for their diameter. C. he capillaries have the lowest blood volume D. The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area
D. The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area
Type I alveolar cells: A. allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes, secrete a chemical known as surfactant, and are phagocytic B. secrete a chemical known as surfactant C. are phagocytic D. allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes E. None of the statements are true
D. allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes
Which of the following events is NOT represented on an ECG? A. atrial depolarization B. ventricular depolarization C. ventricular repolarization D. atrial repolarization
D. atrial repolarization
Ventilation is also known as: A. expiration B. air conduction C. inspiration D. breathing E. blowing
D. breathing
The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it: A. helps guide the blood into the proper chambers in sequence B. transmits electrical activity from the atria to the ventricles C. directs the flow of blood into the arteries D. forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node
D. forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node
The action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells, are due to a combination of increasing Na+ and Ca2+ ________ and decreasing K+ ________. A. efflux, efflux B. efflux, influx C. influx, influx D. influx, efflux
D. influx, efflux
Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is: A. about the same B. at least twice as fast C. at least 10 times faster D. much slower E. impossible to predict without more information
D. much slower
Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure: A. oncotic B. hydrostatic C. colloid osmotic D. oncotic and colloid osmotic E. colloid osmotic and hydrostatic
D. oncotic and colloid osmotic
The lungs are surrounded by ________ membranes. A. thoracic B. pericardial C. pulmonary D. pleural E. costal
D. pleural
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the: A. end-diastolic volume B. cardiac output C. end-systolic volume D. stroke volume E. cardiac reserve
D. stroke volume
In order for blood to enter the heart: A. the AV valves must be open B. the atria must be in diastole C. the pressure in the atria must be lower than in the veins D. the atria must be in diastole but the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins E. All of the answers are correct.
D. the atria must be in diastole but the atrial pressure must be lower than the veins
The electrocardiogram represents __________: A. the electrical activity of only the pacemaker cells B. the contractile activity of most of the myocardium C. the chemical activity of the nerves that regulate the heartbeat D. the electrical activity of all of the cardiac muscle cells
D. the electrical activity of all of the cardiac muscle cells
The QRS complex of an ECG represents: A. depolarization of the atria B. repolarization of the atria C. repolarization of the ventricles. D. the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization E. None of the answers are correct.
D. the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract: A. the volume of the thorax decreases B. expiration occurs C. the lungs collapse D. the volume of the thorax increases E. the volume of the lungs decreases
D. the volume of the thorax increases
Which will increase the heart rate? A. only the application of acetylcholine to stimulation of the SA node B. both sympathetic stimulation and acetylcholine stimulation of the SA node C. only epinephrine stimulation of the SA node D. only sympathetic stimulation of the SA node E. both sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine stimulation of the SA node
E. both sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine stimulation of the SA node
Surfactant: A. phagocytizes small particulate matter B. is not found in healthy lung tissue C. replaces mucus in the alveoli D. protects the surface of the lungs E. helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
E. helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by: A. just increasing the permeability to Ca2+ B. just decreasing the permeability to Ca2+ C. increasing the permeability to K+ and decreasing the permeability to Ca2+ D. just increasing the permeability to K+ E. increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization
E. increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization
The cardiac output is equal to the: A. difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise B. difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume C. stroke volume less the end-systolic volume D. product of heart rate and blood pressure E. product of heart rate and stroke volume.
E. product of heart rate and stroke volume
During ventricular ejection: A. the QRS complex is just starting B. the semilunar valves are closed C. blood is forced into veins D. the AV valves are open E. the ventricles are in systole
E. the ventricles are in systole
The lungs are located in the ________ cavity. A. pleural B. costal C. pulmonary D. pericardial E. thoracic
E. thoracic
In which situation would the stroke volume be the greatest?: A. when the force of contraction is decreased B. when calcium channel blockers are present C. when venous return is decreased D. when the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume is small E. when venous return is increased
E. when venous return is increased
An intracellular recording of electrical activity in either a contractile cell or autorhythmic cell is known as a(n)
action potential
An extracellular recording of electrical activity of both autorhythmic and contractile cells of the heart is known as a(n)
electrocardiogram
