PL100 WPR 3 study guide

Describe the three phases of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome and their effects on health.

1. Alarm Reaction-the shift to sympathetic dominance causes increased arousal 2. Resistance-The endocrine system releases stress hormones to maintain increased arousal 3. Exhaustion-the adrenal glands lose their ability to function normally

Describe the three classes of stressors.

1. Microstressors-daily hassles 2. Major negative stressors-the loss of someone, strong demand on us and require major efforts to cope 3. Catastrophic events-unexpected, affects a large number of people

Describe the four aspects of cognitive appraisals

1. Of the nature and demands of the situation. Is it benign or natural, or does it threaten your well-being? 2. Of the resources available to cope with it. Coping resources include your knowledge and abilities, your verbal skills, and your social resources, such as people who will give you emotional support and encouragement. Do you have what it takes? 3. Of the consequences of the situation. Appraising the consequences as very costly and very likely to occur increases the perceived stressfulness of the situation 4. Of the personal meaning, that is what the outcome might imply about you. For example, if your feelings of self-worth depend on how successful you are in a given situation you may regard doing poorly as evidence that you are a worthless failure

Describe the three ways in which psychologists view stress

1. Stimulus -We refer to stress as a stimulus when we make statements such as: "I've got a lot of stress in my life right now. I have three exams next week." 2. Response -The presence of negative emotions is an important feature of the stress response and links the study of stress with the field of emotion 3. Ongoing Interaction Between an Organism and its Environment -Combines the stimulus and response definitions into a more inclusive model. A pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses, and behavioral tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources needed to cope with them

Identify the components of the stress process

1. Stressor Characteristics: Intensity/severity, duration, predictability, controllability, chronicity 2. Situation-demands/resources (stressor), 3. Internal Processes -Cognitive appraisal: of demands(primary), of resources(secondary), of consequences, of meaning of consequences -Physiological responses: sympathetic arousal, stress hormones -Coping and task behaviors: Task-irrelevant responses, behavioral rigidity or disorganization, self-destructive behaviors (e.g. substance abuse, alcoholism 4. Negative Effects -Cognitive appraisal: worry, racing thoughts, low self-confidence, expecting the worst, feeling hopeless -Physiological responses: muscle tension, elevated heart rate, shortness of breath, increased susceptibility to illness

Define motivation

A process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior

Illustrate the processes associated with the ATC model and "Detecting Icebergs."

Action Thought Consequences.

Identify and define five anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders take a number of different forms, including phobic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Differentiate between associative and dissociative strategies to control pain and suffering.

Associative-focusing on not feeling the pain Dissociative-distracting oneself from the pain

Differentiate between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.

Eating disorders: Includes anorexia nervosa (self-starvation) and bulimia nervosa (patterns of binging and purging)

Summarize the relationship between stress and psychological well-being

Extremely stressful events can cause negative views on life and unsatisfactory thoughts and stress

Describe the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation according to the self-determination theory.

Extrinsic rewards can undermine self determination Extrinsic rewards can undermine self determination and thereby reduce intrinsic motivation. However self determination theory also postulates that under dertain condition, extrinsic rewards can enhance intrinsic motivation for a behavior. This is most likely to ccur if the external reward is viewed as providing evidence of mastery and thereby satisfying the need

Describe the relationship between emotional arousal and performance.

Fight or flight response. Different emotions produce different patterns of arousal so if you're extremely depressed after bad news or you could get heated to go fight if you here bad news

Describe how "Hunting the Good Stuff" can improve your performance or the performance of others:

Finding the good in a situation can positively affect mood and therefore motivate you

Summarize the key concepts of Maslow's need hierarchy as part of the humanistic perspective on motivation

Food, shelter, relationships, finding a job, self actualization

Finding meaning in stressful life events

In another study, researchers found that people who were able to find meaning in the death of a family member experienced less distress during the year following the loss. Finding a sense of meaning from their own process of coping with the loss (e.g., the sense that the event helped them grow spiritually) had even longer-term positive effects

Summarize the relationship between stress and illness

It harms the body in many ways-increases risk of doing harmful behaviors, increases risk of death

Summarize the adaptive functions of positive and negative emotions.

It increases biological and emotional needs that will be satisfied. It helps you attract other people. Positive emotions build stronger relationships and negative emotions are normal stress reactions and if you have a lot it would be a psychological disorder

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

One of the four theories of emotion. feedback from the facial muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining the nature and intensity of emotions that we experience

James-Lane Theory

One of the four theories of emotion. our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience

Cannon-Bard Theory

One of the four theories of emotion. proposed that the subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal do not cause one another but instead are independent responses to an emotion-arousing situation

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

One of the four theories of emotion. the intensity of physiological arousal tells us how strongly we are feeling something, but situational cues give us the information we need to label the arousal and tell ourselves what we are feeling: fear, anger, love, or some other emotion

Social support

One way that social support protects against stress is by enhancing immune system functioning Besides enhancing immune system functioning, social support has a number of other stress-buffering benefits. First, people who feel that they are part of a social system experience a greater sense of identity and meaning in their lives, which in turn results in greater psychological well-being Second, social networks reduce exposure to other risk factors, such as loneliness. Third, having the backing of others can increase one's sense of control over stressors. Finally, true friends can apply social pressure to prevent people from coping with stressors in mal-adaptive ways (e.g., through alcohol or drug use).

Describe how culture can influence emotions.

Particular situations can evoke different emotions and reactions. Western culture-someone who is alone takes it as a nice get away but eskimos believe loneliness is outcast so its frowned upon. Different are perceived differently throughout cultures

Trauma disclosure and emotional expressiveness

Physiological arousal was recorded as the participants performed the tasks. students who were most able to engage in both emotional expression and suppression reported less distress about the terrorist attacks and less general life distress 2 years later than did participants who were less flexible in their emotional responses. We should note, however, that the hostile, explosive expression of anger is not a recommended type of emotional expressiveness.

Summarize the three broad classes of coping strategies.

Problem focuses coping Seeking social support Emotional focus coping

Optimism and positive attitudes

Recent research indicates that optimistic people are at lowered risk for anxiety and depression when they confront stressful events. Optimistic people tend to interpret their troubles as temporary, controllable, and specific to one situation, whereas pessimists view their problems as uncontrollable, long-lasting, and generalized to many life domains. Attitudes also matter, as a study of aging people demonstrated. The process of aging is a background stressor in many people's lives. People's reactions differ considerably as their hair thins, wrinkles deepen, physical and sexual capacity diminishes, health declines, acquaintances begin to die, and a sense of mortality becomes more salient

Summarize the key concepts of self-determination theory as part of the humanistic perspective on motivation.

Self determination theory focuses on three fundamental psychological needs- competence, autonomy, and relatedness- and on how they relate to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Describe how the three forms of information control can influence pain perception.

Sensory information-what you will feel Procedural Information-what is going to be done and why Coping Gudiance-how to handle the pain

Explain behavioral strategies to control pain and suffering.

Stay active. Self-regulation the pain and suffering you feel

Explain the challenges associated with diagnosis

To be scientifically and practically useful, a classification system must meet standards of diagnostic reliability and validity. Reliability means that clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions. Validity means that the diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders

Summarize the key concepts of the cognitive perspective on motivation

Whereas drives are viewed as internal factors that push an organism into action, incentives represent environmental stimuli that pull an organism toward a goal. Why is it that people react differently to the same incentive? According to one cognitive approach, the expectancy x value theory, goal directed behavior is jointly determined by the strength of the person's expectation that particular behaviors will lead to a goal and by the incentive value the individual places on that goal. Extrinsic motivation, performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment Intrinsic motivation, performing an activity for its own sake

Summarize the key concepts of the biological perspective on motivation

Your body's biological systems are delicately balanced t o ensure survival. Walter Cannon proposed tehe concept of homeostasis, a state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain. Maintaining homeostasis requires a sensory mechanism for detecting changes in the internal environment, a response system that can restore equilibrium, and a control center that receives information from the sensors and activates the response system. According to Clark Hull's influential drive theory of motivation, physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives, states of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension.

generalized anxiety disorder

a chronic (ongoing) state of diffuse, or free-floating, anxiety that is not attached to specific situations or objects

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a severe anxiety disorder that can occur in people who have been exposed to traumatic life events (Figure 15.9). Four major symptoms commonly occur in this anxiety

Describe the cultural and psychological influences on pain perception.

a. Cultural factors If it's an important part of your culture you might not even perceive pain in certain situations b. Meanings and beliefs (cognitive appraisal of pain) They don't believe the pain is bad, they don't think it threatens their well-being. If I got shot, if nothing is being done, it will throb, but if someone is trying to help me I will feel less pain, but if someone tries to dig their finger into my wound to hurt me I will feel more pain c. Personality factors Their view on life influences how they perceive pain. If negative on life, then probably will me overwhelmingly negative on pain

Describe the three criteria used to determine if a behavior could be considered abnormal

distressing- People who are excessively anxious, depressed, dissatisfied, or otherwise seriously upset about themselves or about life circumstances may be viewed as disturbed, particularly if they seem to have little control over these reactions, dysfunctional- Behaviors that interfere with a person's ability to work or to experience satisfying relationships with other people are likely to be seen as maladaptive and self-defeating, especially if the person seems unable to control such behaviors, deviance-Conduct within every society is regulated by norms, behavioral rules that specify how people are expected to think, feel, and behave. Some norms are explicitly codified as laws, and violation of these norms defines criminal behavior.

Protective factors

environmental or personal resources that create resilience, helping people cope more effectively with stressful events. They include physiological reactivity , social support, effective coping skills, and personality factors such as hardiness, coping self-efficacy, optimism, emotional expressiveness, and an ability to find meaning in stressful events.

Identify and define two mood disorders

include depression and mania (excessive excitement)

panic disorders

occur suddenly and unpredictably, and they are much more intense than anxiety disorders

Physiological Responses

one of four components of emotion. body's reaction to it. If someone angers you you frown

Expressive Behaviors

one of four components of emotion. smiling of joy. Expressing emotion show it

Cognitive Appraisals

one of four components of emotion. the meaning behind it. You adding significance to it. A guy being nice to a girl well people think you're flirting with her. Adding significance to emotion

Instrumental Behaviors

one of four components of emotion. ways of doing something about the stimulus that evoked the emotion. If you have a test that causes anxiety you study to lower anxiety

Obsessions

repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness, are often abhorrent to the person, and are very difficult to dismiss or control.

Compulsions

repetitive behavioral responses—like the woman's cleaning rituals—that can be resisted only with great difficulty.

resilience

the ability to tolerate, and even thrive in, highly stressful circumstances

coping self-efficacy and perceived control

the belief that we can perform the behaviors necessary to cope successfully. Even events that are appraised as extremely demanding may generate little stress if we believe that we have the skills to deal with them. Self-efficacy is always specific to the particular situation: "Can I handle these demands?" previous successes in similar situations increase efficacy; failures undermine it. People can also increase efficacy expectancies by observing others cope successfully and through social persuasion and encouragement from others. Finally, experiencing a low level of physiological arousal in the face of a stressor can convey a sense of control and ability to cope, demonstrating another way in which arousal can affect appraisal