Plant Biology Exam #1
diffused growth
(animal) spread out
cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
Cell theory
(biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms
root
(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes
localized growth
(plants) specific location -> meristem'
biennial
2 years (seasons) and doesn't flower it's first year
cytoplasmic streaming
A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.
tonoplast
A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane.
lateral meristem
A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.
plant cell
A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually.
middle lamella
A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.
determinate (closed) growth
A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.
indeterminate (open) growth
A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.
carboxyl group
COOH
Species Plantarum
Carl Linnaeus
binomial nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
Linnaeus
Developed the classification (taxonomy) of plants and animals. Grouped life forms on imilarities and idfferences in their physical characteristic. Differences of life forms as a part of the Creator's orderly plan.
apical meristem
Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
Hooke
English scientist who formulated the law of elasticity and proposed a wave theory of light and formulated a theory of planetary motion and proposed the inverse square law of gravitational attraction and discovered the cellular structure of cork and introd
Theophrastus
Father of Botany
suberin
Fatty material found in the cell walls of cork tissue and in the Casparian strip of the endodermis
biofuels
Fuels, such as ethanol or methanol, that are created from the fermentation of plants or plant products.
plasmodesmata
Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
heterotrophic
Organisms that are unable to construct their own food from inorganic sources, and therefore must consume other organisms or organic molecules from the outside environment. Function as consumers or decomposers in food chains.
daughter chromosome
The individual chromatid formed after the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase.
bulk flow
The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.
glycerol
Three-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups; component of fats and oils.
diffusion
[high] -> [low], , process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
hemicellulose
_____ is a nonfermentable fiber containing xylose, galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides bonded together
equilibrium
a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates
hydrolysis
a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds
starch
a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice
sucrose
a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent
solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
microtubule
a microscopically small tubule
polymer
a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers
golgi body
a net-like structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)
fossil fuels
a nonrenewable energy resource that forms in the Earth's crust for millions of years
nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
cellulose
a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
food chains
a series of steps in which organisms transferring energy by eating or being eaten.
fructose
a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits
vesicle
a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)
nucleolus
a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus
fat
a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides)
centromere
a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
monosaccharide
a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars
differentially permeable membrane
a term that means that only certain molecules can pass through the membrane -2 phospholipid bilayers -proteins
plasma membrane
a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell
vacuole
a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
wax
a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain
prokaryote
a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei
carbohydrate
an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals
equatorial plane
an imaginary line bisecting the spindle
endoplasmic reticulum
an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed
lipid
an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
mitochondrion
an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
ribosome
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell
eukaryote
an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria
fatty acid
any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis
polysaccharide
any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules
oil
any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants
disaccharide
any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
phospholipid
any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base
pectin
any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables
3 domains
archaea, bacteria and eukarya
herbals (& the printing press)
books in the 1450's that led to medicinal qualities
gas exchange
breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2
transporter proteins
carriers, channels & pumps (facilitate diffusion)
mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
chemical composition of a cell wall
cellulose, proteins, waxy substances, sometimes lignin, hemi cellulose
chitin
complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods
organic compounds
complex molecules organized around skeletons of carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains; includes biomolecules molecules synthesized by living organisms.
cytosis
condition of cells; slight increase in numbers
osmosis
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
vine
doesn't hold itself up
endosymbiont theory
explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells
scientific name
formal name given to an organism
spindle fibers
help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules
spindle fibers
help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules
doctrine of signatures
if a plant resembles a part of the body, it can be used to treat the ailments of that particular body part
primary cell wall
in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.
secondary cell wall
in plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.
waxes
keep leaves (plant) structure, rigid
hierarchy of classification
kingdom - phylum or division - class - order - family - genus - species
nuclear envelope
layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
proteins
macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
perennial
many years (flowers all)
intercalary meristem
meristem found in a plants leaves and stem
polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
common name
more casual (ex: pine tree)
herb
non-woody plants
autotrophic
of or relating to organisms (as green plants) that can make complex organic nutritive compounds from simple inorganic sources by photosynthesis
glycogen
one form in which body fuel is stored
annual
one growing system (season)
unitary growth
one unit
plastids
organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA
chloroplasts
organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
chromoplasts
organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis
leucoplasts
organelles that store starches or oils
cytokinesis
organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
interphase (DNA replicates)
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
leaf
photosynthetic organ that contains one or more bundles of vascular tissue
water molecule
polar covalent, H2O
Dioscorides
prepared a materia medica w/c scientifically classified 600 different plants according to substance; was the first to write extensively on the careful preparation of drugs as a watchdog to protect us from ineffective medicinals
osmotic pressure
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
exocytosis
process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
4 kingdoms of eukarya
protista, plantae, fungi and animalia
dehydration
reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones by removing water molecules
metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
modular growth
segments
cilia
short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface
organelles
small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs
cell wall
strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
ground substance (cytoplasmic)
substance in the cytoplasm
lignin
substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid
stem
supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them
photosynthesis
synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)
Botany
the branch of biology that studies plants
protoplast
the cell contents exclusive of the cell wall
solute
the dissolved substance in a solution
telophase
the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
prophase
the first stage of mitosis
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
water potential
the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.
cell plate
the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two
turgor pressure
the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
DNA replication
the process of making a copy of DNA
cytoplasm
the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus
chromatin
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
anaphase
the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
middle lamella
the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
active transport (with pump)
transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient
meristem
undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root
cutin
waxy covering in plants to prevent water loss
plasmolysis
when a cell is in a hypertonic environment, the cell will lose water to its surroundings, shrink, and its plasma membrane will pull away from the wall
cell wall matrix
which organelles have the general function: support, movement, and communication between cells, in the cell?
flagella
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
shrub
woody plant with many stems
tree
woody plant with one stem