Plant Biology Exam #1

diffused growth

(animal) spread out

cell

(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

Cell theory

(biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms

root

(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes

localized growth

(plants) specific location -> meristem'

biennial

2 years (seasons) and doesn't flower it's first year

cytoplasmic streaming

A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells.

tonoplast

A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane.

lateral meristem

A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.

plant cell

A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually.

middle lamella

A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells.

determinate (closed) growth

A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.

indeterminate (open) growth

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.

carboxyl group

COOH

Species Plantarum

Carl Linnaeus

binomial nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Linnaeus

Developed the classification (taxonomy) of plants and animals. Grouped life forms on imilarities and idfferences in their physical characteristic. Differences of life forms as a part of the Creator's orderly plan.

apical meristem

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Hooke

English scientist who formulated the law of elasticity and proposed a wave theory of light and formulated a theory of planetary motion and proposed the inverse square law of gravitational attraction and discovered the cellular structure of cork and introd

Theophrastus

Father of Botany

suberin

Fatty material found in the cell walls of cork tissue and in the Casparian strip of the endodermis

biofuels

Fuels, such as ethanol or methanol, that are created from the fermentation of plants or plant products.

plasmodesmata

Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.

heterotrophic

Organisms that are unable to construct their own food from inorganic sources, and therefore must consume other organisms or organic molecules from the outside environment. Function as consumers or decomposers in food chains.

daughter chromosome

The individual chromatid formed after the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase.

bulk flow

The movement of water due to a difference in pressure between two locations.

glycerol

Three-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups; component of fats and oils.

diffusion

[high] -> [low], , process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

hemicellulose

_____ is a nonfermentable fiber containing xylose, galactose, glucose, and other monosaccharides bonded together

equilibrium

a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates

hydrolysis

a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds

starch

a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice

sucrose

a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent

solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

solvent

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

microtubule

a microscopically small tubule

polymer

a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

golgi body

a net-like structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)

fossil fuels

a nonrenewable energy resource that forms in the Earth's crust for millions of years

nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

cellulose

a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers

food chains

a series of steps in which organisms transferring energy by eating or being eaten.

fructose

a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits

vesicle

a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)

nucleolus

a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus

fat

a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides)

centromere

a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape

monosaccharide

a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars

differentially permeable membrane

a term that means that only certain molecules can pass through the membrane -2 phospholipid bilayers -proteins

plasma membrane

a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell

vacuole

a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell

wax

a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is joined to a long alcohol chain

prokaryote

a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei

carbohydrate

an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals

equatorial plane

an imaginary line bisecting the spindle

endoplasmic reticulum

an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed

lipid

an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

mitochondrion

an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy

ribosome

an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell

eukaryote

an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria

fatty acid

any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis

polysaccharide

any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules

oil

any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants

disaccharide

any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis

phospholipid

any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base

pectin

any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables

3 domains

archaea, bacteria and eukarya

herbals (& the printing press)

books in the 1450's that led to medicinal qualities

gas exchange

breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2

transporter proteins

carriers, channels & pumps (facilitate diffusion)

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

chemical composition of a cell wall

cellulose, proteins, waxy substances, sometimes lignin, hemi cellulose

chitin

complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods

organic compounds

complex molecules organized around skeletons of carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains; includes biomolecules molecules synthesized by living organisms.

cytosis

condition of cells; slight increase in numbers

osmosis

diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

vine

doesn't hold itself up

endosymbiont theory

explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells

scientific name

formal name given to an organism

spindle fibers

help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules

spindle fibers

help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micrtubules

doctrine of signatures

if a plant resembles a part of the body, it can be used to treat the ailments of that particular body part

primary cell wall

in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.

secondary cell wall

in plants, a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support.

waxes

keep leaves (plant) structure, rigid

hierarchy of classification

kingdom - phylum or division - class - order - family - genus - species

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

proteins

macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

perennial

many years (flowers all)

intercalary meristem

meristem found in a plants leaves and stem

polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

common name

more casual (ex: pine tree)

herb

non-woody plants

autotrophic

of or relating to organisms (as green plants) that can make complex organic nutritive compounds from simple inorganic sources by photosynthesis

glycogen

one form in which body fuel is stored

annual

one growing system (season)

unitary growth

one unit

plastids

organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA

chloroplasts

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

chromoplasts

organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis

leucoplasts

organelles that store starches or oils

cytokinesis

organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

interphase (DNA replicates)

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

leaf

photosynthetic organ that contains one or more bundles of vascular tissue

water molecule

polar covalent, H2O

Dioscorides

prepared a materia medica w/c scientifically classified 600 different plants according to substance; was the first to write extensively on the careful preparation of drugs as a watchdog to protect us from ineffective medicinals

osmotic pressure

pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane

exocytosis

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

4 kingdoms of eukarya

protista, plantae, fungi and animalia

dehydration

reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones by removing water molecules

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

modular growth

segments

cilia

short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface

organelles

small structures in the cytoplasm that do special jobs

cell wall

strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

ground substance (cytoplasmic)

substance in the cytoplasm

lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid

stem

supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them

photosynthesis

synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)

Botany

the branch of biology that studies plants

protoplast

the cell contents exclusive of the cell wall

solute

the dissolved substance in a solution

telophase

the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

prophase

the first stage of mitosis

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

water potential

the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

cell plate

the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two

turgor pressure

the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA

cytoplasm

the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus

chromatin

the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins

anaphase

the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

middle lamella

the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

active transport (with pump)

transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

meristem

undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root

cutin

waxy covering in plants to prevent water loss

plasmolysis

when a cell is in a hypertonic environment, the cell will lose water to its surroundings, shrink, and its plasma membrane will pull away from the wall

cell wall matrix

which organelles have the general function: support, movement, and communication between cells, in the cell?

flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

shrub

woody plant with many stems

tree

woody plant with one stem