Plasma Proteins
Osmotic Regulation
Plasma proteins are collodial and non-diffusable - Exert osmotic pressure which helps maintain a normal blood volume and normal water content - Albumin
Albumin Structure
Predominant plasma protein - Soluble protein that is synthesized in the liver - Hydrophillic molecile
Decrease in albumin levels?
Results in loss of water from bloos and its entry into interstitial fluids - Edema
Which plasma proteins help transport lipids in the bloodstream? 1. Albumin 2. alpha and beta globulins 3. Fibrinogen 4. 5. IgG
1
Two groups of plasma proteins
1. Synthesized by Liver 2. Immunoglobulins (produced by plasma cells of the bone marrow)
Functions of Plasma Proteins
1. Transport 2. Osmotic Regulation 3. Catalytic Function 4. Protective Function 5. Blood Clotting 6. Anticoagulant Activity 7. Buffering Capacity
Albumin Functions (4)
1. Transports fatty acids, bilirubin, calcium and many drugs 2. Osmotic regulation 3. Bind toxins 4. Storage
A decrease in which of the following proteins will result in deposits of copper in the lens of the eyes, liver and kidney? 1. Albumin 2. Ceruloplasmin 3. Prealbumin 4. Transferrin
2
After a traffic accident, a 34 yo woman was admitted to the ICU for treatment. On the second day of admission a blood sample was taken and sent to lab. Her liver function and renal function were normal. - Albumin 30 g/L (35-45 normal) - CRP 68 mg/L ( <10 mg/L normal) - Immunoglobulins normal 1. Acute nutritional deficiency 2. Chronic infection 3. Acute phase response to injury 4. Nephrotic syndrome 5. Liver cirrhosis
3
The human plasma proteome offers a unique opportunity for? 1. Protein purification 2. Isoelectrofocusing 3. Disease diagnosis 4. Chromatography 5. None of the above
3
Consider these three components of blood (whole blood, plasma and serum), which statement is most correct? 1. Serum contains red and white blood cells 2. Whole blood has no clotting factors 3. Plasma does not contain serum 4. Clotting factors are found in the plasma 5. Serum is the plasma with only the clotting factors remaining
4
Blood proteins function in: 1. Coagulation 2. Viscosity 3. Immunity 4. Colloid osmotic pressure 5. All of the above
5
Which is the most predominant plasma protein? 1. Transferrin 2. IgG 3. Hemoglobin 4. Ceruloplasmin 5. Albumin
5
How much blood in human body?
5.6 L
Normal serum protein level?
63-83 g/L
pH of blood
7.4
Most abundant protein in the blood?
Albumin
Protein concentration in normal plasma and serum?
Between 6-8%
Plasmin
Breaks down thrombin and dissolves the clot - Thrombolysis
Most sensitive acute phase reactant?
C-reactive protein
Fibrinogen
Decreased in 1. Congenital fibrinogen deficiency 2. Shock 3. Pregnancy complication 4. Major surgery 5. Snake bites 6. Disseminated carcinoma
Haptoglobulin diseases
Decreased in 1. Hemolytic anemia
alpha1-Antitrypsin diseases
Decreased in 1. Pulmonary emphysema
Proteome purpose?
Finding biomarkers for cancer and other diseasez
Acute Phase Response
Gel electrophoretic pattern observed in serum during the acute phase response - Albumin is decreased - alpha-globulins increase - beta1-globulins decrease - beta2-globulins increase - gamma-globulins increase
Ceruloplasmin diseases
Increased in 1. Chronic liver disease 2. Some infections Decreased in 1. Wilson disease
Albumin diseases
Increased in 1. Dehydration Decreased in 1. Acute and chronic liver disease 2. Malnutrition 3. Malabsorption 4. Cirrhosis 5. Burns 6. Severe Trauma 7. Nephrotic Syndrome
alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) diseases
Increased in 1. Hepatocellular carcinoma
Transferrin diseases
Increased in 1. Iron deficiency 2. Woman taking oral contraceptions Decreased in 1. Protein losing conditions 2. Infection 3. Neoplastic disease
alpha2-Macroglobulin diseases
Increased in 1. Nephrotic syndrome 2. Collagen disorder Decreased in 1. Liver disease in children leading to cirrhosis
alpha-antitrypsin
Serine protease inhibitor - Protects lungs and liver from enzymes secreted by inflammatory cells
Plasma
Supernatant obtained by centrifuging blood sample that has been treated an anticoagulant to prevent clotting - Liquid medium of blood (55-60%) - RBCs, WBCs and platelets suspended here
Serum
Supernatant obtained if a blood sample is allowed to clot
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
The concentration of CRP increases as part of the acute phase response to surgical trauma - Further increase if recovery is complicated by infection
Electrophoresis
The most commonly employed technique for the separation plasma proteins - Used for diagnosis of certain diseases
Ceruloplasmin
Transports Cu2+ (copper) - Oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+
Transferrin
Transports Fe3+ (iron)
Haptoglobin
Transports free hemoglobin
Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Transports lipids from the liver to the tissue
High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Transports lipids from the tissue back to the liver