PLS 241 Final Exam

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salafiyya

"the way of the founders," reactionary Islamic puritanism and basis of current Islamism

tartars

*descendants of the Mongol Horde and Genghis Khan*, they *attacked Eastern Europe periodically during the 17th century.* In 1656-57, *Crimean (southern Russia) Tartars tore through Prussia, killing and kidnapping approximately 50,000 people.* This attack was a *reason that the Great Elector was able to use to scare the people into giving him more power.*

Actionable Intelligence

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Analysis

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Deterrence II - Massive Retaliation

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Information Operations

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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

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Nuclear Deterrence

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Policy Process

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Project Solarium

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TRIAD Defense

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third option

1. Better known as the Quiet Option or Covert Action 2. Implemented when diplomacy and warfare fail

blitzkrieg

A German term for "lightning war," blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery.

Appeasement

A concession to satisfy a hostile country; in disrepute since Hitler.

counterinsurgency

A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency is defined by the United States Department of State as "comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes"

security

A feeling of being free from fear, danger, etc.

Analogy

A previous situation that (you think) explains a present one. (No two cases are identical, so IR is replete with false analogies).

Invasion Insurance

Ability to deter invastion by possessing even a few nuclear weapons.

invasion insurance

Ability to deter invastion by possessing even a few nuclear weapons.

Second Strike Capability

Ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promote deterrence.

Second-Strike Capability

Ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promotes deterrence.

Signals (SIGINT)

Ability to intercept communications. (Important because it gives insight into what is being said, planned, and considered.)

Classic Liberalism

Adam Smith's theory that an economy corrects itself without government supervision; became U.S. conservatism.

sleeper agents

Agents sent to another nation to assume normal lives who then become active agents at some time later

rogue state

Aggressive, risk-taking regime unbound by rules or agreements

Rogue State

Aggressive, risk-taking regime unbound by rules or agreements. (Can deterrence work against states who have little to fear - certainly seems so in the case of Iraq - we invaded)

covert action

An activity or activities of the United States Government to influence political, economic or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States Government will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly

Exploitation

Analysis of images; perhaps decoded, and probably translated, if they are signals.

Information

Anything that can be known, regardless of how it is discovered.

baath

Arab Social Renaissance party, secular and nationalist party that ruled Iraq under Saddam and Syria under Assad

Baath

Arab Social Renaissance party, secular and nationalist party that ruled Iraq under Saddam and still governs Syria.

Politicized Intelligence

Arises from the line separating policy and intelligence. (Arises primarily from concerns that intelligence officers may intentionally alter intelligence to support outcomes preferred by policy makers)

ARVN

Army of the Republic of Vietnam; South Vietnamese Army

Mirror Imaging

Assuming that other states or individuals will act just the way a particular country or person does.

First-Strike Capability

Attack an enemy first, a "disarming" attack that removes the foe's deterrent capability.

first-strike capability

Attack an enemy first, a "disarming" attack that removes the foe's deterrent capability.

Detente Diplomacy

Attempts to relax tensions between hostile countries. (Nuclear weapons have made the use of force dangerous and unstable)

Credibility

Being considered trustworthy or believable, the crux of deterrence. (By dropping the atomic bomb, the U.S. added credibility to U.S. deterrence - specifically against Soviet Union)

Macro

Big, panoramic view of state interactions.

Defense

Blocking an enemy's attack. (Makes an opponent's offense ineffective and also serves as a deterrent)

Consulate

Branch of an embassy with limited functions. (Placed in important cities usually serving visa applications and assisting Americans abroad)

Foreign Ministry

Branch of national government dealing with IR; called State Department in U.S. and Foreign Office in Britain.

foreign ministry

Branch of national government dealing with IR; called State Department in the United States and Foreign Office in Britain

Foreign Service

Career corps of professional diplomates.

Embassy

Chief diplomatic representation of one country to another.

legitimacy

Citizens' belief in the government's right to rule

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Civilian intelligence agency of the U.S. (responsibile for providing national security intelligence assessments to senior U.S. policymakers)

Blowback

Client or junior ally turns on its sponsor. (Be careful whom you help - Israel supported Hamas against PLO, but Hamas secretly wanted to destroy Israel)

Micro

Close-ups of individual and small-group behavior.

Foreign Economic Espionage

Collection of foreign economic intelligence by other nations. (Supporters of this policy cited cases in which supposed friends of the U.S. were engaged in certain economic activities)

Feedback

Communications between the policy community and the Intelligence community detailing what has been useful, what has not, which areas need emphasis, etc. (Necessary in order to help insure proper intelligence is being collected)

vietminh

Communist Vietnamese anti-French liberation movement in the 1940s and 1950s, led by Ho Chi Minh

Arms Race

Competition between rival countries to build more weapons. (Your search for security ends up making you less secure).

Group Think

Conformity in the group results in an incorrect decision-making outcome.

Footnote Wars

Confrontations whose only goal is to maintain a separate point of view regardless of the salience of the issue at stake. (Function of competitive analysis - having the same issue addressed by several different analystical groups)

Extended Deterrence

Covering allies with your nuclear capacity, as in U.S. promises to NATO.

extended deterrence

Covering allies with your nuclear capacity, as in U.S. promises to NATO.

strategic defense initiative

Defensive missiles to protect the United States from incoming missiles

Requirements

Defining those policy issues or areas to which intelligence is expected to make a contribution, as well as decisions about which of these issues has priority over the others.

Deterrence

Dissuading attack by showing its high costs. (A rational enemy will not attack if the costs outweigh the benefits)

just war

Doctrine of medieval Catholic philosophers that war under certain conditions can be moral

balkans

Easternmost Mediterranean peninsula

counterinsurgency

Efforts and methods to put down an insurgency

Revolution in Military Affairs

Electronic, high-tech warfare.

Disarmament

Elimination of existing weapons. (Disarmament, by eradicating the expectation and tools of war, prevents wars)

viet cong "VC"

English Vietnamese Communists, the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973). The name is said to have first been used by South Vietnamese Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem to belittle the rebels.

reactionary

Extremely conservative; seeks returning to old ways

Reactionary

Extremely conservative; seeks returning to old ways.

Maginot Line

French fortifications facing Germany before WWII, easily circumvented.

foreign policy

General objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states. The development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs.

Blitzkrieg

German for "lightning war": quick armored attack. (Through constant motion, attempts to keep enemy off-balance and unable to respond effectively)

lebensraum

German for "living space"; theory that countries must expand to gain room for their population

Radiological

Gives off dangerous radiation.

perestroika

Gorbachev's wish to restructure the Soviet economy

cultural hegemony

Gramsci's theory that capitalist control of culture keeps workers unrevolutionary

Competitive Analysis

Having analysts in several agencies with different backgrounds and perspectives work on the same issue. (Should be the antidote to groupthink and forced consensus - but not always the case - Iraq's WMD)

Minimum Deterrence

Having even a few nukes for a credible second-strike capability. (China & India claim they seek only minimum deterrence)

minimum deterrence

Having even a few nukes for a credible second-strike capability. (China & India claim they seek only minimum deterrence)

realism

IR theory that emphasizes power and national interest

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Revolutionary

In Kissenger's theory, IR system in which major state seeks to overthrow others.

revolutionary

In Kissinger's theory, IR system in which a major state seeks to overthrow others

vietcong

Informal name of Communist-led South Vietnamese National Liberation Front in the 1960s.

Imagery (IMAGINT)

Information about any object - natural or man made - that can be observed or referenced to the Earth, and has national security implications. (Advantage of being easily understood much of the time by policy makers)

Intelligence

Information that meets the stated or understood needs of policy makers and has been collected, processed, and narrowed to meet those needs.

Dominant Battlefield Awareness

Integration of imagery intelligence (IMINT), SIGINT, and HUMINT to give "commanders real-time, comprehensive surveillance and information about the battlespace in which they operate.

Chatter

Intelligence on terrorism. (Refers to patterns of intelligence - more messages could result in increased urgency about the possibility of an attack)

Espionage (Human Source Intelligence - HUMINT)

Involves sending clandestine service officers to foreign countries, where they attempt to recruit foreign nationals to spy. (Source of positive intelligence and strong counterintelligence as well)

guerilla

Irregular small-unit, hit-and-run warfare

shari'a

Islamic law, drawn from the Koran

Shari'a

Islamic law, drawn from the Koran.

persona non grata (PNG'd)

Latin for "unwanted person"; order to expel a diplomat

Persona Non Grata (PNG'd)

Latin for "unwanted person"; order to expel a diplomat.

Arms Control

Limiting weapons systems, a lesser goal than disarmament.

arms control

Limiting weapons systems, a lesser goal than disarmament.

bigot lists

Lists of people with access to certain categories of intelligence.often lengthy than exclusive

Coercive Disarmament

Methods of compelling a foe to give up weapons. (We had strong-armed Iraq into giving up its WMD long before the 2003 war, we just didn't know we had succeeded)

Hezbollah

Militant Lebanese group, associated with terrorism and raids against Israel.

marxism

Militant, revolutionary form of socialism

Proliferation

More states acquiring nuclear weapons.

caliphate

Muslim dynasty ruled by caliphs, successors to the Prophet Muhammad

Caliphate

Muslim dynasty ruled by caliphs, successors to the Prophet Muhammad.

jihadi

Muslim holy warrior, also called mujahid

Jihadi

Muslim holy warrior, also called mujahid.

NSC-68

National Security Council Report 68 that recommended increasing conventional forces at home and in West Europe. (Would restore the idea of deterrance against the Soviet Union in Europe)

nsc-68

National Security Council Report 68 that recommended increasing conventional forces at home and in West Europe. (Would restore the idea of deterrance against the Soviet Union in Europe)

Conventional Forces

Non-nuclear military strength. (Expensive and unpopular, Truman believed that increasing conventional forces would act as a deterrent against the Soviet Union in Europe)

conventional forces

Non-nuclear military strength. (Expensive and unpopular, Truman believed that increasing conventional forces would act as a deterrent against the Soviet Union in Europe)

NVA

North Vietnamese Army. This allowed writers, the U.S. military, and the general public, to distinguish northern communists from the southern communists, or Viet Cong.

Diplomacy

Official political contact among governments. (Is present at almost every stage of a nation's foreign policy but are often undervalued in the modern world)

Recognition

One country's opening of diplomatic relations with another.

blood diamond

One obtained coercively through crime or civil war

asymmetric

Out of balance, as when one country has more power than another

Consumption

Policy makers intrepret intelligence - whether in the form of written or oral briefings - and the degree to which the intelligence is used.

domino theory

Political doctrine that affected US foreign policy during the Cold War, especially in Southeast Asia. It held that if one country became communist, its neighbours would inevitably follow. The doctrine was widely used in support of US military involvement in Vietnam

Terrorism

Political use of violence to weaken a hated authority.

Asymmetric

Power of the two sides are very unequal. (In the case of terrorists, makes it very hard to defeat with conventional forces)

Thermonuclear

Powerful release of energy from fusion of hydrogen atoms.

thermonuclear

Powerful release of energy from fusion of hydrogen atoms.

crown

Powers of the British government

Dissemination

Process of moving the intelligence from the producers to the consumers.

Collection

Produces information, not intelligence. ISR (Intelligence, surveilance, and reconnaissance.) Without collection, intelligence is little more than guesswork.

Causality

Proving that one thing causes another. (For example, any given war has a mixture of causes, and no two mixtures will be the same; therefore, causality is hard to prove)

Clausewitz

Prussian General credited as the first to use "escalation" in its modern military sense (Civil authorities must block the tendency to make war "absolute" by making sure the war serves limited, political objectives)

Production

Reports prepared by analysts that respond to the needs of the policy makers. (Without proper reports, all other steps in the process become meaningless.)

Tyranny of the Ad Hocs

Resistance by those whose access to intelligence resources is threatened. (A system that constantly responds to each ad hoc soon has little control over priorities and quickly breaks down)

national missile defense

Revival of SDI proposed by Bush 43 (protecting all 50 states)

National Missile Defense

Revival of Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) proposed by Bush 43.

Siloviki

Russian for strong men

renditions

Seizure of individuals wanted by the United States. usually in different countries making it harder.

Multilateral

Several countries.

comintern

Short for Communist International; the world's Communist parties under Moscow's control

Symbol

Small thing or gesture that makes a political statement.

Anachonism

Something that no longer fits the times.

KGB

Soviet Union's State Security Committee (Internal Secret Police)

Tactical Surprise

Specific incidents that endanger U.S. security but is not of sufficient magnitude and importance to threaten national existence. (U.S. knew Bin Laden would attack U.S. targets but did not know target and means of attack on 9/11)

Long-Term Expertise

Stability tends to be greater in intelligence agencies which then means that that is where the knowledge and expertise on certain issues is greatest.

five-year plans

Stalin's forced industrialization of Soviet Union starting in 1928

Downstream Activities

Steps that follow Collection. (Processing & Exploitation - without either the information has no effect at all)

Counterforce Attack

Targeting an enemy's troops, bases, and especially missile sites. (More "humane" in that it results in killing fewer people and cutting the risk of a "nuclear winter")

counterforce attack

Targeting an enemy's troops, bases, and especially missile sites. (More "humane" in that it results in killing fewer people and cutting the risk of a "nuclear winter")

Countervalue Attack

Targeting the economy and population of an enemy. (Early Soviet and American strategies, but doctrine faded as too horrible to use)

counter value attack

Targeting the economy and population of an enemy. (Early Soviet and American strategies, but doctrine faded as too horrible to use)

Escalation

Tendency of war to grow bigger and bigger.

brest-litovsk

The 1918 treaty dictated by Germany to get Russia out of World War I.

tonkin gulf resolution

The 1964 congressional permission for president to go to war in Vietnam

Non-Proliferation Treaty

The 1968 agreement that nuclear powers will not transfer nuclear weapons technology and non-nuclear powers will acquire it.

non-proliferation treaty

The 1968 agreement that nuclear powers will not transfer nuclear weapons technology and non-nuclear powers will acquire it.

dien bien phu

The First Vietnam War, or Indochina War (1946-1954), was the result of hostilities between the communist Vietnamese and the French who were reluctant to give full independence to their former colonies. This war of national liberation has to be interpreted within the general contexts of World War II, decolonization, the Cold War, and affirmations of communist political powers in China and in Korea (giving this conflict its political characteristics as a revolutionary war). The French defeat in Dien Bien Phu was the decisive event of the war, ended by the Geneva Agreements (20 July 1954).

Verification

The ability to ascertain whether treaty obligations were being met. (Monitoring or keeping track of Soviet activities during the Cold War)

masses

The bulk of the population with little interest or influence

Umma

The community of all Muslims.

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.

paramilitary operations

The largest, most violent, most dangerous covert actions involving the equipping and training of large armed groups for a direct assault on one's enemies. they don't involve the use of a state's own military personnel in combatant unites, which technically would be an act of war.

central europe

The part of Europe between Germany and Russia

Priority Creep

The process of issues moving up and down in a priority system. (Allows for responsive changes in international situations)

Decapitation

The removal of a country's leadership and ability to direct its war effort. (Control of people, defenses, and territory would weaken. Anarchy could break out.)

decapitation

The removal of a country's leadership and ability to direct its war effort. (Control of people, defenses, and territory would weaken. Anarchy could break out.)

mongols

Thirteenth century conquerors of Eurasia

damage assessment

To determine what intelligence has been compromised

Processing

Transformation of complex digital signals into images or intercepts. (Key step in converting technically collected information into intelligence)

nonaggression pact

Treaty to not attack each other, specifically the 1939 treaty between Hitler and Stalin

Bilateral

Two countries.

Salafiyya

"The way of the founders," reactionary Islamic puritanism and the basis of current Islamism. Adjective: salafi.

lend lease

U.S. aid to Allies in WWII

ECHELON

U.S. government program that searches through collected SIGNET, using key words via a computer. (Euro officials claimed that ECHELON was being used to steal advanced technology secrets being passed to U.S. firms).

globalism

U.S. interests extending everywhere

isolationism

US avoidance of overseas involvement

containment

US policy of blocking expansion of soviet power, framed by kennan in 1947

Ad Hocs

Unexpected issues that inevitably crop up with little or no warning. (Can lead to policy makers or intelligence officers to exert pressure to give the new issue a priority)

Strategic Surprise

Unpredicted development capable of endangering the nation's existence. (Pearl Harbor - expected a move by Japan but not against the U.S.)

arab spring

Uprisings starting in 2011 in North Africa and Middle East

National Technical Means

Variety of satellites and other technical collectors. (Collect needed intelligence)

Security

What a country does to safeguard its sovereignty. (Governments go to great lengths to protect their people and preserve their territories)

blowback

When a client or junior ally turns on its sponsor

level of analysis

Where you suppose causality resides: in individuals, states, or the international system

Level of Analysis

Where you suppose causality resides: in individuals, states, or the international system.

national security letters (NSL)

Written demands from the FBI that compels Internet service providers, credit companies, financial institutions, and other to turn over confidential records about their customers, (such as subscriber information, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, and websites visited

analogy

a previous situation that you think explains a present one

graymail

a tactic used by the defense in a spy trial, involving the threat to expose government secrets unless charges against the defendant are dropped.

paradigm

a widely accepted research model or way of studying things

Trip Wire

a wire that activates a trap, camera, or other device when stepped on, tripped on, or otherwise disturbed.

trip wire

a wire that activates a trap, camera, or other device when stepped on, tripped on, or otherwise disturbed.

relativism

abandoning absolute moral standards

power

ability of one actor to get another to do its bidding

second strike capability

ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promotes deterrence

second-strike capability

ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promotes deterrence. significance is you can stop a major force with your strength and threats.

feasibility

able to prevail without excessive force or cost

rational

able to think clearly and test ideas against reality

classic liberalism

adam smith's theory that an economy corrects itself without government supervision; became US conservatism

double agents

an agent who pretends to act as a spy for one country or organization while in fact acting on behalf of an enemy.

insurgency

an armed rebellion or uprising

force

application of military power

detente diplomacy

attempts to relax tensions between hostile countries. is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971

ideology

belief system that society can be improved by following certain doctrines; usually ends in ism

interwar

between world wars I and II 1919-1939

macro

big, panoramic view of state interactions

consulate

branch of an embassy with limited functions

objective

can be empirically verified

subjective

cannot be empirically verified; depends on feelings

foreign service

career corps of professional diplomats

monolithic

characterized by hugeness, impenetrability, or intractability a monolithic government. electronics (of an integrated circuit) having all components manufactured into or on top of a single chip of silicon

embassy

chief diplomatic representation of one country to another

micro

close-ups of individual and small-group behavior

satellite

communist country set up by and dependent on soviet union

sovereignty

concept that each state rules its territory without interference

metternichian

conservative restoration of balance of power after napoleon

bismarckian

contrived unstable balance of power from 1870 to 1914

sunk costs

costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered

counterespionage

countering penetrations of one's service

state

country or nation has sovereignty

mole

deeply hidden spy

deterrence

discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment

arbitration

disputants agreement to obey third party decision

revolution

dramatic replacement of one regime by another

eclectic

drawn from a variety of sources

yalta agreement

early 1945 agreement by stalin, churchill, and roosevelt on who got what in germany and east europe

dreadnought

early name for battleship

bailout

emergency loan to prevent corporation or government from collapsing

neoliberal

emphasizes economic interdependence and international organizations

strategy

ends, ways, means

compartmented

ex an employee being accorded the privilege of a clearance does not automatically get access to all of the intelligence info available.

theory

explanation of why things happen

counterintelligence poly

foreign contacts, handling of classified information

Industrial Espionage

form of espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of purely national security purposes

collective-action problem

getting all to sacrifice in a common cause

mobiization

getting an army ready for immediate war

radiological weapon

gives off dangerous radiation

good offices

giving disputants a meeting place

ethnicity

group bound by ties of language, religion, custom, or nation origin; from greek ethos (nation) probably from ethos (custom)

primordial

group one is born into

plausible deniability

halfway believable claim of innocence in the face of uncertain evidence

productivity

how efficiently goods are produced--that is , using fewer inputs

construct

idea so widely accepted that it seems to be a fact

wilsonian

idealistic projection of US power to create a peaceful world

pragmatism

if it works, use it

pentagon

in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership.

liberalism

in IR, presumption that countries can interact peacefully

idealism

in foreign policy holds that a state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its foreign policy. For example, an idealist might believe that ending poverty at home should be coupled with tackling poverty abroad. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was an early advocate of idealism.

protectorate

in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state.

legitimate

in kissinger's theory, IR system in which states accept each other's right to exist

contradiction

in marxism a deep incurable problem that rips the society apart

proletariat

in marxism large class of industrial workers

crusade

in realist thought, an ideological war unrelated to the true national interest

plumbing

includes prearranged meeting places, surveillance agents, letter drops, technical support. forming and maintaining this standby capability takes time and costs money

target hardening

increasing security at a specific place to prevent attack

counterintelligence

information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt or protect against espionage

system

interaction of many components so that changing one changes the others

international relation

interactions among countries

domestic politics

interactions within countries

joint chiefs of staff

is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council on military matters.

war powers act

is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution.It was passed to reassert Congressional authority over the decision to send American troops to war

guerrilla warfare

is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military

rally event

is a gathering of people for a common purpose, an automobile competition on public roads, or a comeback. An example of a rally is an event for cheering on a political candidate.

neoconservative

is a political movement born in the United States during the 1960s among liberal hawks who became disenchanted with the increasingly pacifist foreign policy of the Democratic Party, and the growing New Left and counterculture, in particular the Vietnam protests.

paris accords

is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, starting in the year 2020.

behavioralism

is an approach in political science that emerged in the 1930s in the United States. It represented a sharp break from previous approaches in emphasizing an objective, quantified approach to explain and predict political behaviour.

unilateralism

is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action. Such action may be in disregard for other parties, or as an expression of a commitment toward a direction which other parties may find disagreeable.

alarmizm

is excessive or exaggerated alarm about a real or imagined threat, such as the increases in deaths from an infectious disease. In the news media, it can be a form of yellow journalism where reports sensationalise a story to exaggerate small risks.

dove

is someone who opposes the use of military pressure to resolve a dispute; a hawk favors entry into war. The terms came into widespread use during the Vietnam War, but their roots are much older than that conflict.

disarmament

is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons.

national security council

is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security, military matters, and foreign policy matters with senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States.

privitization

is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from the public sector to the private sector. The public sector is the part of the economic system that is run by government agencies.

groupthink

janis' theory that group cohesion stifles doubt and dissent

casualty

killed or wounded

cui bono

latin for "to whose benefit?" or "who gains?"

hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

republic

main soviet/russian civil division, like a US state

civil war

major, long term political warfare within a state

constructivism

mental constructs, formed by social interaction and convention, govern thinking

bourgeoisie

middle class; pejorative in marxist usage

reification

mistaking a theory for reality

strong state

modern nation-state able to enforce sovereignty

proliferation

more states acquiring nuclear weapons

interdependence

mutual and interlocking benefit

security dilemma

mutually reinforcing negative effects of each nation's efforts to increase defense capabilities

chimera

mythical beast composed of several unlike parts

superpower

nation with far more power than others; able to wage all levels of warfare

diaspora

nationality or ethnic group scattered among several countries

international anarchy

no overriding power prevents sovereign states from conflicting

bluff

not supporting a declared national interest with sufficient power

responsibility to provide

officers and agencies now would be evaluated by the degree to which they actively seek to share intelligence

diplomacy

official political contact among governments

recognition

one country's opening of diplomatic relations with another

asymmetrical conflict

one in which the two sides are very unequal

proxy war

outside powers pursue their interest by aiding foreign forces

joint congressional resolution

passed by both houses, it has force of law; can allow president to go to war

cold war

period of armed tension between soviet union and west roughly 1947-1989

lifestyle poly

personal behavior

glastnost

policy of media openness under Gorbachev

terrorism

political use of violence to weaken a hated authority

polygraph

popularly referred to as a lie detector test, is a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. used at most US agencies

supranational

power above the national level, as in the UN

stratified

power distributed in layers

Battle Damage Assessment

practice of assessing damage inflicted on a target by an air campaign. (Necessary in order to determine if the damage was successful)

entitlements

programs at the federal level in the United States would include Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, most Veterans' Administration programs, federal employee and military retirement plans, unemployment compensation, food stamps, and agricultural price support programs.

defense

protection from harm

causality

proving that one thing causes another

atmospherics

public relations of diplomatic meetings, superficial and fleeting

coercive disarmament

purposeful and strategic use of threats and incentives to influence the target's decision to retain a particular class or classes of weapons

self-interest

refers to actions that elicit the most personal benefit. Adam Smith, the father of modern economics, explains that the best economic benefit for all can usually be accomplished when individuals act in their own self-interest.

multilateralism

refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.

bureaucracies

refers to both a body of non-elective government officials and an administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials.

detente

relaxation of tensions between hostile countries

free rider

relies on expenditure of others to avoid paying fair share

absolutism

renaissance pattern of kings assuming all power

presidential finding

requires formal approval in the executive branch. president must sign an order approving the operation based on the presidents finding that covert action is necessary to support identifiable foreign policy objectives of the united states and is important to national security of the US

neo

revival or updating of a previous ideology or approach

kelptocracy

rule by thieves

interventionism

s a policy of non-defensive (proactive) activity undertaken by a nation-state, or other geo-political jurisdiction of a lesser or greater nature, to manipulate an economy and/or society.

mccarthyism

senator joseph mccarthy's early 1950s accusations of treason in high places

multilateral

several countries

manifest destiny

slogan calling for a US continental republic

symbol

small thing or gesture that makes a political statement

third party

someone not party to a dispute

anachronism

something that no longer fits the times

kgb

soviet intelligence and security police

imperialism

spreading nation's power over other lands

socialism

state ownership of economy to end class difference

mediation

suggesting compromises to disputants

empirical

supported by observable evidence

coup

swift replacement of leadership, usually by military forces

westphalian

system set up by 1648 peace of Westphalia that made sovereignty the norm

escalation

tendency of wars to get bigger and fiercer

worst casing

tendency to see the enemy as stronger than it is

volatile

tending or threatening to break out into open violence; explosive

versailles treaty

the 1919 treaty that ended world war I

spanish civil war

the 1936-1939 conflict in which nazis and communists aided opposite sides

atlantic charter

the 1941 Roosevelt-Churchill agreement on peace aims and basis of UN

marshall plan

the 1947 call for massive US aid to war-torn europe

truman doctrine

the 1947 presidential call to aid countries under communist threat

cuban missile crisis

the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. DURING COLD WAR

vietnamization

the US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam.

deficit

the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small.

continenet

the european mainland

geopolitics

the impact of geography on international politics

inputs

the ingredients of economic growth: labor, capital, raw materials, energy

political generations

the memory of great events imprinted on the young people who have lived through them

credibility

the quality of being trusted and believed in

little CI

the specific details that collectively comprise the big Ci. ex how it happened how long and who is responsible

politicized intelligence

the strongest expressions of opprobrium that can be leveled in US intelligence community

elites

the top or most influential people

multipolar

the world divided into many power centers

bipolar

the world divided into two power centers, as in the cold war

unipolar

the world dominated by one power center

globalization

the world turning into one big capitalist market

hierarchy of power

theory that peace is preserved when states know where they stand on a ladder of relative power

imperial overstretch

theory that powerful nations tend to over-expand and weaken

balance of power

theory that states form alliances to offset threatening states

relative deprivation

theory that unequal wealth motivates underdog groups

misperceive

to see things wrongly

duopoly

two big powers dominate

bilateral

two countries

drone

unmanned remotely piloted aircraft

paranoid

unreasonably suspicious of others

alexis de tocqueville

was a French diplomat, political scientist and historian. He was best known for his works Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution. believed that the American jury system was particularly important in educating citizens in self-government and rule of law. He often expressed how the civil jury system was one of the most effective showcases of democracy because it connected citizens with the true spirit of the justice system.

ho chi minh

was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam. He was also Prime Minister and President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

ho chi minh trail

was a military supply route running from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam. The route sent weapons, manpower, ammunition and other supplies from communist-led North Vietnam to their supporters in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

tet offensive

was a series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong (rebel forces sponsored by North Vietnam) and North Vietnamese forces, on scores of cities, towns, and hamlets throughout South Vietnam. It was considered to be a turning point in the Vietnam War.

big CI

was this tied to some specific need or tasking or was it simply opportunistic. what are th goals of the nation running the spy.

intrastate

what happens inside one country (as opposed to interstate, among countries)

national interest

what is good for a country as a whole in international relations; often disputed

need to know

when used by government and other organizations (particularly those related to the military or espionage), describes the restriction of data which is considered very sensitive.

geneva accords

which were issued on July 21, 1954, set out the following terms in relation to Vietnam: a "provisional military demarcation line" running approximately along the 17th Parallel "on either side of which the forces of the two parties shall be regrouped after their withdrawal".


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