PLS 241 Final Exam
salafiyya
"the way of the founders," reactionary Islamic puritanism and basis of current Islamism
tartars
*descendants of the Mongol Horde and Genghis Khan*, they *attacked Eastern Europe periodically during the 17th century.* In 1656-57, *Crimean (southern Russia) Tartars tore through Prussia, killing and kidnapping approximately 50,000 people.* This attack was a *reason that the Great Elector was able to use to scare the people into giving him more power.*
Actionable Intelligence
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Analysis
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Deterrence II - Massive Retaliation
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Information Operations
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
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Nuclear Deterrence
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Policy Process
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Project Solarium
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TRIAD Defense
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third option
1. Better known as the Quiet Option or Covert Action 2. Implemented when diplomacy and warfare fail
blitzkrieg
A German term for "lightning war," blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery.
Appeasement
A concession to satisfy a hostile country; in disrepute since Hitler.
counterinsurgency
A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency is defined by the United States Department of State as "comprehensive civilian and military efforts taken to simultaneously defeat and contain insurgency and address its root causes"
security
A feeling of being free from fear, danger, etc.
Analogy
A previous situation that (you think) explains a present one. (No two cases are identical, so IR is replete with false analogies).
Invasion Insurance
Ability to deter invastion by possessing even a few nuclear weapons.
invasion insurance
Ability to deter invastion by possessing even a few nuclear weapons.
Second Strike Capability
Ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promote deterrence.
Second-Strike Capability
Ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promotes deterrence.
Signals (SIGINT)
Ability to intercept communications. (Important because it gives insight into what is being said, planned, and considered.)
Classic Liberalism
Adam Smith's theory that an economy corrects itself without government supervision; became U.S. conservatism.
sleeper agents
Agents sent to another nation to assume normal lives who then become active agents at some time later
rogue state
Aggressive, risk-taking regime unbound by rules or agreements
Rogue State
Aggressive, risk-taking regime unbound by rules or agreements. (Can deterrence work against states who have little to fear - certainly seems so in the case of Iraq - we invaded)
covert action
An activity or activities of the United States Government to influence political, economic or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States Government will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly
Exploitation
Analysis of images; perhaps decoded, and probably translated, if they are signals.
Information
Anything that can be known, regardless of how it is discovered.
baath
Arab Social Renaissance party, secular and nationalist party that ruled Iraq under Saddam and Syria under Assad
Baath
Arab Social Renaissance party, secular and nationalist party that ruled Iraq under Saddam and still governs Syria.
Politicized Intelligence
Arises from the line separating policy and intelligence. (Arises primarily from concerns that intelligence officers may intentionally alter intelligence to support outcomes preferred by policy makers)
ARVN
Army of the Republic of Vietnam; South Vietnamese Army
Mirror Imaging
Assuming that other states or individuals will act just the way a particular country or person does.
First-Strike Capability
Attack an enemy first, a "disarming" attack that removes the foe's deterrent capability.
first-strike capability
Attack an enemy first, a "disarming" attack that removes the foe's deterrent capability.
Detente Diplomacy
Attempts to relax tensions between hostile countries. (Nuclear weapons have made the use of force dangerous and unstable)
Credibility
Being considered trustworthy or believable, the crux of deterrence. (By dropping the atomic bomb, the U.S. added credibility to U.S. deterrence - specifically against Soviet Union)
Macro
Big, panoramic view of state interactions.
Defense
Blocking an enemy's attack. (Makes an opponent's offense ineffective and also serves as a deterrent)
Consulate
Branch of an embassy with limited functions. (Placed in important cities usually serving visa applications and assisting Americans abroad)
Foreign Ministry
Branch of national government dealing with IR; called State Department in U.S. and Foreign Office in Britain.
foreign ministry
Branch of national government dealing with IR; called State Department in the United States and Foreign Office in Britain
Foreign Service
Career corps of professional diplomates.
Embassy
Chief diplomatic representation of one country to another.
legitimacy
Citizens' belief in the government's right to rule
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Civilian intelligence agency of the U.S. (responsibile for providing national security intelligence assessments to senior U.S. policymakers)
Blowback
Client or junior ally turns on its sponsor. (Be careful whom you help - Israel supported Hamas against PLO, but Hamas secretly wanted to destroy Israel)
Micro
Close-ups of individual and small-group behavior.
Foreign Economic Espionage
Collection of foreign economic intelligence by other nations. (Supporters of this policy cited cases in which supposed friends of the U.S. were engaged in certain economic activities)
Feedback
Communications between the policy community and the Intelligence community detailing what has been useful, what has not, which areas need emphasis, etc. (Necessary in order to help insure proper intelligence is being collected)
vietminh
Communist Vietnamese anti-French liberation movement in the 1940s and 1950s, led by Ho Chi Minh
Arms Race
Competition between rival countries to build more weapons. (Your search for security ends up making you less secure).
Group Think
Conformity in the group results in an incorrect decision-making outcome.
Footnote Wars
Confrontations whose only goal is to maintain a separate point of view regardless of the salience of the issue at stake. (Function of competitive analysis - having the same issue addressed by several different analystical groups)
Extended Deterrence
Covering allies with your nuclear capacity, as in U.S. promises to NATO.
extended deterrence
Covering allies with your nuclear capacity, as in U.S. promises to NATO.
strategic defense initiative
Defensive missiles to protect the United States from incoming missiles
Requirements
Defining those policy issues or areas to which intelligence is expected to make a contribution, as well as decisions about which of these issues has priority over the others.
Deterrence
Dissuading attack by showing its high costs. (A rational enemy will not attack if the costs outweigh the benefits)
just war
Doctrine of medieval Catholic philosophers that war under certain conditions can be moral
balkans
Easternmost Mediterranean peninsula
counterinsurgency
Efforts and methods to put down an insurgency
Revolution in Military Affairs
Electronic, high-tech warfare.
Disarmament
Elimination of existing weapons. (Disarmament, by eradicating the expectation and tools of war, prevents wars)
viet cong "VC"
English Vietnamese Communists, the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973). The name is said to have first been used by South Vietnamese Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem to belittle the rebels.
reactionary
Extremely conservative; seeks returning to old ways
Reactionary
Extremely conservative; seeks returning to old ways.
Maginot Line
French fortifications facing Germany before WWII, easily circumvented.
foreign policy
General objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states. The development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs.
Blitzkrieg
German for "lightning war": quick armored attack. (Through constant motion, attempts to keep enemy off-balance and unable to respond effectively)
lebensraum
German for "living space"; theory that countries must expand to gain room for their population
Radiological
Gives off dangerous radiation.
perestroika
Gorbachev's wish to restructure the Soviet economy
cultural hegemony
Gramsci's theory that capitalist control of culture keeps workers unrevolutionary
Competitive Analysis
Having analysts in several agencies with different backgrounds and perspectives work on the same issue. (Should be the antidote to groupthink and forced consensus - but not always the case - Iraq's WMD)
Minimum Deterrence
Having even a few nukes for a credible second-strike capability. (China & India claim they seek only minimum deterrence)
minimum deterrence
Having even a few nukes for a credible second-strike capability. (China & India claim they seek only minimum deterrence)
realism
IR theory that emphasizes power and national interest
propaganda
Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
Revolutionary
In Kissenger's theory, IR system in which major state seeks to overthrow others.
revolutionary
In Kissinger's theory, IR system in which a major state seeks to overthrow others
vietcong
Informal name of Communist-led South Vietnamese National Liberation Front in the 1960s.
Imagery (IMAGINT)
Information about any object - natural or man made - that can be observed or referenced to the Earth, and has national security implications. (Advantage of being easily understood much of the time by policy makers)
Intelligence
Information that meets the stated or understood needs of policy makers and has been collected, processed, and narrowed to meet those needs.
Dominant Battlefield Awareness
Integration of imagery intelligence (IMINT), SIGINT, and HUMINT to give "commanders real-time, comprehensive surveillance and information about the battlespace in which they operate.
Chatter
Intelligence on terrorism. (Refers to patterns of intelligence - more messages could result in increased urgency about the possibility of an attack)
Espionage (Human Source Intelligence - HUMINT)
Involves sending clandestine service officers to foreign countries, where they attempt to recruit foreign nationals to spy. (Source of positive intelligence and strong counterintelligence as well)
guerilla
Irregular small-unit, hit-and-run warfare
shari'a
Islamic law, drawn from the Koran
Shari'a
Islamic law, drawn from the Koran.
persona non grata (PNG'd)
Latin for "unwanted person"; order to expel a diplomat
Persona Non Grata (PNG'd)
Latin for "unwanted person"; order to expel a diplomat.
Arms Control
Limiting weapons systems, a lesser goal than disarmament.
arms control
Limiting weapons systems, a lesser goal than disarmament.
bigot lists
Lists of people with access to certain categories of intelligence.often lengthy than exclusive
Coercive Disarmament
Methods of compelling a foe to give up weapons. (We had strong-armed Iraq into giving up its WMD long before the 2003 war, we just didn't know we had succeeded)
Hezbollah
Militant Lebanese group, associated with terrorism and raids against Israel.
marxism
Militant, revolutionary form of socialism
Proliferation
More states acquiring nuclear weapons.
caliphate
Muslim dynasty ruled by caliphs, successors to the Prophet Muhammad
Caliphate
Muslim dynasty ruled by caliphs, successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
jihadi
Muslim holy warrior, also called mujahid
Jihadi
Muslim holy warrior, also called mujahid.
NSC-68
National Security Council Report 68 that recommended increasing conventional forces at home and in West Europe. (Would restore the idea of deterrance against the Soviet Union in Europe)
nsc-68
National Security Council Report 68 that recommended increasing conventional forces at home and in West Europe. (Would restore the idea of deterrance against the Soviet Union in Europe)
Conventional Forces
Non-nuclear military strength. (Expensive and unpopular, Truman believed that increasing conventional forces would act as a deterrent against the Soviet Union in Europe)
conventional forces
Non-nuclear military strength. (Expensive and unpopular, Truman believed that increasing conventional forces would act as a deterrent against the Soviet Union in Europe)
NVA
North Vietnamese Army. This allowed writers, the U.S. military, and the general public, to distinguish northern communists from the southern communists, or Viet Cong.
Diplomacy
Official political contact among governments. (Is present at almost every stage of a nation's foreign policy but are often undervalued in the modern world)
Recognition
One country's opening of diplomatic relations with another.
blood diamond
One obtained coercively through crime or civil war
asymmetric
Out of balance, as when one country has more power than another
Consumption
Policy makers intrepret intelligence - whether in the form of written or oral briefings - and the degree to which the intelligence is used.
domino theory
Political doctrine that affected US foreign policy during the Cold War, especially in Southeast Asia. It held that if one country became communist, its neighbours would inevitably follow. The doctrine was widely used in support of US military involvement in Vietnam
Terrorism
Political use of violence to weaken a hated authority.
Asymmetric
Power of the two sides are very unequal. (In the case of terrorists, makes it very hard to defeat with conventional forces)
Thermonuclear
Powerful release of energy from fusion of hydrogen atoms.
thermonuclear
Powerful release of energy from fusion of hydrogen atoms.
crown
Powers of the British government
Dissemination
Process of moving the intelligence from the producers to the consumers.
Collection
Produces information, not intelligence. ISR (Intelligence, surveilance, and reconnaissance.) Without collection, intelligence is little more than guesswork.
Causality
Proving that one thing causes another. (For example, any given war has a mixture of causes, and no two mixtures will be the same; therefore, causality is hard to prove)
Clausewitz
Prussian General credited as the first to use "escalation" in its modern military sense (Civil authorities must block the tendency to make war "absolute" by making sure the war serves limited, political objectives)
Production
Reports prepared by analysts that respond to the needs of the policy makers. (Without proper reports, all other steps in the process become meaningless.)
Tyranny of the Ad Hocs
Resistance by those whose access to intelligence resources is threatened. (A system that constantly responds to each ad hoc soon has little control over priorities and quickly breaks down)
national missile defense
Revival of SDI proposed by Bush 43 (protecting all 50 states)
National Missile Defense
Revival of Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) proposed by Bush 43.
Siloviki
Russian for strong men
renditions
Seizure of individuals wanted by the United States. usually in different countries making it harder.
Multilateral
Several countries.
comintern
Short for Communist International; the world's Communist parties under Moscow's control
Symbol
Small thing or gesture that makes a political statement.
Anachonism
Something that no longer fits the times.
KGB
Soviet Union's State Security Committee (Internal Secret Police)
Tactical Surprise
Specific incidents that endanger U.S. security but is not of sufficient magnitude and importance to threaten national existence. (U.S. knew Bin Laden would attack U.S. targets but did not know target and means of attack on 9/11)
Long-Term Expertise
Stability tends to be greater in intelligence agencies which then means that that is where the knowledge and expertise on certain issues is greatest.
five-year plans
Stalin's forced industrialization of Soviet Union starting in 1928
Downstream Activities
Steps that follow Collection. (Processing & Exploitation - without either the information has no effect at all)
Counterforce Attack
Targeting an enemy's troops, bases, and especially missile sites. (More "humane" in that it results in killing fewer people and cutting the risk of a "nuclear winter")
counterforce attack
Targeting an enemy's troops, bases, and especially missile sites. (More "humane" in that it results in killing fewer people and cutting the risk of a "nuclear winter")
Countervalue Attack
Targeting the economy and population of an enemy. (Early Soviet and American strategies, but doctrine faded as too horrible to use)
counter value attack
Targeting the economy and population of an enemy. (Early Soviet and American strategies, but doctrine faded as too horrible to use)
Escalation
Tendency of war to grow bigger and bigger.
brest-litovsk
The 1918 treaty dictated by Germany to get Russia out of World War I.
tonkin gulf resolution
The 1964 congressional permission for president to go to war in Vietnam
Non-Proliferation Treaty
The 1968 agreement that nuclear powers will not transfer nuclear weapons technology and non-nuclear powers will acquire it.
non-proliferation treaty
The 1968 agreement that nuclear powers will not transfer nuclear weapons technology and non-nuclear powers will acquire it.
dien bien phu
The First Vietnam War, or Indochina War (1946-1954), was the result of hostilities between the communist Vietnamese and the French who were reluctant to give full independence to their former colonies. This war of national liberation has to be interpreted within the general contexts of World War II, decolonization, the Cold War, and affirmations of communist political powers in China and in Korea (giving this conflict its political characteristics as a revolutionary war). The French defeat in Dien Bien Phu was the decisive event of the war, ended by the Geneva Agreements (20 July 1954).
Verification
The ability to ascertain whether treaty obligations were being met. (Monitoring or keeping track of Soviet activities during the Cold War)
masses
The bulk of the population with little interest or influence
Umma
The community of all Muslims.
umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.
paramilitary operations
The largest, most violent, most dangerous covert actions involving the equipping and training of large armed groups for a direct assault on one's enemies. they don't involve the use of a state's own military personnel in combatant unites, which technically would be an act of war.
central europe
The part of Europe between Germany and Russia
Priority Creep
The process of issues moving up and down in a priority system. (Allows for responsive changes in international situations)
Decapitation
The removal of a country's leadership and ability to direct its war effort. (Control of people, defenses, and territory would weaken. Anarchy could break out.)
decapitation
The removal of a country's leadership and ability to direct its war effort. (Control of people, defenses, and territory would weaken. Anarchy could break out.)
mongols
Thirteenth century conquerors of Eurasia
damage assessment
To determine what intelligence has been compromised
Processing
Transformation of complex digital signals into images or intercepts. (Key step in converting technically collected information into intelligence)
nonaggression pact
Treaty to not attack each other, specifically the 1939 treaty between Hitler and Stalin
Bilateral
Two countries.
Salafiyya
"The way of the founders," reactionary Islamic puritanism and the basis of current Islamism. Adjective: salafi.
lend lease
U.S. aid to Allies in WWII
ECHELON
U.S. government program that searches through collected SIGNET, using key words via a computer. (Euro officials claimed that ECHELON was being used to steal advanced technology secrets being passed to U.S. firms).
globalism
U.S. interests extending everywhere
isolationism
US avoidance of overseas involvement
containment
US policy of blocking expansion of soviet power, framed by kennan in 1947
Ad Hocs
Unexpected issues that inevitably crop up with little or no warning. (Can lead to policy makers or intelligence officers to exert pressure to give the new issue a priority)
Strategic Surprise
Unpredicted development capable of endangering the nation's existence. (Pearl Harbor - expected a move by Japan but not against the U.S.)
arab spring
Uprisings starting in 2011 in North Africa and Middle East
National Technical Means
Variety of satellites and other technical collectors. (Collect needed intelligence)
Security
What a country does to safeguard its sovereignty. (Governments go to great lengths to protect their people and preserve their territories)
blowback
When a client or junior ally turns on its sponsor
level of analysis
Where you suppose causality resides: in individuals, states, or the international system
Level of Analysis
Where you suppose causality resides: in individuals, states, or the international system.
national security letters (NSL)
Written demands from the FBI that compels Internet service providers, credit companies, financial institutions, and other to turn over confidential records about their customers, (such as subscriber information, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, and websites visited
analogy
a previous situation that you think explains a present one
graymail
a tactic used by the defense in a spy trial, involving the threat to expose government secrets unless charges against the defendant are dropped.
paradigm
a widely accepted research model or way of studying things
Trip Wire
a wire that activates a trap, camera, or other device when stepped on, tripped on, or otherwise disturbed.
trip wire
a wire that activates a trap, camera, or other device when stepped on, tripped on, or otherwise disturbed.
relativism
abandoning absolute moral standards
power
ability of one actor to get another to do its bidding
second strike capability
ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promotes deterrence
second-strike capability
ability to hit back after a first strike; if credible, promotes deterrence. significance is you can stop a major force with your strength and threats.
feasibility
able to prevail without excessive force or cost
rational
able to think clearly and test ideas against reality
classic liberalism
adam smith's theory that an economy corrects itself without government supervision; became US conservatism
double agents
an agent who pretends to act as a spy for one country or organization while in fact acting on behalf of an enemy.
insurgency
an armed rebellion or uprising
force
application of military power
detente diplomacy
attempts to relax tensions between hostile countries. is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971
ideology
belief system that society can be improved by following certain doctrines; usually ends in ism
interwar
between world wars I and II 1919-1939
macro
big, panoramic view of state interactions
consulate
branch of an embassy with limited functions
objective
can be empirically verified
subjective
cannot be empirically verified; depends on feelings
foreign service
career corps of professional diplomats
monolithic
characterized by hugeness, impenetrability, or intractability a monolithic government. electronics (of an integrated circuit) having all components manufactured into or on top of a single chip of silicon
embassy
chief diplomatic representation of one country to another
micro
close-ups of individual and small-group behavior
satellite
communist country set up by and dependent on soviet union
sovereignty
concept that each state rules its territory without interference
metternichian
conservative restoration of balance of power after napoleon
bismarckian
contrived unstable balance of power from 1870 to 1914
sunk costs
costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered
counterespionage
countering penetrations of one's service
state
country or nation has sovereignty
mole
deeply hidden spy
deterrence
discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
arbitration
disputants agreement to obey third party decision
revolution
dramatic replacement of one regime by another
eclectic
drawn from a variety of sources
yalta agreement
early 1945 agreement by stalin, churchill, and roosevelt on who got what in germany and east europe
dreadnought
early name for battleship
bailout
emergency loan to prevent corporation or government from collapsing
neoliberal
emphasizes economic interdependence and international organizations
strategy
ends, ways, means
compartmented
ex an employee being accorded the privilege of a clearance does not automatically get access to all of the intelligence info available.
theory
explanation of why things happen
counterintelligence poly
foreign contacts, handling of classified information
Industrial Espionage
form of espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of purely national security purposes
collective-action problem
getting all to sacrifice in a common cause
mobiization
getting an army ready for immediate war
radiological weapon
gives off dangerous radiation
good offices
giving disputants a meeting place
ethnicity
group bound by ties of language, religion, custom, or nation origin; from greek ethos (nation) probably from ethos (custom)
primordial
group one is born into
plausible deniability
halfway believable claim of innocence in the face of uncertain evidence
productivity
how efficiently goods are produced--that is , using fewer inputs
construct
idea so widely accepted that it seems to be a fact
wilsonian
idealistic projection of US power to create a peaceful world
pragmatism
if it works, use it
pentagon
in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership.
liberalism
in IR, presumption that countries can interact peacefully
idealism
in foreign policy holds that a state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its foreign policy. For example, an idealist might believe that ending poverty at home should be coupled with tackling poverty abroad. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was an early advocate of idealism.
protectorate
in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state.
legitimate
in kissinger's theory, IR system in which states accept each other's right to exist
contradiction
in marxism a deep incurable problem that rips the society apart
proletariat
in marxism large class of industrial workers
crusade
in realist thought, an ideological war unrelated to the true national interest
plumbing
includes prearranged meeting places, surveillance agents, letter drops, technical support. forming and maintaining this standby capability takes time and costs money
target hardening
increasing security at a specific place to prevent attack
counterintelligence
information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt or protect against espionage
system
interaction of many components so that changing one changes the others
international relation
interactions among countries
domestic politics
interactions within countries
joint chiefs of staff
is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council on military matters.
war powers act
is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution.It was passed to reassert Congressional authority over the decision to send American troops to war
guerrilla warfare
is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military
rally event
is a gathering of people for a common purpose, an automobile competition on public roads, or a comeback. An example of a rally is an event for cheering on a political candidate.
neoconservative
is a political movement born in the United States during the 1960s among liberal hawks who became disenchanted with the increasingly pacifist foreign policy of the Democratic Party, and the growing New Left and counterculture, in particular the Vietnam protests.
paris accords
is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, starting in the year 2020.
behavioralism
is an approach in political science that emerged in the 1930s in the United States. It represented a sharp break from previous approaches in emphasizing an objective, quantified approach to explain and predict political behaviour.
unilateralism
is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action. Such action may be in disregard for other parties, or as an expression of a commitment toward a direction which other parties may find disagreeable.
alarmizm
is excessive or exaggerated alarm about a real or imagined threat, such as the increases in deaths from an infectious disease. In the news media, it can be a form of yellow journalism where reports sensationalise a story to exaggerate small risks.
dove
is someone who opposes the use of military pressure to resolve a dispute; a hawk favors entry into war. The terms came into widespread use during the Vietnam War, but their roots are much older than that conflict.
disarmament
is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons.
national security council
is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security, military matters, and foreign policy matters with senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States.
privitization
is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from the public sector to the private sector. The public sector is the part of the economic system that is run by government agencies.
groupthink
janis' theory that group cohesion stifles doubt and dissent
casualty
killed or wounded
cui bono
latin for "to whose benefit?" or "who gains?"
hegemony
leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.
republic
main soviet/russian civil division, like a US state
civil war
major, long term political warfare within a state
constructivism
mental constructs, formed by social interaction and convention, govern thinking
bourgeoisie
middle class; pejorative in marxist usage
reification
mistaking a theory for reality
strong state
modern nation-state able to enforce sovereignty
proliferation
more states acquiring nuclear weapons
interdependence
mutual and interlocking benefit
security dilemma
mutually reinforcing negative effects of each nation's efforts to increase defense capabilities
chimera
mythical beast composed of several unlike parts
superpower
nation with far more power than others; able to wage all levels of warfare
diaspora
nationality or ethnic group scattered among several countries
international anarchy
no overriding power prevents sovereign states from conflicting
bluff
not supporting a declared national interest with sufficient power
responsibility to provide
officers and agencies now would be evaluated by the degree to which they actively seek to share intelligence
diplomacy
official political contact among governments
recognition
one country's opening of diplomatic relations with another
asymmetrical conflict
one in which the two sides are very unequal
proxy war
outside powers pursue their interest by aiding foreign forces
joint congressional resolution
passed by both houses, it has force of law; can allow president to go to war
cold war
period of armed tension between soviet union and west roughly 1947-1989
lifestyle poly
personal behavior
glastnost
policy of media openness under Gorbachev
terrorism
political use of violence to weaken a hated authority
polygraph
popularly referred to as a lie detector test, is a device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. used at most US agencies
supranational
power above the national level, as in the UN
stratified
power distributed in layers
Battle Damage Assessment
practice of assessing damage inflicted on a target by an air campaign. (Necessary in order to determine if the damage was successful)
entitlements
programs at the federal level in the United States would include Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, most Veterans' Administration programs, federal employee and military retirement plans, unemployment compensation, food stamps, and agricultural price support programs.
defense
protection from harm
causality
proving that one thing causes another
atmospherics
public relations of diplomatic meetings, superficial and fleeting
coercive disarmament
purposeful and strategic use of threats and incentives to influence the target's decision to retain a particular class or classes of weapons
self-interest
refers to actions that elicit the most personal benefit. Adam Smith, the father of modern economics, explains that the best economic benefit for all can usually be accomplished when individuals act in their own self-interest.
multilateralism
refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.
bureaucracies
refers to both a body of non-elective government officials and an administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials.
detente
relaxation of tensions between hostile countries
free rider
relies on expenditure of others to avoid paying fair share
absolutism
renaissance pattern of kings assuming all power
presidential finding
requires formal approval in the executive branch. president must sign an order approving the operation based on the presidents finding that covert action is necessary to support identifiable foreign policy objectives of the united states and is important to national security of the US
neo
revival or updating of a previous ideology or approach
kelptocracy
rule by thieves
interventionism
s a policy of non-defensive (proactive) activity undertaken by a nation-state, or other geo-political jurisdiction of a lesser or greater nature, to manipulate an economy and/or society.
mccarthyism
senator joseph mccarthy's early 1950s accusations of treason in high places
multilateral
several countries
manifest destiny
slogan calling for a US continental republic
symbol
small thing or gesture that makes a political statement
third party
someone not party to a dispute
anachronism
something that no longer fits the times
kgb
soviet intelligence and security police
imperialism
spreading nation's power over other lands
socialism
state ownership of economy to end class difference
mediation
suggesting compromises to disputants
empirical
supported by observable evidence
coup
swift replacement of leadership, usually by military forces
westphalian
system set up by 1648 peace of Westphalia that made sovereignty the norm
escalation
tendency of wars to get bigger and fiercer
worst casing
tendency to see the enemy as stronger than it is
volatile
tending or threatening to break out into open violence; explosive
versailles treaty
the 1919 treaty that ended world war I
spanish civil war
the 1936-1939 conflict in which nazis and communists aided opposite sides
atlantic charter
the 1941 Roosevelt-Churchill agreement on peace aims and basis of UN
marshall plan
the 1947 call for massive US aid to war-torn europe
truman doctrine
the 1947 presidential call to aid countries under communist threat
cuban missile crisis
the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. DURING COLD WAR
vietnamization
the US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam.
deficit
the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small.
continenet
the european mainland
geopolitics
the impact of geography on international politics
inputs
the ingredients of economic growth: labor, capital, raw materials, energy
political generations
the memory of great events imprinted on the young people who have lived through them
credibility
the quality of being trusted and believed in
little CI
the specific details that collectively comprise the big Ci. ex how it happened how long and who is responsible
politicized intelligence
the strongest expressions of opprobrium that can be leveled in US intelligence community
elites
the top or most influential people
multipolar
the world divided into many power centers
bipolar
the world divided into two power centers, as in the cold war
unipolar
the world dominated by one power center
globalization
the world turning into one big capitalist market
hierarchy of power
theory that peace is preserved when states know where they stand on a ladder of relative power
imperial overstretch
theory that powerful nations tend to over-expand and weaken
balance of power
theory that states form alliances to offset threatening states
relative deprivation
theory that unequal wealth motivates underdog groups
misperceive
to see things wrongly
duopoly
two big powers dominate
bilateral
two countries
drone
unmanned remotely piloted aircraft
paranoid
unreasonably suspicious of others
alexis de tocqueville
was a French diplomat, political scientist and historian. He was best known for his works Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution. believed that the American jury system was particularly important in educating citizens in self-government and rule of law. He often expressed how the civil jury system was one of the most effective showcases of democracy because it connected citizens with the true spirit of the justice system.
ho chi minh
was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam. He was also Prime Minister and President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
ho chi minh trail
was a military supply route running from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam. The route sent weapons, manpower, ammunition and other supplies from communist-led North Vietnam to their supporters in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
tet offensive
was a series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong (rebel forces sponsored by North Vietnam) and North Vietnamese forces, on scores of cities, towns, and hamlets throughout South Vietnam. It was considered to be a turning point in the Vietnam War.
big CI
was this tied to some specific need or tasking or was it simply opportunistic. what are th goals of the nation running the spy.
intrastate
what happens inside one country (as opposed to interstate, among countries)
national interest
what is good for a country as a whole in international relations; often disputed
need to know
when used by government and other organizations (particularly those related to the military or espionage), describes the restriction of data which is considered very sensitive.
geneva accords
which were issued on July 21, 1954, set out the following terms in relation to Vietnam: a "provisional military demarcation line" running approximately along the 17th Parallel "on either side of which the forces of the two parties shall be regrouped after their withdrawal".
