PLT-132

Hybrid

Seed produced by the two crossings of two dissimilar parents usually produced when made between species

Recalcitrant seed

Seeds that do not survive drying or freezing

Orthodox seed

Seeds that tolerate drying after seed development; can usually be stored for years in this dry state. Majority of crop plants are orthodox seed

Water Quality

The amount of soluble salts in irrigation water, which is measured with an electrical conductivity meter

Fertigation

The application of soluble fertilizers during the irrigation of a seedling or rooted cutting

Totipotency

The concept that a single cell has the necessary genetic factors to reproduce all of the characteristics of the plant

Quantitative traits

Typically shows a broad range of phenotypes are polygenic and multifactorial

Edaphic

of, produced by, or influenced by the soil

Dicot

one of the two groups in which all of the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided

Apomixes

ovule/ovary is diploid in nature, gives ride to new seed. asexual propagation of seedlings w/o segregation of chromosomes

light quality

also called spectral composition and spectral energy distribution (SED), refers to the composition of light as to wavelengths that are effective in photosynthesis and other plant growth processes.

Xylem

transport water and inorganic molecules; flows from roots to veins terminal;high auxin levels parenchyma, fibers, and tracheary elements

Phloem

transports organic molecules from photosynthesis; moves throughout the plant;low auxin levels

Can plastic pots be sterilized?

yes through hot drip irrigation

Soil

compost not sterilized

Total dissolved soilds

comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water.

Cation

exchange capacity or CEC. Soils are composed of a mixture of sand, silt, clay and organic matter.

Homozygous

genetyopes are the same

Heterozygous

genotypes different

Absicis Acid ABA

inhibitory hormonal actions Prevents seed germination Controls when to close stomata

Sexual propagation

involves the union of the pollen (male) with the egg (female) to produce a seed. The seed is made up of three parts: the outer seed coat, which protects the seed; the endosperm, which is a food reserve; and the embryo, which is the young plant itself.

RNA

messenger carrying instructions to the DNA

Chloroplast

(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

Embryo

A cell that shows potential for development. Consisting of precursor tissues for the leaves. stem (hypocotyl), and root (radicle), as well as one or more cotyledons

Clone

A cell, cell product or organism is copied from an original source

Fibers

A class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread very important in biology of plants for holding tissue together

Biotic

Living elements in the enviroment

Monocot

One of the two classes of angiosperm parallel venation in leaves ( has a single cotyledon in the seed)

Thermodormancy

Operative in cool season crops and prevents germination during not dry summers, immediately after maturity

Vegetative propagation

Asexual propagation is the production of the new plant from portions of the roots,stems or leaves of the parent plant. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant (e.g. clone, any propagation not by seed or spores)

Polyploidy

Organism has more than two sets of chromosomes

Cotyledon

Embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants

Genetic drift

Allele frequencies in a population change as a result of random events or chance

Radicle

An embryonic root of a plant

Vivipary

Estuarine species lack dormancy and germinate while still on the mother plant

Auxin NAA

1-naphthalene acetic acid. Auxin formulations that easily dissolve in water and are available commercially

Microclimate

Any environmental factors in the immediate vicinity of the propagule during propagation

Protein

Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or moe long chains of amino acids and are essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components

propagule

A plant structure used for regenerating plants, which can include cuttings,seeds, grafts, layers, tissue culture explants, and single cells

cross pollination

A reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of the other

Photo-dormancy

A seed that requires light or dark conditions to germinate

Funiculus

A stalk connecting an ovule or a seed with the placenta (ovary wall)

Intermittent mist

A thin film of water produced through a pressurized irrigation system that cools the atmosphere and leaf surface of cuttings

Micropyle

A tiny pore in the testa, it allows water into the embryo before active germination (entry point of pollen tube and sperm nucleus)

Maturation drying

A tolerance of rapid water loss by drying of silica gel

Endosperm

Acts as a food storage for developing embryo, contains starch with protein and other nutrients (starch-noncots absorbed by cotyledon dicots)

Classification of Seeds

Axis formation, seed germination, flowering occurs, fruits

Compost stages and use

Biological decomposition of bulk organ wastes under controlled conditions. 1) Initial stage lasting few days in which decomposition of easily degraded able soluble material occurs 2) A second stage lasting several months, during which high temperatures occur and cellulose compounds are broken down 3) A final stabilization stage when decomposition decreases, temperatures lower, and microorganisms recolonize the material.

3 elements of IPM

Biological, Cultural and Chemical

Allele

Characteristic of sexual propagated plant variation of genes; different forms of a gene

Genome

Complete DNA sequence of an organism and set of chromosome in a compartment

Scutellum

Cotyledon, function is and enzyme secretion for break down of endosperm and transportation of food and developing seeding oil and high quality protein of cereal grains. (one scutellum=monocotyledon)

Cytokinin

Cytokinins are plant hormones which stimulate cell division and produces shoot outgrowth

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid,specific combinations of base pairs used to identify genes and genotypes during breeding,cultivar identification and systematics

Tissues

Dermal skin, ground storage, vascular transport; cells differentiate into tissues (xylem, phloem) and organs such as stems, roots, leaves and fruit

Plant Breeding

Developing specific kinds of plants with desirable and marketable characterisitcs

Land race

Domesticated variety of species that has developed over time

Coir

Economical peat substance that can be mixed with mineral component. Coconut husks

Transgenic line

Gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally or through genetic engineering techniques

Incompatibility

Genetic trait in which the pollen either fails yo grow down the style or does not germinate on the stigma of a plant with the same incompatibility alleles

Variety

Grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank,defined the expression of characteristic resulting of given gentype

True-breeding

If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, it is true bred with respect to the characteristic

Parenchyma

In higher plants, fundamental tissue that is composed of thin walled living cells that function is photosynthesis

Auxin IAA

Indole-3-acetic acid;conjugated form using both amino acids and sugars for conjugation. IAA quickly degrades in the light, and exogenously applied. IAA is quickly degraded by the enzyme IAA-oxidase. Used more often for commercial applications

Auxin IBA

Indole-3-butyric-acid, subsequently found to occur naturally, but in less abundance compared to IAA. IBA must be converted by plant tissue into IAA to function.

Qualitative traits

Inherative desieases

Microtubule

Interacts with proteins to generate various cellular movements

Vascular Cambium

Is a lateral, secondary meristem. Forms a hollow cylinder. Originates from fascicular and interfascicular cambia. have secondary growth, come from primary meristem

Fixing of alleles

It is the only variant that exists for that gene in all the population. It is homozygous for all members of one population

Hilum

Mark left on a seed where it was attached to the plant

Gene

Mechanism for inheritance and contain directions for expression

Trademark

Name belongs to company

Gibberellin

Naturally occurring hormones in plants; cyclic diterpenoids and named for their structure not their activity. Are made in developing seeds and fruits, elongating shoots, and roots. Primary hormone controlling plant height. Play a role in plant maturation and in triggering flowering. Important during seed germination.

Are all plants Micro-rhizomes

No

Plant patent

Plant gene belongs to inventor

Dioecious

Plant is either male or female

Self-pollination

Pollen lands of stigma of the same flower

Ecotype

Population of species that survives as a distinct group through environmental selection and isolation

Turgor

Pressure on a plants cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis. Because it makes them grow and stand straight

Dicots

Produce seedlings with two cotyledons

Ethylene

Profound effects on plant growth, including epinasty at high concentrations, senescence and abscission in leaves and fruit,flowering, apical dominance, latex production, and flower induction. It can induce adventitious roots, stimulate germination, and overcome dormancy. Involved in the maturity of certain fruits and is widely used for induce ripening in commercial storage.

Tesa

Protective outer covering/seed (only part not living)

Seed Coat

Protective outer layer of seeds of flowering plants

Plugs

Small seedling plants

Abiotic

The non-living components of an ecosystem that effect the living components of an ecosystem by determining the environmental characteristics of an area.

Meristematic

The only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis, aids in plant growth and composed of apical meristem and lateral meristem

Competence

The potential of a cell to develop in a particular direction such as forming adventitious roots

Cell (wall) Expansion

The pressure potential is the tugor force due to water in the cell pressing against the cell wall. Also an expression of the ability of the cell wall to expand

Histodifferentiation

The process through which embryo's develop from a relatively undifferentiated mass of tissues to become a mature embryo with different types of tissues

Specific epithet

The second element in the latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from other in the same genus

Amino Acid

The sugars (Carbohydrates) are then used by the plant as a source of energy for other metabolic proesses. L-glycine and L-glutamic acid are essential metabolites forchlorophyll synthesis and tissue formation

Stock Plant

The trunk or main stem of a tree or another plant. A plant or stem onto which a graft is made. A plant or tree from which cuttings and scions are taken.

Basipetal

Transport from root to shoot

Primary cambium

Vascular cambium

Perlite

Volcanic origin, Heated in furnace about 760. Hold three to four times water and natural ph of 6.0-8.0 but no nuffering capacity. Increasing aeration in mix

Perfect Flower

When a flower has all the reproductive parts

Monoecious

When a plant can produce both male and female parts in different flowers but on the same plant

Dormancy

When a seed will not germinate under ideal conditons

Vascular cylinder

Xylem/phloem found in center of roots and stems. inside the root, enter through epidermis and in the cylinder is like a bike tire has endodermis right outside of it

Plumule

Young shoot (Embryonic shoot)

Heterogeneous

population of seedlings that are phenotypically dissimliar

Homogeneous

population of seedlings that are phenotypically similar

Monocots

produce only a single modified cotyledon

Photoperiod

reaction of plants to the length of daylight (night is the critical time)

Linear

small plants

Layers

technique that induces adventitious roots on a stem while it is still attached to the mother plant. Historically important propagation method prior to 20th century, now replaced by cutting and grafting propagation. Some difficult to root woody plants are still propagated this way. It usually requires no special equipment so it can be easily done. Types are simple, compound, serpentine, air, mound/stooling, trench, drop and tip. Effective for a number of reasons: attachment to mother plant is maintained, etiolation, accumulation or hormones, carbs and rooting cofactors, rejuvenation, seasonal patterns, and girdling. Many plants naturally multiply by layers by producing specialized structures such as stolons, runners, rhizomes, suckers, offsets, and crowns.

Polymerase chain reaction

the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

Fertilization

the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg) (Cosmocote, phycote, nutricote, polyon) Ion of nucleus from pollen grain with ovule in female plant. Haploid + hapliod= Diploid