PLT-132
Hybrid
Seed produced by the two crossings of two dissimilar parents usually produced when made between species
Recalcitrant seed
Seeds that do not survive drying or freezing
Orthodox seed
Seeds that tolerate drying after seed development; can usually be stored for years in this dry state. Majority of crop plants are orthodox seed
Water Quality
The amount of soluble salts in irrigation water, which is measured with an electrical conductivity meter
Fertigation
The application of soluble fertilizers during the irrigation of a seedling or rooted cutting
Totipotency
The concept that a single cell has the necessary genetic factors to reproduce all of the characteristics of the plant
Quantitative traits
Typically shows a broad range of phenotypes are polygenic and multifactorial
Edaphic
of, produced by, or influenced by the soil
Dicot
one of the two groups in which all of the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided
Apomixes
ovule/ovary is diploid in nature, gives ride to new seed. asexual propagation of seedlings w/o segregation of chromosomes
light quality
also called spectral composition and spectral energy distribution (SED), refers to the composition of light as to wavelengths that are effective in photosynthesis and other plant growth processes.
Xylem
transport water and inorganic molecules; flows from roots to veins terminal;high auxin levels parenchyma, fibers, and tracheary elements
Phloem
transports organic molecules from photosynthesis; moves throughout the plant;low auxin levels
Can plastic pots be sterilized?
yes through hot drip irrigation
Soil
compost not sterilized
Total dissolved soilds
comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water.
Cation
exchange capacity or CEC. Soils are composed of a mixture of sand, silt, clay and organic matter.
Homozygous
genetyopes are the same
Heterozygous
genotypes different
Absicis Acid ABA
inhibitory hormonal actions Prevents seed germination Controls when to close stomata
Sexual propagation
involves the union of the pollen (male) with the egg (female) to produce a seed. The seed is made up of three parts: the outer seed coat, which protects the seed; the endosperm, which is a food reserve; and the embryo, which is the young plant itself.
RNA
messenger carrying instructions to the DNA
Chloroplast
(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
Embryo
A cell that shows potential for development. Consisting of precursor tissues for the leaves. stem (hypocotyl), and root (radicle), as well as one or more cotyledons
Clone
A cell, cell product or organism is copied from an original source
Fibers
A class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread very important in biology of plants for holding tissue together
Biotic
Living elements in the enviroment
Monocot
One of the two classes of angiosperm parallel venation in leaves ( has a single cotyledon in the seed)
Thermodormancy
Operative in cool season crops and prevents germination during not dry summers, immediately after maturity
Vegetative propagation
Asexual propagation is the production of the new plant from portions of the roots,stems or leaves of the parent plant. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant (e.g. clone, any propagation not by seed or spores)
Polyploidy
Organism has more than two sets of chromosomes
Cotyledon
Embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants
Genetic drift
Allele frequencies in a population change as a result of random events or chance
Radicle
An embryonic root of a plant
Vivipary
Estuarine species lack dormancy and germinate while still on the mother plant
Auxin NAA
1-naphthalene acetic acid. Auxin formulations that easily dissolve in water and are available commercially
Microclimate
Any environmental factors in the immediate vicinity of the propagule during propagation
Protein
Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or moe long chains of amino acids and are essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components
propagule
A plant structure used for regenerating plants, which can include cuttings,seeds, grafts, layers, tissue culture explants, and single cells
cross pollination
A reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of the other
Photo-dormancy
A seed that requires light or dark conditions to germinate
Funiculus
A stalk connecting an ovule or a seed with the placenta (ovary wall)
Intermittent mist
A thin film of water produced through a pressurized irrigation system that cools the atmosphere and leaf surface of cuttings
Micropyle
A tiny pore in the testa, it allows water into the embryo before active germination (entry point of pollen tube and sperm nucleus)
Maturation drying
A tolerance of rapid water loss by drying of silica gel
Endosperm
Acts as a food storage for developing embryo, contains starch with protein and other nutrients (starch-noncots absorbed by cotyledon dicots)
Classification of Seeds
Axis formation, seed germination, flowering occurs, fruits
Compost stages and use
Biological decomposition of bulk organ wastes under controlled conditions. 1) Initial stage lasting few days in which decomposition of easily degraded able soluble material occurs 2) A second stage lasting several months, during which high temperatures occur and cellulose compounds are broken down 3) A final stabilization stage when decomposition decreases, temperatures lower, and microorganisms recolonize the material.
3 elements of IPM
Biological, Cultural and Chemical
Allele
Characteristic of sexual propagated plant variation of genes; different forms of a gene
Genome
Complete DNA sequence of an organism and set of chromosome in a compartment
Scutellum
Cotyledon, function is and enzyme secretion for break down of endosperm and transportation of food and developing seeding oil and high quality protein of cereal grains. (one scutellum=monocotyledon)
Cytokinin
Cytokinins are plant hormones which stimulate cell division and produces shoot outgrowth
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid,specific combinations of base pairs used to identify genes and genotypes during breeding,cultivar identification and systematics
Tissues
Dermal skin, ground storage, vascular transport; cells differentiate into tissues (xylem, phloem) and organs such as stems, roots, leaves and fruit
Plant Breeding
Developing specific kinds of plants with desirable and marketable characterisitcs
Land race
Domesticated variety of species that has developed over time
Coir
Economical peat substance that can be mixed with mineral component. Coconut husks
Transgenic line
Gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally or through genetic engineering techniques
Incompatibility
Genetic trait in which the pollen either fails yo grow down the style or does not germinate on the stigma of a plant with the same incompatibility alleles
Variety
Grouping within a single botanical taxon of the lowest known rank,defined the expression of characteristic resulting of given gentype
True-breeding
If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, it is true bred with respect to the characteristic
Parenchyma
In higher plants, fundamental tissue that is composed of thin walled living cells that function is photosynthesis
Auxin IAA
Indole-3-acetic acid;conjugated form using both amino acids and sugars for conjugation. IAA quickly degrades in the light, and exogenously applied. IAA is quickly degraded by the enzyme IAA-oxidase. Used more often for commercial applications
Auxin IBA
Indole-3-butyric-acid, subsequently found to occur naturally, but in less abundance compared to IAA. IBA must be converted by plant tissue into IAA to function.
Qualitative traits
Inherative desieases
Microtubule
Interacts with proteins to generate various cellular movements
Vascular Cambium
Is a lateral, secondary meristem. Forms a hollow cylinder. Originates from fascicular and interfascicular cambia. have secondary growth, come from primary meristem
Fixing of alleles
It is the only variant that exists for that gene in all the population. It is homozygous for all members of one population
Hilum
Mark left on a seed where it was attached to the plant
Gene
Mechanism for inheritance and contain directions for expression
Trademark
Name belongs to company
Gibberellin
Naturally occurring hormones in plants; cyclic diterpenoids and named for their structure not their activity. Are made in developing seeds and fruits, elongating shoots, and roots. Primary hormone controlling plant height. Play a role in plant maturation and in triggering flowering. Important during seed germination.
Are all plants Micro-rhizomes
No
Plant patent
Plant gene belongs to inventor
Dioecious
Plant is either male or female
Self-pollination
Pollen lands of stigma of the same flower
Ecotype
Population of species that survives as a distinct group through environmental selection and isolation
Turgor
Pressure on a plants cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis. Because it makes them grow and stand straight
Dicots
Produce seedlings with two cotyledons
Ethylene
Profound effects on plant growth, including epinasty at high concentrations, senescence and abscission in leaves and fruit,flowering, apical dominance, latex production, and flower induction. It can induce adventitious roots, stimulate germination, and overcome dormancy. Involved in the maturity of certain fruits and is widely used for induce ripening in commercial storage.
Tesa
Protective outer covering/seed (only part not living)
Seed Coat
Protective outer layer of seeds of flowering plants
Plugs
Small seedling plants
Abiotic
The non-living components of an ecosystem that effect the living components of an ecosystem by determining the environmental characteristics of an area.
Meristematic
The only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis, aids in plant growth and composed of apical meristem and lateral meristem
Competence
The potential of a cell to develop in a particular direction such as forming adventitious roots
Cell (wall) Expansion
The pressure potential is the tugor force due to water in the cell pressing against the cell wall. Also an expression of the ability of the cell wall to expand
Histodifferentiation
The process through which embryo's develop from a relatively undifferentiated mass of tissues to become a mature embryo with different types of tissues
Specific epithet
The second element in the latin binomial name of a species, which follows the generic name and distinguishes the species from other in the same genus
Amino Acid
The sugars (Carbohydrates) are then used by the plant as a source of energy for other metabolic proesses. L-glycine and L-glutamic acid are essential metabolites forchlorophyll synthesis and tissue formation
Stock Plant
The trunk or main stem of a tree or another plant. A plant or stem onto which a graft is made. A plant or tree from which cuttings and scions are taken.
Basipetal
Transport from root to shoot
Primary cambium
Vascular cambium
Perlite
Volcanic origin, Heated in furnace about 760. Hold three to four times water and natural ph of 6.0-8.0 but no nuffering capacity. Increasing aeration in mix
Perfect Flower
When a flower has all the reproductive parts
Monoecious
When a plant can produce both male and female parts in different flowers but on the same plant
Dormancy
When a seed will not germinate under ideal conditons
Vascular cylinder
Xylem/phloem found in center of roots and stems. inside the root, enter through epidermis and in the cylinder is like a bike tire has endodermis right outside of it
Plumule
Young shoot (Embryonic shoot)
Heterogeneous
population of seedlings that are phenotypically dissimliar
Homogeneous
population of seedlings that are phenotypically similar
Monocots
produce only a single modified cotyledon
Photoperiod
reaction of plants to the length of daylight (night is the critical time)
Linear
small plants
Layers
technique that induces adventitious roots on a stem while it is still attached to the mother plant. Historically important propagation method prior to 20th century, now replaced by cutting and grafting propagation. Some difficult to root woody plants are still propagated this way. It usually requires no special equipment so it can be easily done. Types are simple, compound, serpentine, air, mound/stooling, trench, drop and tip. Effective for a number of reasons: attachment to mother plant is maintained, etiolation, accumulation or hormones, carbs and rooting cofactors, rejuvenation, seasonal patterns, and girdling. Many plants naturally multiply by layers by producing specialized structures such as stolons, runners, rhizomes, suckers, offsets, and crowns.
Polymerase chain reaction
the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
Fertilization
the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg) (Cosmocote, phycote, nutricote, polyon) Ion of nucleus from pollen grain with ovule in female plant. Haploid + hapliod= Diploid