NASM chapter 3 continued

Identify an example of a sagittal plane movement.

Biceps curls

_____ occurs when the shoulder blades move toward the midline.

Scapular retraction

medial gastrocnemius

The chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot. It runs to the Achilles tendon from two heads attached to the femur.The gastrocnemius is primarily involved in running, jumping and other "fast" movements of leg, and to a lesser degree in walking and standing

deep cervical flexors

The deep neck flexors consist of: The longus colli, longus capitus, rectus capitus and longus cervicus. All help you maintain neck stability and good posture.The deep neck flexors are a group of muscles that are responsible for forward bending and side-bending of the neck. These muscles are also very important for supporting the weight of the head against gravity and stabilizing the neck during various body movements.

latissimus dorsi

The latissimus dorsi muscle is one of the largest muscles in the back.here muscle is divided into two segments, which are configured symmetrically along the backbone. The muscle is located in the middle of the back, and it is partially covered by the trapezius. It originates along the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7) region of the spine and extends to its insertion point on the humerus. The muscle also covers the lower tip of the scapula, or shoulder blade. When flexed, the muscle works at extending, adducting and rotating the arm.

levator scapulae

The levator scapulae muscle is located at the side and back of the neck. It is one component of the muscular system of the shoulder. Its primary function is to lift the scapula, which is the triangle-shaped bone located at the back of the shoulder that connects the upper arm bone (humerus) with the clavicle (collarbone). If a person experiences a stiff shoulder or neck, the levator scapulae muscle is often involved. When the shoulder is shrugged, this muscle is at work. When a heavy bag is carried, the levator scapulae muscle helps the body bear the burden.

VMO Vastus Medialis Oblique

The position of the vastus medialis oblique is just above and to the inside of the knee cap. The fibres of VMO have a more oblique alignment than the other fibres of vastus medialis. It arises from the tendon of adductor magnus muscle and converges to join the other quadriceps muscles inserting via the patella tendon, to the tibial tuberosity at the top of the tibia shin bone.VMO is important in keeping the kneecap tracking correctly. It is an active and dynamic stabiliser of the patella

Rhomboids

The rhomboid major muscle is located in the back region and helps keep the scapula, or shoulder blade, attached to the ribcage. It also rotates the scapula and retracts it towards the spinal column. The rhomboids are key muscles in the mid/upper back that squeeze the shoulder blades together and provide stability for the shoulder complex. They are very important postural muscles that tend to become weak due to the prolonged amount of time people spend in seated positions.

soleus anatomy

The soleus is the plantar flexor muscle of the ankle. It is capable of exerting powerful forces onto the ankle joint. It is located on the back of the lower leg and originates at the posterior (rear) aspect of the fibular head and the medial border of the tibial shaft. The soleus muscle is primarily used for pushing off the ground while walking. It may be exercised through calf raises while standing up or sitting down. The soleus is vital to everyday activities such as dancing, running, and walking. The soleus muscle helps to maintain posture by preventing the body from falling forward.

TFL Tensor Fasciate Latae

The tensor fasciae latae is a tiny muscle, inferior to the iliotibial band. This band, also called the IT band, is an elongated strip of fascia — a type of connective tissue — located in the thigh and knee. The muscle originates in the ilium (the largest bone in the pelvis) and the front portion of iliac crest (the top, outer part of the ilium). It goes into the lateral condyle of the tibia (the outer side of the top of the tibia, or shinbone) through the iliotibial band. This muscle is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve and performs the functions of hip flexion and abduction. These actions help to maintain one foot ahead of the other, as occurs in walking. It also provides lateral (side-to-side) stability to the knee. The tensor fasciae latae also helps to stabilize the pelvis on the top of the femur (thigh) bone when a person is standing up straight. This muscle is used considerably during physical activities such as skiing or horseback riding.

posterior tibialis

The tibialis posterior muscle is a relatively small muscle located within the back side of the calf. It is also the most centrally located muscle in the leg, arising from the inner borders of the fibula and tibia on the posterior (rear) side. The muscle's tendon runs down behind the medial malleolus (bony protrusion on the inside of the ankle) and ends by segregating into the main, plantar, and recurrent portions.The primary function of this muscle is to provide stability to the lower leg. It also facilitates foot inversion (swiveling inward) and aids the ankle's plantar flexion (flexing the foot or toes downward). Additionally, the muscle performs a key role in providing support to the foot's medial arch.

upper trapezius

The trapezius is one of the major muscles of the back and is responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade) and extending the head at the neck. It is a wide, flat, superficial muscle that covers most of the upper back and the posterior of the neck. Like most other muscles, there are two trapezius muscles - a left and a right trapezius - that are symmetrical and meet at the vertebral column. The name trapezius is given to this muscle due to its roughly trapezoidal shape. The functions of the trapezius muscle are: to move the shoulder blade in toward the spine. to rotate the shoulder blade so that the topmost part of the upper arm faces up. to move the shoulder blade up and down. to bring the head and neck in a backward direction. to rotate and side bend the neck. to assist in breathing

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body is called a(n)_____.

abduction

Frontal plane motion occurs around a(n) _____ axis.

anterior-posterior

In the human body, the right foot is _____ to the left hand.

contralateral

The production of a force when a muscle is lengthening is called ___________ activation.

eccentric

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases is called _____.

flexion

Horizontal abduction involves the movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a(n) _____ position to a lateral position.

medial

Shoulder elevation refers to the _____ motion of the scapula.

superior