PNB 2265 Exam II

What are scapular movements ? (3)

Elevation is raising your scapula (and rotating acromion upward) and depression is bringing scapula down. Upward-downward rotations (tilts) Protraction (abd) - retraction (add) : you strengthen the arm vs you pull it towards back.

Movements that can occur in the jaw and the scapular thoracic joint. Elevation: Depression: Protraction: Retraction:

Elevation: Shrugging (lifting your shoulders + close jaw) Depression: Open mouth and bring shoulders down. Protraction: Think about doing pushups (push) you are protracting the scapule to lift up Retraction: When you reach down to the floor (^)

Fibrous joints allow no movement, and cartilaginous joints allow slight movement. True or False?

False

Identify whether the following statement about facial bones is true or false.The L-shaped vomer bone creates a side wall of the nasal cavity.

False

Protection of the knee is the only function of the patella. True or False?

False

The lower leg is formed by two bones, the tibula and the fibia. True or false?

False

Assign these structures to the cranial bone they are associated with: Foramen magnum Glabella Top of cranial vault Supraorbital foramen Sides of cranial vault Condyles articulating with first cervical vertebra occipital frontal parietal

Foramen magnum = occipital Glabella= frontal Top of cranial vault = parietal Supraorbital foramen = frontal Sides of cranial vault = parietal Condyles articulating with first cervical vertebra = occipital

Identify these cranial bones as paired or singular bones. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid

Frontal = singular Parietal = paired Occipital = singular Temporal = paired Sphenoid = singular Ethmoid - singular

Correctly match each of the following terms to its definition or function. Gap junction Osteon Concentric lamellae Central canals Perforating canal Lacunae Canaliculi Passageway for nerves and blood vessels in the osteon Cylindrical structure of concentric lamellae in bone Tiny passageways that connect adjacent lacunae Directly connects the cytosol of two cells Perpendicular channel that connects neighboring osteons Small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes Circular layers of very thin bone tissue

Gap junction = Directly connects the cytosol of two cells Osteon= Cylindrical structure of concentric lamellae in bone Concentric lamellae = Circular layers of very thin bone tissue Central canals = Passageway for nerves and blood vessels in the osteon Perforating canal = Perpendicular channel that connects neighboring osteons Lacunae = Small fluid-filled cavities containing osteocytes Canaliculi = Tiny passageways that connect adjacent lacunae

Consider a living neuron (that is, a real cell and not an artificial membrane) and assume equilibrium for NA+ is 55 mV. If we now open more and more NA+ channels, then the membrane potential will _____ +55mV a) get more and more positive (greater than) b) become more negative (less than) c) get closer and closer to d) eventually reach

Get closer and closer to

Classifications by function and structure categories relationship

That is within the first two structural classes, fibers and cartilaginous, we have examples of different functional classes that is both slightly movable and immovable joints. However, all synovial joints are considered to be diarthrosis, freely movable.

What makes up of portions of all 3 os coxa?

The acetabulum

What are the articulations of the thorax?

The first pair of ribs articulate with T1, then the second pair with T2, etc. Two little gliding joints: - head of the ribs articulate with the vertebral body - he tubercle on the neck of the rib articulates with the transverse process The sternocostal joints connect most of the ribs to the sternum via the costal cartilages. The first is immovable but the rest are gliding.

The obturator foramen is formed by what bones? a Pubis and ischium b Ischium and iliac fossa c Pubis and iliac fossa d Iliac fossa and iliac spine.

a Pubis and ischium

Which of the following is your "shin"? a The anterior crest of the tibia's diaphysis b The diaphysis of the fibula c The medial malleolus of the tibia d The anterior crest of the fibula's diaphysis e The talus eminence of the tibia

a The anterior crest of the tibia's diaphysis

The rotator cuff mechanism for stabilizing the shoulder depends upon: Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question a The orientation of the tendon of the subscapularis muscle on the humerus. b Constant contraction of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. c Intact innervation of the teres minor muscle.

a The orientation of the tendon of the subscapularis muscle on the humerus. b Constant contraction of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.

Which of the following statements regarding the scapula is false? a The scapula extends from rib bones #2 to 9. b The three edges of this triangular scapula are labeled as borders. c An angle of the scapula refers to one of its triangular apices. d On the dorsal surface is a ridge called the spine that can be felt as the shoulder "blade." e The glenoid cavity of the scapula is where the humerus of the upper arm articulates.

a The scapula extends from rib bones #2 to 9.

Unlike other joint categories, all synovial joints have ________. Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question a a joint capsule b lubricating fluid c the ability to move d cartilage connecting bones together

a a joint capsule b lubricating fluid

Ball and socket joints have ________ degrees of freedom and can perform ________ movements (include any combination movements.) a three; seven b three; three c two; six d six; six

a three; seven

What is the knee made up of?

femur and tibia: two femoral condyle's articulating with the tibial condyle's patella:

What are the classifications by structural categories?

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Sartorius

flex, abduct, externally rotate

Gastrocnemius

flexes at knee

brachialis

flexes elbow

psoas major

flexes hip

rectus femoris

flexes hip (this is a double joint quad muscle)

rectus abdominis

flexes pelvis (anterior pelvic tilt - "suck in your gut!") extension would be the opposite so for example lordosis with exaggerating the lumbar curve

pectoralis major

flexion adduction internally rotate

deltoid

flexion (only anterior) abduct extend

flexor carpi radialis

flexion and abducts

flexors carpi ulnaris

flexion at wrist and adducts

biceps brachii

flexion elbow

brachioradialis

flexion of elbow

What movement does the true elbow do?

flexion-extension

which of the following terms is a type of depression in a bone? foramen line fissure fossa canal or meatus

fossa

What is movement between vertebral arches?

gliding

What type of joint is at the hand?

gliding joints in the palm of our hand, between the carpals and the proximal metacarpals. And between the metacarpals themselves. - allows you to oppose your thumb and touch it to a finger.

What is a synergist muscle?

helps with extra strength or to stabilize joint and allow movement

What are the three articulations of one joint capsule of elbow?

humeroulnar : "true elbow" , articulation between the olecranon on the ulna with its trochlear notch to form hinge joint humeroradial: radius and capitulum of humerus proximal radioulnar: the proximal articulation with distal contained in the elbow joint capsule. functionally a separate joint

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

ilium, ischium, pubis make up the os coxa and there is the sacrum.

menisci

increase load-bearing area of knee - contact between femur and tibia, increasing the contact area over much more of the tibial surface. - improves shock absorption

A cell at rest is surrounded by fluid with a high concentration of NaCl, while the fluid inside the cell has a high concentration of KCl. Under these conditions, if the cell is suddenly made permeable to K, the initial electrical force favoring movement of K+will be _____ the cell and the chemical force will be moving K+ ______ the cell. a) out of, out of b) into, into c) out of, into d) into, out of

into, into

What is the relationship between mobility and stability?

inverse relationship - the shoulder is a lack of stability and a greater possibility of injury. - very mobile joints generally need extra soft tissue to stabilize the joint

What influence a greater Vm?

ions with greater permeability have a greater influence. - the larger the influence the closer the Vm will be to Ex.

glonoid fossa of scapula

it is shallow

What is the largest joint in the body?

knee and is affected by arthritis

quadrates lumborum

lateral tilts "hip hikers" - walking pattern.

Function of the quadratus lumborum muscle

laterally tilts the pelvis, lifting....

What is an antagonist muscle?

opposes the movement - needs to relax so agonist does its job

What articulation does the knee joint have besides being a double condyloid joint?

patellar articulation - ligaments act acts like a tendon transmitting the force generated by quadriceps contraction to move the tibia. - sesamoid bone inserted into a tendon

Correctly order these maternal pelvic structures that a baby would encounter from first to last as a "natural birthing process" occurred. Iliac crest pelvic outet lesser pelvis pelvic brim body of the ilium

pelvic brim body of the ilium pelvic outet lesser pelvis Iliac crest

which of the following is the CORRECT pairing of the muscle and ----

supraspinatus - abduction of shoulder

What is movement between vertebral bodies?

symphyses

What are the classifications by function categories?

syntharthrosis: immovable amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable diarthrosis: freely movable

the vastus lateralis acts to a) extend the knee b) flex the hip c) both of these d) neither of these

a) extend the knee

If ​[K]in is changed to 5 mM, what happens to E? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

d It becomes zero.

What elbow muscle pronates the forearm at radioulnar (pivot) joint?

pronator teres

the trapezius

retract (adducts) the scapula

What is shared by both the axial and appendicular skeleton?

the shoulder and pelvic girdle

arch of vertebrae

encloses spinal cord

uniaxial joints - hinge - pivot

- 1 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and movement pair - free movement (diarthrosis) hinge: - flexion/extension - elbow pivot: - rotation - altas/axis joint

biaxial joints - condyloid - saddle

- 2 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and movement pairs - flexion/extension + abduction/adduction - circumduction! - free movement (diarthrosis) condyloid: - wrist saddle: - first carpal/metacarpal place

triaxial joints - ball and socket

- 3 axis of rotation, degree of freedom, plane of movement and movement pairs - flexion/extension + abduction/adduction + rotations - circumduction! - free movement (diarthrosis) ball and socket: - shoulder and hip

How do the charges of ions relate to excitability?

- Attractive forces only work over a very small distance. - attractive forces are really strong so need energy to keep them separate

How do the charges of ions influence their behavior?

- Opposite charges experience attractive forces that bring them together. - Like charges experience repulsive forces that push them apart.

temperomandibular joint anatomy

- articulation between mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone - hinge : when you open and close the mouth ( between condyle and fossa) - gliding : open mouth wide (condyle move forward toward tubercle) - lateral excursion that help with chewing

Sutures Example: fontanels

- connection points between skull bones - immovable (synarthrosis) Fontanels are sutures that are wide in new born baby to go through birth canal.

what is the scapula function?

- contributes to full mobility of shoulder movements - stability for arm and hand movements - flexion and abduction by ST joint - Muscular contractions stabilize the scapula so that you can for example raise or flex your upper arm, extend or straighten your elbow in point your finger or perhaps a laser pointer exactly where you want to.

synovial fluid

- cushion (shock absorber) - lubricate (to prevent heat buildup) - nourish the joint - it is a type of blood plasma - freely movable joints

Gomphosis

- dental ligament anchoring a tooth - immovable (synarthrosis)

Syndesmosis

- distal tabular/fibular joint (tibia and fibula movement) - slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

Symphysis:

- fibrocartilage discs unite bones - pubic symphysis, joints connecting vertebral bodies - slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)

synovial joints

- freely movable joints - joint cavity containing synovial fluid - most common in appendicular skeleton - can be contained in articular cartilage like a sponge into cavity during compression - friction free

Synchondrosis:

- hyaline cartilage connects bone or parts of it - immovable (synarthrosis) - cartilaginous joint

What are bursae? What are they called in the shoulder? What do they do?

- little pillows made up of synovial membrane which contain some synovial fluid. - subdeltoid bursa - subacromial bursa. - reduce friction

What is the glenohumeral joint?

- most freely movable joints - ball in socket articulation - the glenoid fossa of the scapula which articulates with the head of the humerus.

non axial joints - gliding

- no axes of rotation - slight gliding movements - free movement (diarthrosis) gliding - sternocostal - have synovial fluid in them

Inversion and Eversion

- occur at the joints between tarsals joints in foot I: rocking food inward E: rocking foot outward

Rotation

- occurs on the longitudinal axis of a moving part - head on the neck - intervetebral discs of spine - possible ball and socket joints ( hip and shoulder)

What are the functions of the thorax?

- protecting the vital organs specifically the heart and the lungs - The mobility provided by all those tiny gliding joints allow us to breathe (ribcage expands)

What are the functions of the patella?

- protects the knee - mechanical advantage for knee extension (best area of insertion is 90 degrees but the worst is 0) so the patella helps improve this angle of pull.

What is the significance of ligaments in the vertebral column? What connects the vertebral bodies vs the arches?

- reinforcement! bodies: 1) Connecting the vertebral bodies are the anterior longitudinal ligament, which connects the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies. 2) posterior longitudinal ligament, which courses through the vertebral foramina connecting the bodies on the opposite or posterior side. arches: 3) The supraspinous ligament connects the spinous processes.

What are some intervertebral disk problems?

- slipped or herniated disc (a tear in theouter annulus fibrosus may allow the nucleus pulposus to protrude and press on the spinal nerve in the region. This leads to pain along the course of the nerve).

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

- support weight of the head and the trunk + everything attached to them - protects the spinal cord - allow flexibility and slight movements between any vertebrae SUM to allow possibility.

Why is the shoulder the most mobile joint?

- the ball and socket articulation is very loose - have 3 DOG and large ROM - shoulder is mostly injured - soft tissues structure stabilizes this joint and help prevent dislocation all the time.

What are the moments of the vertebral column?

- the movement of the entire vertebral column is the sum of the individual slight movements at each joint. - flexion/extension - lateral flexion - circumduction - rotation

What type of joint is the shoulder?

- triaxial ball and socket synovial joint - Try axle movements are flexion extension in the sagittal plane, abduction and adduction in the frontal plane, and that you can combine these four movements to do circumduction.

axial skeleton

- vertebrae column (ribs + sternum) - head

intervertebral joints movement

- vertebral bodies articulate with each other via slightly-movable symphysis joints (C2 articulates with C3 all the way down to L5 articulating with sacrum) - gliding joints (transverse process articulates with gliding joints with slight movement).

What are three stabilizing characteristics of the hip?

1) The acetabular labrum is a rim of fibrocartilage attached to the edges of the hip socket, making it a little deeper, a better cup to receive the femoral head. 2) Iliofemoral ligament : to limit the range of these movements: Extension, Internal rotation, Adduction - strong to hold hip in position 3) strong capsule, muscle bulk

What are the three stablizing characteristics of the shoulder? What are they're functions

1) The glenoid labrum attaches around that shallow glenoid fossa around its edges. This makes it a little deeper, allowing it to grip or cup the humeral head just a little better. 2) tendons run over the joints space and attach the scapula to the humerus in which strap together bones 3) rotator cuff 4) ligaments

What are the three shoulder articulations? What are they respsonsible for?

1) The head or the manubrium of the sternum forms a gliding joint with the clavicle called the sternoclavicular joint. 2) The lateral end of the clavicle connects to the acromion of the scapula via another gliding joint. This is called the acromioclavicular joint. 3)The anterior surface of the scapula glides on the posterior surface of your rib cage and allows the movements called the scapulothoracic joint.

What are the three pelvic girdle articulations?

1)Each ilium is fused to the sacrum via the sacroiliac joint. - movable gliding joint but as it matures it becomes immovable 2) pubic symphysis with its fibrocartilage pad connecting to pubic bones. slight movement for delivery baby. 3) lumoscral joint - symphysis in vertebral bodies connected by fibrocartilage, pad and gliding. Slight movement allowed.

What two ligaments is the shoulder reinforced by ?

1)coracohumeral ligament connects the humerus to coracoid process of the scapula. 2)glenohumeral ligaments connect the interior border of the glenoid cavity to the head of the humerus.

Using the information in this table, calculate the concentration gradient for calcium (in mM). K inside (140) out (5) Na inside (15) out (150) Cl inside (10) out (120) Ca inside (0.008) out (5)

4.992

Vertebra column has a total of 26 bones

7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar sacrum (5) coccyx (4)

What are the stabilizing structures of the rotator cuff?

A torn rotator cuff makes the shoulder weaker, which means that many of the daily activities, will become painful and difficult to do. supraspinatus infraspinatus subscapularis teres minor

Identify whether the following features/terms apply to the clavicle or the scapula. Acromion process "S" shape Spine Glenoid cavity Shaft Acromial end

Acromion process = scapula "S" shape = clavicle Spine = scapula Glenoid cavity = scapula Shaft = clavicle Acromial end = clavicle

What is an articulation?

An articulation is the meeting place of two or more bones. The type of tissues that connecting the bones together with determine the functions of the joint (freely movable?) and the structural classification of that joint.

What are the bones and articulations of the ankle?

Bones entering into the ankle joint include the tibia, which is joined to the fibula by an immovable syndesmosis. - tibia and talus is a hinge joint - tarsal joints provide movements of insertion/eversion

what is the atlanto-occipital joint

C1 (altas) superior facets articulate with occipital condyles - double condyloid joint which allows for extended range of motion for flexion/extension of head on the neck specifically the "yes" movement.

Place these vertebrae bones in the order that you would find them moving from the head down toward the tail: C3 L5 Sacrum L3 C7 T2 Coccyx T12

C3 C7 T2 T12 L3 L5 Sacrum Coccyx

Correctly match the types of bones with the usual total number of these bones in the human skeleton. Carpals Tarsals Metacarpals Metatarsals Proximal phalanges Intermediate phalanges Distal phalanges

Carpals = 16 Tarsals = 14 Metacarpals = 10 Metatarsals = 10 Proximal phalanges = 20 Intermediate phalanges = 16 Distal phalanges = 20

When the neuronal membrane is at the resting potential, the sodium channel inactivation gate is ________. Open or closed?

Closed

What would happen if there were freely permeable membrane and ions that would move down their concentration gradients entirely?

If there is no difference in charge across the membrane then the membrane potential is 0. Everything would be balanced and excitable tissues/muscles would not function properly.

Biaxial joint

If you have two axes of rotation, two planes of movement, two degrees of freedom is called biaxial joint you can combine to make a fifth movement called circumduction.

What are the outer annulus fibrosus and the inner nucleus pulposus? What is the purpose?

Inner and outer annulus fibrosus is composed of tough fibrocartilage and the inner nucleus pulposus is a soft, pulpy material, gel-like; with scattered collagen fibers. This provides shock absorption and can help distribute the weight and pressure across the disc.

Match the joint categories and subcategories. Intertarsal Pubic symphysis Interphalangeal Radioulnar (proximal and distal) Tibio-fibular Gliding Synovial Hinge synovial Cartilaginous Pivot synovial Syndesmosis Condyloid Synchondrosis

Intertarsal - Gliding Synovial Pubic symphysis - Cartilaginous Interphalangeal- Hinge synovia Radioulnar (proximal and distal) - Pivot synovial Tibio-fibular - Syndesmosis

Circumduction

It is a combined movement of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Any joint such as the wrist capable of the two movement pairs (either both flexion + extension or adduction + abduction) can perform the movement of circumduction.

What are three examples of postural curves?

Kyphosis "hunchback" - exaggerated thoracic curve - common in elderly women with osteoporosis Lordosis "sway back" - exaggerated lumbar curve - from being pregnant or beer belly - tight back extensor and hip flexor muscles as curvature increases Scoliosis "C" or "S" shaped - lateral curve

Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered in a postsynaptic cell: Axon hillock Dendrites Axon terminal Axon Soma Ligand-gated channels Voltage-gated channels

Ligand-gated channels Dendrites Soma Axon hillock Voltage-gated channels Axon Axon terminal

Correctly match each of these terms with their description; terms may be used more than once. Long¸ flat¸ and narrow breastbone Where abdominal muscles attach to sternum Where manubrium and body join Keystone of the rib cage Top portion of the sternum Where sternum articulates with pectoral girdle Largest portion of the sternum Where cartilage of second ribs attach Xiphoid process Sternum Clavicular notches Sternal Angle Xiphoid process Manubrium Body

Long¸ flat¸ and narrow breastbone = Sternum Where abdominal muscles attach to sternum = Xiphoid process Where manubrium and body join = Sternal angle Keystone of the rib cage = Sternum Top portion of the sternum = Manubrium Where sternum articulates with pectoral girdle = Clavicular notches Largest portion of the sternum = Body Where cartilage of second ribs attach = sternal angle

An 8-year-old boy comes to the emergency department for a broken arm. He describes his accident as "I felt a pop when I bumped into the wall." Looking back through his medical history, he has been to this hospital and a few others in his eight short years with various broken bones. The physician immediately begins an abuse protocol to ensure his safety. The physician notices that the reason for the break is usually unknown. An examination of the boy reveals that his right arm has a clear deformity that would indicate a break. The physician also notices that the boy's sclera is bright blue instead of the normal white. What is the problem patient is suffering form? Osteogenesis imperfecta Parental abuse Osteoporosis Bone cancer

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Opposition

Pinch any finger to the thumb

Using Table 8.1, match the following ions with their description. Potassium Sodium Chloride Calcium At a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid At a relatively higher concentration in the cytosol At a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid At a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid

Potassium At a relatively higher concentration in the cytosol Sodium At a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid Chloride At a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid Calcium At a relatively higher concentration in the interstitial fluid

Potassium has a higher concentration inside or outside the cell? Sodium has a higher concentration inside or outside the cell? Chloride has a higher concentration inside or outside the cell?

Potassium has higher concentration inside cell. Sodium has a higher concentration outside of cell. Chloride has a higher concentration outside of cell.

Correctly identify whether each bone matrix substance is organic or inorganic. Proteoglycans Bicarbonate salts Glycosaminoglycans Calcium salts Glycoproteins Osteoid Magnesium salts Collagen Hydroxyapatite

Proteoglycans = organic Bicarbonate salts =inorganic Glycosaminoglycans = organic Calcium salts = inorganic Glycoproteins =organic Osteoid = organic Magnesium salts =inorganic Collagen = organic Hydroxyapatite = inorganic

Place the following phases of the action potential in the order that they would occur at the axon hillock. Resting Vm EPSPs are summed Membrane potential stops depolarizing Membrane potential becomes more positive Membrane potential becomes more positive to reach resting membrane potential Membrane potential is more negative than resting membrane potential Membrane potential becomes more negative

Resting Vm EPSPs are summed Membrane potential becomes more positive Membrane potential stops depolarizing Membrane potential becomes more negative Membrane potential is more negative than resting membrane potential Membrane potential becomes more positive to reach resting membrane potential

Supination and Pronation:

S: You can see this if you stand in anatomical position, and then flex or bend elbow to 90 degrees and then rotate your palms up. R: rotate it palms down

Which of the following statements is correct? a Short bones are often cube-shaped bones. b Short bones include the vertebrae. c Short bones are thin and broad. d Short bones have more length than width. e Short bones are specialized bones found within tendons.

Short bones are often cube-shaped bones.

Which has more range of motion: the hip or the shoulder? Rather than look this up (you'll see the answer later in the chapter) think about it and refer to the hint if that helps.

Shoulder

Match each term with its characteristic/function/role Skeleton Yellow Marrow Bone Osseous Red Marrow Organ system Site of blood cell production Bone Tissue Organ Site of fat storage

Skeleton = organ system Yellow Marrow = site of fat storage Bone = organ Osseous = bone tissue Red Marrow = site of blood cell production

What are the three muscles acting on the vertebral column? Functions?

Strenocleidomastoid (rotates/tilts head sideways if one side is contracted "obliques" skull) Rectus adbominus (flexes vertebrae column) Erector spinae (extends vertebral column)

Relationship between mobility and stability

The nature of the tissue connecting bones in a joint will determine that bones function and whether its freely movable, slightly moveable or not movable at all. For example, the shoulder is the most frequently injured joint. It is structurally most unstable joint in the whole body.

What are a newborns primary curve?

The newborn infant basically has a C shaped curve.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? The orbital cavity is formed by three bones and also contains lacrimal glands. The oral cavity does not have a bony floor. The nasal cavity is formed by several bones and lined with mucous membranes. The cranial cavity surrounds the brain. The nasal sinuses warm, filter, and humidify inhaled air.

The orbital cavity is formed by three bones and also contains lacrimal glands.

Why is the postural curve necessary?

The postural curve is necessary to balance the upright spine and no a lot of energy is necessary for upright position.

Which of the following statements is correct? The petrous region is found in the middle of the inside surface of the frontal. The parietal bone forms the front forehead. The sphenoid bone makes a connection with all other cranial bones. The pterygoid process of the ethmoid bone is where chewing muscles attach. The sphenoid bone contains the cribriform plate, which forms the roof of the nasal cavity.

The sphenoid bone makes a connection with all other cranial bones.

What are special features of the knee joint?

There are several bursae that one is covering the patella and also those on either side of the quadriceps patellar ligament. Also, there are fat pads that also protect knee.

What happens if we have selective permeability for one ion channel? What does it mean for setting the membrane potential?

There would be a concentration of ions in the cell compared to the other ion. So, the attractive forces between these ions would kick in and try to be attracted to each other again. This means that there are two intersecting forces that set membrane potential the concentration and electrical gradient pushing towards chemical and electrostatic equalibrium.

Which of the following statements has been written incorrectly? Thoracic vertebrae have heart-shaped bodies containing costal facets. C is called the axis and C is called the vertebra prominens. The sacrum has two lateral surfaces that articulate with the two pelvic bones. Thoracic vertebrae are generally larger than lumbar vertebrae because of chest muscles. The coccyx has transverse ridges indicating the prior fusion of vertebral bodies.

Thoracic vertebrae are generally larger than lumbar vertebrae because of chest muscles.

Match the following features of the humerus with their function. Trochlea Capitulum Surgical neck / Metaphysis Medial epicondyles Deltoid tuberosity Bicipital groove Head Attachment site for the deltoid muscle Location where epiphysis joins the diaphysis Provides passageway for tendon of the biceps brachii muscle Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming shoulder joint Articulates with the radius bone of the forearm. Attachment site on distal epiphysis for muscles of the forearm Articulates with the ulna bone of the forearm

Trochlea Articulates with the ulna bone of the forearm Deltoid tuberosity Attachment site for the deltoid muscle Head ATrochlea Articulates with the ulna bone of the forearm Deltoid tuberosity Attachment site for the deltoid muscle Head Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming shoulder joint Surgical neck / Metaphysis Location where epiphysis joins the diaphysis Medial epicondyles Attachment site on distal epiphysis for muscles of the forearm Bicipital groove Provides passageway for tendon of the biceps brachii muscle Capitulum Articulates with the radius bone of the forearm.rticulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula forming shoulder joint Surgical neck / Metaphysis Location where epiphysis joins the diaphysis Medial epicondyles Attachment site on distal epiphysis for muscles of the forearm Bicipital groove Provides passageway for tendon of the biceps brachii muscle Capitulum Articulates with the radius bone of the forearm.

The radius bone of the forearm is found relative to the thumb side of the hand when anatomically positioned. True or False?

True

Correctly identify the type of skeleton that these bones belong to: Axial or Appendicular Upper limbs Hands Feet Skull Ribs Lower limbs Vertebral column Sternum

Upper limbs = appendicular Hands =appendicular Feet =appendicular Skull = Axial Ribs = Axial Lower limbs = appendicular Vertebral column = Axial Sternum = Axial

What is the G-H-K equation?

Vm = 58 log (PkKo +PnaNao +PclClo)/(PkKi +PnaNAi + PclCli) cannot be more negative than -75 and no more than +58. Theses are upper and lower boundaries. - all the out concentration over in concentrations for all ions.

What is Vm and how is it measured?

Vm is the potential inside the cell relative to the potential outside of the cell and it is expressed as a voltage. - calculate charges between two environments by sticking a recording lead in the cell.

What happens if there is no permeability? In what situation is there no permeability?

Without permeability the membrane potential cannot exist because ions cannot move. So it is at a steady state. There is no permeability when there is equal positive and negative charges inside + outside the cell.

Predict, based on what you've just read and using the hint below: Which joint has more degrees of freedom: the elbow or the wrist?

Wrist

Stand in anatomical position. Your shoulder joints are in ________ degrees of flexion and your forearms are ________ so that the palms of your hands face ________. a 0; supinated; anteriorly b 0; in neutral supination; medially c 90; pronated; inferiorly (down) d 45; pronated; inferiorly e 0; pronated; posteriorly

a 0; supinated; anteriorly

A 23-year-old man was playing in a pick-up hockey game when an out of control amateur skater fell and struck the lateral side of his left leg. He immediately had pain and difficulty moving his leg and came to the emergency department (ED). In the ED, the patient related that he heard a loud popping sound in his knee and that he felt that his knee could no longer support him standing.What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from? a Damage to the meniscus b Damage to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) c Damage to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) d Damage to the lateral collateral ligament

a Damage to the meniscus b Damage to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) c Damage to the medial collateral ligament (MCL)

Which choice(s) places the joints in the correct order from most stable to most mobile? Select all that apply. a Fibrous → Cartilaginous → Synovial b Suture → Syndesmosis → Symphysis c Gliding → Syndesmosis → Symphysis d Shoulder → Hip → Wrist

a Fibrous → Cartilaginous → Synovial b Suture → Syndesmosis → Symphysis

The likelihood of osteoarthritis affecting a single joint is ______________ that of rheumatoid arthritis. a Greater than b Less than c About the same as

a Greater than

The humeroulnar joint is what type of synovial joint? a Hinge b Pivot c Plane d Ellipsoid e Ball and socket

a Hinge

What tissue covers the articulating surfaces of bones in a synovial joint? a Hyaline cartilage b Fibrous cartilage c Epithelium d Chondrotin

a Hyaline cartilage

The acetabulum is formed by what bones? a Ilium, ischium and pubis b Ischial ramus, spine and notch c Pubic bone and ischial ramus d Ilium and ischium e Ilium and pubis

a Ilium, ischium and pubis

If PNa is changed to 0.4, what happens to V? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

a It becomes more positive.

If Pk is changed to 0.2, what happens to V? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

a It becomes more positive.

If ​[K]in is changed to 1mM, what happens to V? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

a It becomes more positive.

If ​[K]out is changed to 150 mM, what happens to E? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

a It becomes more positive.

If ​[Na]out is changed to 160mM, what happens to V? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

a It becomes more positive.

Assuming that a cell is permeable to Na, what would happen if the outside concentration of Na in the table below changed from 150 mM to 200 mM? a More Na+ ions enter the cell. b Fewer Na+ ions enter the cell. c There is no change.

a More Na+ ions enter the cell.

Which ion has the greatest permeability at phase 1 on the graph above? a Potassium b Sodium c Calcium d Chloride

a Potassium

When a person does a push up, first pushing off the floor and fully straightening their elbow and the returning to the ground so that their chest touches the floor, what motions does the scapula go through? a Protraction and then retraction b Retraction and then protraction c Adduction and then abduction d Flexion and circumduction

a Protraction and then retraction

subscapularis

abdcution stabilizes shoulder joint

gluteus minimus

abduct and internally rotates hip

Supraspinatus

abduction stabilizes shoulder joint

What is excitability?

ability to receive and respond to stimuli - by Louis Galvani.

infraspinatus

adduction lateral rotation

teres minor

adduction lateral rotations

adductors

adducts hip

what is the atlanto-axial joint?

articulation between C1 and C2 - pivot joint + pivot joint formed by the dens articulating with C1 the atlas, this extended range of motion allows you to shake your head "no" - transverse ligaments are strong to prevent any damage while moving head side to side.

What is the range of motion of the elbow if extension is 0° and flexion is 145°? a 0° b 145° c 72.5° d 290°

b 145°

Circumduction combines which movements? Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question a Internal and external rotation b Flexion and extension c Abduction and Adduction

b Flexion and extension c Abduction and Adduction

What components of sutures give this joint great strength? a Connecting fibrous filaments and flat, non-interlocking bones. b Interconnecting tissue fibers and interlocking bones. c A special biological glue. d The presence of special cells that give great strength to sutures

b Interconnecting tissue fibers and interlocking bones.

If Pcl is changed to 0.8, what happens to V? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

b It becomes more negative.

If ​[K]in is changed to 150 mM, what happens to E? a It becomes more positive. b It becomes more negative. c It stays the same. d It becomes zero.

b It becomes more negative.

If the concentration of extracellular calcium is changed to 1 mM, what happens to the concentration gradient? a It increases b It decreases c It stays the same

b It decreases

An increase in sodium permeability through the membrane would cause the membrane potential to change in what manner? a It would become more negative. b It would become more positive. c It would stay the same.

b It would become more positive.

A decrease in sodium permeability through the membrane would have what effect on the membrane potential? a It would make it more positive. b It would make it more negative. c It would have no effect.

b It would make it more negative.

An increase in potassium permeability through the membrane would have what effect on the membrane potential? a It would make the membrane potential more positive. b It would make the membrane more negative. c It would have no effect.

b It would make the membrane more negative.

A 64-year-old female presents to a dermatology clinic with concerns about the appearance of her hands. She notes that she has been having pain lately, mostly in the right hand and fingers that is worse when she first wakes up but improves as the day goes on. She says that she had been taking over-the-counter medications for the pain in her fingers. On examination, the review of systems is all within normal limits. On physical examination of her hands, the physician notes a red, swollen middle interphalangeal (MIJ) and distal interphalangeal joints (DIJ). The swollen areas feel bony and hard but are painless to palpation. At the area of the DIJ, the doctor sees small, round, glossy-appearing nodules. She lances one of the nodules and a clear, very slippery fluid comes out.What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from? a Pus from infection b Osteoarthritis c Warts d Rheumatoid arthritis

b Osteoarthritis

Neurotransmitters that cause presynaptic inhibition (inhibition of the cell "sending" a message) would have receptors located on the: a Postsynaptic membrane b Presynaptic membrane c Axonal membrane d Cell body

b Presynaptic membrane

What distinguishes the three different types of fibrous joints? a The category of tissue joining the bones together b The length of connective tissue fibers joining the bones together c The presence or absence of cartilage between bones d All of the above are differences among the three types of fibrous joints

b The length of connective tissue fibers joining the bones together

Which of the following statements about sesamoid bone is incorrect? a These are specialized bones found within tendons. b They protect and absorb force that might break long bones. c They are usually small, flat, oval-shaped. d They increase muscle leverage. e They increase the longevity of tendons.

b They protect and absorb force that might break long bones.

Compared to a suture, a syndesmosis has ________ connecting bones and allows ________ movement. a shorter fibers; less b longer fibers; more c shorter fibers; no d cartilage; no e cartilage; more

b longer fibers; more

Fibrous joints that are also amphiarthroses include ________. a symphysis b syndesmosis c suture d gliding

b syndesmosis

In the fetal skull, sutures are temporarily ________ to ________ movement. a locked; prevent b wide; allow c fontanels; allow d cartilaginous; prevent

b wide; allow

anatomical feature found within elbow joint capsule include a) the distal radioulnar joint b) the proximal radioulnar joint c) both of these d) neither of these

b) the proximal radioulnar joint

Flexion:

bending a joint, decreasing the angle between bones and bringing moving segment closer to the other bone fingers, elbow, knee "forward flexion"

What elbow muscle supinates the forearm at radioulnar (pivot) joint?

biceps

Why isn't biceps the prime mover ?

biceps is also a powerful supinator whereas brachialis focuses on pure flexion of the elbow and omits the supination action.

temperomandibular articulation: bones and joint

bones: - temporal (mandibular fossa of zygomatic process) - mandible (mandibular condyles) - combined hinge (unixial movement) and gliding (slight movement) - synovial joints with a capsule full of synovial fluid example: yawning

By what process is sodium moved out of the cell? a Facilitated transport b Simple diffusion c Active transport d Exocytosis

c Active transport

When is the activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel closed? a During depolarization of the cell membrane b At the peak of the depolarization of the cell membrane c At resting membrane potential

c At resting membrane potential

A 24-year-old female brings her 4-month-old son to the clinic because she has been unable to console him over the past week. He is not feeding well, sleeping well, and is not playing like he had been. She is also concerned because his head has begun to "look strange", as though his forehead is beginning to "get taller". On examination, the physician observes a well-appearing, but cranky boy, with a head that appears tall and narrow, with a bulge in the anterior aspect of his head.What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from? a Growth spurt b Brain tumour c Premature closure of a skull suture d Child abuse

c Premature closure of a skull suture

Which of the following is an example of rotation? a Bending at the waist to touch your toes b Nodding your head yes c Shaking your head no d Making a fist

c Shaking your head no

Which of the following statements is correct? a The radius is the longest of the forearm bones. b The ulna is widest at its distal end. c The bony knob of your elbow knob is called the olecranon process d The radial tuberosity is the attachment site for the triceps muscle. e In the distal epiphysis of the radius is an indentation called the radial notch.

c The bony knob of your elbow knob is called the olecranon process

By the age of 21, the long bones are no longer able to grow in length due to closure of the epiphyses. The total number of joints in the body of an adult, therefore, is ________ the number of joints in a growing child. a greater than b the same as c fewer than

c fewer than

The rotator cuff muscles include all except the ________. a subscapularis b supraspinatus c teres major d teres minor e infraspinatus

c teres major

the semitendinosus acts to a) flex the knee b) extent the hip c) both of the above d) neither of the above

c) both of the above

Movements of the tibia relative to femur includes ______ a) rotation of tibia as knee is extended b) gliding anteriorly or posteriorly during knee movement c) both of these d) neither of these

c) both of these

What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from? a) blood sepsis b) massive blood loss c) fat embolism d) reaction to medication

c) fat embolism

The contraction of the ___ to stabilize (prevent the movement of) the _____ joint contributes to your ability to reach out and accurately press the correct elevator button. a) pectoralis major; wrist b) trapezius; shoulder c) trapezius; scapulothoracic (ST) d) pectoralis major; scpulothoracic (ST)

c) trapezius and scapulothoaric (ST)

What does the Nernst equation calculate?

calculates the equilibrium potential for one ion! does not calculate Vm (membrane potential)

Openings in the bone include all of the following except: canal (or meatus) foramen fissure condyle

condyle

Which of the following statements is correct? a Long bones are equally long as they are wide. b Long bones include the vertebrae. c Long bones are thin and broad. d Long bones have more length than width. e Long bones are specialized bones found within tendons.

d Long bones have more length than width.

Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Scapula b Tibia c Radius d Sternum e Phalanges

d Sternum

Which of the following statements is not correct? a The ends of metacarpals bones form the knuckles. b Metacarpal bones form the palm or length of the hand. c Carpal bones make up the wrist. d The thumb is composed of three phalange bones. e Phalange bones form the fingers

d The thumb is composed of three phalange bones.

Nursemaid's elbow is a fairly common injury in toddlers (< two years old) because the ________ is not fully developed. a humeroulnar joint b radioulnar joint (proximal) c radioulnar joint (distal) d humeroradial joint

d humeroradial joint

Compared to the shoulder, the hip has ________ degrees of freedom and ________ range of motion. a the same; the same b more; the same c the same; greater d the same; less e more; less f fewer; greater

d the same; less

Which of the following is/are true about membrane potential? a) it is measure experimentally by comparing the inside of the cell relative to the outside of the cell b) it is due to unequal concentration of ions inside and outside the cell c) it changes when ions move across the plasma membrane d) all of the above

d) all of the above

the sternocostal joints are ______ joints a) synovial b) gliding c) both of these d) neither of these

d) neither cartilaginous joint

The costovertebral articulations are ____ joints? a) cartilaginous b) uniaxial C) both of the above d) neither of the above

d) neither of the above

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton? a) protection b) support and attachment c) blood cell formation d) sodium ion homeostasis e) movement

d) sodium ion homeostasis

what muscle acts to internally (medially) rotate the shoulder joint? a) sternocleidomastoid b) latissimus dorsi c) flexor carpi radialis d) subscapularis

d) subscapularis

what is the trapezius function

elevates towards ears depresses away from ears retracts (adducts) the scapula antagonist!! (in cats have three different names muscles with different intervention whereas human has one name).

What are the four temperomandibular joint muscles ? Functions?

digastrics (open jaw) temporalis (closes jaw elevates mandible ) masseter (closes jaw elevate + retracts mandible) pterygoid (lateral excursion ) - lateral (open jaw) - medial (closes jaw)

What is an agonist muscle?

directly performs the desired movement - first muscle called upon by nervous system

What is nursemaids elbow?

dislocation of the humeral-radial joint (not true elbow) - complaints that you cannot move one arm.

anterior tibialis

dorsiflexion and inversion

What type of joint is the knee?

double condyloid joint - "modified hinge" IT IS NOT a uniaxial simple hinge - Medial condyle of femur articulating with medial condyle of tibia - lateral condyle of the femur articulating with lateral condyle of tibia.

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid? a Lubrication b Decrease friction c Prevent heat build-up d Provide nutrients to articular cartilage cells e Provide stem cells to repair articular cartilage f Shock absorption

e Provide stem cells to repair articular cartilage

Which of the following statements is correct? a The clavicle looks like an extended letter "C" when viewed from above. b A major function of the clavicle is to bind axial bones together and limit mobility. c The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium d On the top surface of the clavicle are the conoid tubercle and trapezoid line. e The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton.

e The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton.

The initial reference values for this equation are found in Figure 1. If the concentration of Cl inside the cell was changed to 150 mM, the equilibrium potential for chloride would _____ and resting potential would _________ Resting Vm is -70 mV Intracellular chloride is 10 mM Extracellular chloride is 100mM Equilibrium potential is -55mV a) become more positive, become hyperpolerized b) become more negative, become depolarized c) remain the same, remain the same d) become more negative, become hyper polarized e) become more positive, become depolarized

e) become more positive, become depolarized

gluteous maximus

extend laterally (externally rotate) hip

triceps brachii

extend elbow

Semimembranosus

extend hip and flex knee

Semitendinosus

extend hip and flex knee

gluteus medius

extend, abduct and internally rotates hip

latissimus dorsi

extends adduct

biceps femoris

extends hip and flex knee

extension carpi radialis

extension and abducts

extension carpi ulnaris

extension and adducts

Bone projections include all of the following except ________. spine line condyle facet spine

facet

The parallel conductance equation (GHK) is used to predict ____ ? a) membrane potential at rest b) equilibrium potential of just one ion at rest c) conductance for an ion during an action potential d) concentration of Na+ inside and outside the neuron

membrane potential at rest

What is the equilibrium potential?

membrane potential at which the concentration gradient and electrical potential forces are equal and opposite - flux of an ion across the membrane would be 0. - voltage of a ion

An example of a short bone

metacarpals

abduction

movement away from midlinead

adduction

movement toward the midline

What is the movement of the knee?

not a simple hinge - flexion-extension - flexes tibia and glides posteriorly on femoral surface - there is a locking mechanism (hyperextension) there occurs when the tibia rotates externally on the femur. this is the third axis of rotation

Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered if moving from the outside of the bone to the innermost region. spongy bone compact bone marrow endosteum periosteum

periosteum compact bone spongy bone endosteum marrow

soleus

plantar flexion on ankle

Gastrocnemius for ankle

plantarflexion on ankle

The membrane is unequally permeable to various ions. Which ion is is more permeable to ? How is permeability increased?

potassium (K+) than Na+ at rest. permeability is increased when channels are open, so ions can move down there concentration gradients from high to low.

What are postural curves?

primary curves: - concave; anterior thoracic curvature. - convex posterior which is the same thing. secondary curves: - lumbar (baby gains head control) and cervical (infant learns to sit/stand)

What is a primary mover, antagonist, and synergist muscle in the elbow?

primary mover: brachialis synergist: biceps antagonist: triceps

What movement does the radioulnar joint do?

pronation-supination

What is the joint type of the wrist?

radoiocarpal - "true wrist" - synovial joint is a biaxial condyloid joint

Range of motion:

refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint movement

despite movement of ions, what does not change?

relative concentrations! - Relative concentrations of ions almost never change under normal circumstances inside of your body even when channels are open. unless in diseased state

Annular

ring-shaped

Arrange the following joints on the stability-mobility scale, from most mobile to most stable. Coronal suture (adult) knee intervertebral elbow shoulder

shoulder knee elbow intervetebral coronal suture (adult)

you are studying a typical neuron at rest, that is permeable to sodium, chloride, and potassium, at their typical resting permeabilities. if sodium permeability decreases by a factor of two:

sodiums equilibrium potential will move towards the membrane potential

functions of the synovial fluid

stabilizing joint

Anatomical position

standing, arms by sides, palms forward

What bones make up the thorax?

sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae - true ribs (1-7) - false ribs (8-12) floating ribs are 11-12 the thoracic vertebrae is 12

Extension

straightens the joint, increasing the angle between bones

Why is the membrane like a battery?

the electrical potential energy stored in the membrane is used to send/receive signals inside of the cell

a typical cell at rest

the net flux of potassium into the cytosol

degrees of freedom

the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs

How do cells create a Vm?

the plasma membrane is able to create compartmentalization in which allows different concentrations of ions or charged particles on either side of the membrane - there is a concentration gradient that exists in ions.

Which of the following statements is correct? The skull is formed by eight bones the zygomatic bone is a singular skull bone the temporal bone has eight notable regions the foramen magnum is a large projection where our chewing muscles attach the smallest bones in the skull are the lacrimal bones

the smallest bones in the skull are the lacrimal bones

What is membrane potential?

the uneven distribution of electrical charge across the membrane the movement of ions creates changes in membrane potential

facets

these are costal facets but there are demi facts that are on the body.

Compare the hip to the shoulder.

triaxial ball and socket joint with same degrees of freedom, 3 axis of rotation, planes of movement, and circumduction. - you cannot do 0 - 180 degrees with your hop. - there is more contact area between articulating surfaces - increased stability comes at a price of decreased mobility compared to the shoulder.

Why does the rotator cuff/tendon mechanism needs normal muscle tones?

without the normal baseline level of muscle contraction called muscle tone the humeral head can partially dislocate called subluxation. - seen after stroke

Match the cell type with its function: yellow marrow osteoclast osteoblast osteocyte red marrow storing triglycerides breaking down bone building bone producing blood cells maintaining bone health

yellow marrow = storing triglyceride osteoclast = breaking down bone osteoblast = building bone osteocyte = maintaining bone health red marrow = producing blood cells

Is the Vm a steady state? What is a resting Vm?

yes! - it is not an equilibrium - resting Vm is the cell membrane potential at which the net flux of ALL ions together equals 0. - weighted average of Ex for each permeable ion