Pol 1 (all chaps)

According to the Federal Election Commission (FEC), what is the maximum an individual can contribute to a political candidate's campaign committee? (See Table 7.12)

$2,900

State representatives in the Assembly & Senate can serve a total of how many years?

12

Which Reconstruction amendment created U.S. citizenship for recently freed slaves and overturned the Dred Scott decision?

14th amendment

According to Figure 7.8, which of the following statements is true about voter turnout?

18-24 year olds have the lowest voter turnout

Which constitutional amendment grants women the right to vote?

19th amendment

Which constitutional amendment guarantees the rights of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and free exercise of religion?

1st amendment

How many terms may a Governor serve?

2 terms

which amendment to the Constitution limits presidents to 2 terms?

22nd amendment

Which constitutional amendment prohibits poll taxes?

24th amendment

which constitutional amendment protects the rights to "bear arms?"

2nd amendment

how many justices are needed before the Supreme Court can issue a writ of certiorari to hear a case?

4

How long is a single term for an elected president?

4 years

how long is a Governor's term?

4 years

which amendment protects Americans from unreasonable searches and seizures?

4th amendment

Which constitutional amendment guarantees the rights to trial by jury, to confront witnesses, and to have assistance from legal counsel?

6th amendment

A president's veto can be overturned by

A 2/3 vote in each house of Congress

This president blockaded southern ports, established military tribunals, suspended the writ of habeas corpus, and issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil war

Abraham Lincoln

This federal law requires agencies to announce proposed rules and regulations in the federal register, explain the legal authority behind proposed rules, allow for public comment, publish rules 30 days before they take effect, and hear petitions to amend or repeal rules

Administrative Procedures Act (1946)

a rule issued by the president without the cooperation of Congress and having the force of law

An executive orrder

California has a bicameral legislature. What are the 2 chambers of the California State legislature?

Assembly & Senate

Which of the following statements is true?

Assembly members serve 2 year terms; Senators serve 4 year terms

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Bill of Rights does not apply to the actions of state and local governments?

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

the first ten amendments to the constitution are known as

Bill of Rights

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a state did not violate the 14th amendment privileges and immunities clause when it refused to accept a woman into the state bar because of her sex

Bradwell v. Illinois (1872)

which of the following statements is true?

California is the largest state economy in the United States

Which law prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the United States?

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

This clause in Article II of the Constitution grants the president power over the armed forces of the U.S.

Commander in Chief clause

Which of the following are powers of California's Governor?

Commander in Chief of National Guard, Propose State Budget, Address State of the State, Nominate Judges, Veto

Which law authorized the President to allot tribal lands to individual Indians and make surplus land available to White settlers?

Dawes act (1887)

An opinion written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion of the Court

Dissenting opinion

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Black Americans could not become citizens of the United States?

Dred scott v. sandford (1857)

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a school prayer recommended by the State of New York violated the establishment clause of the 1st amendment

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Which of the following statements is true?

Fox News is an ideologically conservative media outlet, while MSNBC is an ideologically liberal media outlet

This president proposed the New Deal, threatened to pack the Supreme Court with his supporters, led the U.S. through WWII issued an executive order establishing internment camps for Japanese Americans, and is the longest serving president in U.S. history

Franklin D. Roosevelt

This president created the original cabinet positions, suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, and issued the Neutrality Proclamation during a War between Great Britain and France

George Washington

Who is the Chief Executive of the State of California?

Governor

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty does not violate the 8th amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

In which case did the Supreme Court establish the right to privacy?

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

The power of the courts to review actions taken by the other branches of government and the states and to rule on whether those actions are constitutional

Judicial review

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that federal law involving religious entities must: (1) have a secular purpose; (2) not advance nor inhibit the exercise of religion; and (3) not foster excessive entanglement between church and state

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Which of the following executive branch officials is President of the State Senate and can cast a tie-breaking vote?

Lieutenant Governor

In this case, the Supreme Court incorporated the 4th amendment and ruled that evidence obtained without a proper search warrant is inadmissible in court

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

In this case, the Supreme Court declared the right to "bear arms" a fundamental liberty and incorporated the 2nd amendment

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the criminally accused should be made aware of the following: (1) They have a right to remain silent; (2) Statements they make can be used against them; and (3) They have the right to an attorney

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

An opinion of the Court with which more than half the nine justices agree which explains the decision and rationale of the Court

Opinion of the Court

Which 3 factors influence how the electorate decides to vote?

Partisanship, Issues & Policy Concerns, and Candidate Characteristics

This federal law established a merit system in the United States in which appointees to positions in public bureaucracies must objectively be deemed qualified for those positions

Pendleton civil service reform act (1883)

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the right to privacy includes a woman's decision to have an abortion?

Roe v. Wade (1973)

what is the capitol of California?

Sacramento

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment does not protect speech that creates a "clear and present danger" and upheld the Espionage Act of 1917

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Which of the following are Cabinet positions?

Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Treasury

A statement a president issues with the intent to influence the way a specific bill the president signs should be enforced

Signing statements

A limited number of people from the overall population selected in such a way that each has an equal chance of being chosen

Simple Random Sample (or Probability Sample)

the lawyer who represents the federal gov. and argues some cases before the Supreme court

Solicitor General

Who is the leader of the Assembly?

Speaker of the Assembly

The chief presiding office of the House of Representatives, generally from the majority party, is known as the

Speaker of the House

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment right to free speech protects the burning of the U.S. flag as a form of political speech

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Which of the following statements is true?

There are 80 Assembly districts & 40 Senate districts

According to Gallup data, which of the following statements is true

There are more ideological conservatives than liberals

the three levels of the federal court system are

U.S. District Courts (trial courts), U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (appellate courts), U.S. Supreme Court

The person occupying which office presides over the Senate to cast tie-breaking votes, and assumes the office of the presidency when the current president is no longer able to serve?

Vice president

In the House and in the Senate, a high leadership position whose primary duty is to enforce voting discipline in the chambers and conferences

Whip

What are the differences between a closed rule and an open rule in the House?

a closed rule puts severe limits on floor debate and amendments, whereas an open rule permits floor debate and makes amendments easier

Standing Committees are

a permanent legislative committee that meets regularly and has the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject

Select Committees are

a small legislative committee created to fulfil a specific purpose and then disbanded; also called an ad hoc, or special, committee

Conference committees are

a special type of joint committee that reconciles different bills passed in the House and Senate so a single bill results

The president's constitutional power to turn down act of Congress is known as

a veto

The media's ability to choose which issues or topics get attention

agenda setting

A person or entity that teaches and influences others about politics through use of information

agents of socialization

According to Figure 10.12, which of the following industries contributed over $1 million to political candidates from 2019-2020?

all of the groups listed (Defense, Energy & Natural Resources, Health, Finance, Insurance, & Real Estate; Labor, Construction, Transportation, Agribusiness, Communications & Electronics)

An executive agreement is

an international agreement between the president and another country made by the executive branch and without formal consent by the Senate

the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend is known as

appropriations

An individual person's knowledge, beliefs, and opinions about a particular public issue

attitude (or opinion)

A law or constitutional amendment proposed and passed by the voters and subject to review by the state courts; also called a proposition

ballot initiative

A written legal argument presented to a court by one of the parties in a case whose purpose is to convince the Court to rule in favor of one side or the other

brief

In this case, the Supreme Court ordered racially segregated public school be desegregated and overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision

brown v. board of education (1954)

During which time period did congress abolish slavery (13th amendment), grant citizenship to all persons born in the United States (14th amendment), and establish the right to vote for male citizens regardless of race (15th amendment)?

civil war and reconstruction era

An election in which only voters registered with a party may vote for that party's candidates

closed primary

A parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate, as a measure against the filibuster; invoked when three-fifths of senators vote for the motion

cloture

A political ideology that prioritizes individual liberties, preferring a smaller government that stays out of the economy

conservative

An election that represents a sudden, clear, and long-term shift in voter allegiances

critical election

the two major political parties in the United States since the Civil War

democrats and republicans

A condition in which one or more houses of the legislature is controlled by the party in opposition to the executive (ex: when the president is a republican and the speaker of the house is a democrat)

divided government

Lobbyists representing Apple, Microsoft, & the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers are examples of which of the following type of interest groups?

economic & corporate groups

Which clause of the 14th Amendment guarantees citizens "the equal protection of the laws"?

equal protection clause

A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policy that all candidates running for office must be given the same radio and television airtime opportunities

equal time rule

what are the 3 branches of California's state gov?

executive, legislative, judicial

Pork barrel is

federal spending intended to benefit a particular district or set of constituents

A parliamentary maneuver used in the Senate to extend debate on a piece of legislation as long as possible, typically with the intended purpose of obstructing or killing it is known as a

filibuster

The process of giving a news story a specific context or background

framing

the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic rules and actions

implementation

Since the Republican Revolution of 1994, polarization in Congress has

increased

Polarization, the ideological distance between the two political parties, in the California legislature is

increasing

The act of contacting and taking the organization's message directly to lawmakers in an attempt to influence policy

inside lobbying

Individuals who organize to influence the government's programs and policies

interest groups

Lobbyists representing the AFL-CIO & the American Federation of State, County, & Municipal Employees (AFSCME) are examples of which of the following type of interest groups?

labor groups

A political ideology focused on equality and supporting government intervention in society and the economy if it promotes equality

liberal

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a Virginia law prohibiting interracial marriage violated the 14th Amendment equal protection clause

loving v. virginia (1967)

A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district

majority system

The congressional elections that occur in the even-numbered years between presidential election years, in the middle of the president's term

midterm election

In this experiment, participants were deceived into believing that they were administering electric shocks to a second participant who was actually part of the study

milgram experiment

a national institution that nominates the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates, establishes party rules, and writes and ratifies the party platform

national convention

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. government could not prevent newspapers from publishing information about the Vietnam War

new york times v. united states (1971)

the process by which political parties select their candidates for election to public office

nomination

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that state laws prohibiting same-sex marriage violate the 14th amendment equal protection clause

obergefell v. hodges (2015)

An election in which any registered voter may vote in any party's primary or caucus

open primary

Words spoken before the Supreme Court (usually by lawyers) explaining the legal reasons behind their position in a case and why it should prevail

oral argument

Political parties are

organizations made up of groups of people with similar interests that try to directly influence public policy through their members who seek and hold public office

the power of a court to hear a case for the first time

original jurisdiction

Individuals who represent themselves in public as being part of a party are known as

party identifiers

the collection of a party's positions on issues it considers politically important; Generally written during the national convention by party leaders

party platform

The shift of party positions from moderate towards ideological extremes

party polarization

The option in some states to register to vote and have a ballot automatically mailed to your home for each election

permanent absentee ballots

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled Louisiana could legally segregate public railways and created the "separate but equal" doctrine

plessy v. ferguson (1896)

The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation

pluralism

A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast

plurality system

A cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government

political ideology

The process of learning the norms and practices of a political system through others and societal institutions

political socialization

The process of predisposing readers or viewers to think a particular way

priming

A government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it (e.g., forbidding someone to publish a book he or she plans to release)

prior restraint

When a formerly public service is provided by a private company but paid for by the government

privatization

During which time period was the constitution amended to create a federal income tax (16th amendment), allow for the direct election of senators (17th amendment), establish the prohibition of alcohol (18th amendment), and grant women the right to vote (19th amendment)?

progressive era

A multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote

proportional representation

A collection of opinions of an individual or a group of individuals on a topic, person, or event

public opinion

The removal of a politician or government official by the voters. This happened to California Governor Gray Davis in 2003.

recall election

A yes or no vote by citizens on a law or candidate proposed by the state government

referendum

A department, bureau, or independent agency whose primary mission is to impose limits, restrictions, or other obligations on the conduct of individuals or companies in the private sector

regulatory agency

In the realignment election of 1856, which of the following occurred?

republicans replaced the Whigs

The stipulation that citizen must live in a state for a determined period of time before a citizen can register to vote as a resident of that state

residency requirement

In this case, the Supreme Court established the "1 Person, 1 Vote" rule after the State of Alabama had not redrawn district lines since 1900

reynolds v. sims (1964)

Vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of members is known as

roll-call vote

Polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample

sampling error (or margin of error)

Polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions

selection bias

The gradual process of making some guarantees of the Bill of Rights (so far) apply to state governments and the national government

selective incorporation

The effect that results when respondents in a survey report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear rather than what they believe

social desirability effect

A political ideology that emphasizes social ownership and strong government

socialism

limits to the jurisdiction of federal courts include

standing to sue, mootness, cases and controversies clause, congressional statute

In this experiment, participants acting as guards became abusive towards subjects acting as imprisoned criminals

stanford prison experiment

what are the 3 levels of government in California?

state, county, & city

The practice of voting only for candidates from the same political party

straight-ticket voting

An independent political action committee that may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates

super PAC

literacy tests are

tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities

Gerrymandering is

the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party

The president is elected by

the electoral college

The median voter theorem states that

the political party adopting the position closest to the median voter will win more votes

Executive privilege is

the president's right to withhold information from Congress, the judiciary, or the public

Apportionment is

the process by which seats in the House of Representatives are distributed among the fifty states

Redistricting is

the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives; happens every decennial

According to figure 9.8, which of the following statements is true?

there are more democrats than republicans among Millennials and Gen X Americans

America is a

two-party system