Poli Sci (quiz 3)
If you were lobbying Congress, what would be the safest strategy for you to use?
Be aboveboard with members.
What protest movement of the modern era has had the most lasting effect?
Black civil rights
Which of the cable news networks most fully treats news as a form of entertainment?
CNN
Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered? (Choose every correct answer.)
Candidates organize their own campaigns. The same parties are represented nationwide.
Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?
Class-based European organizations encourage participation. Americans face more voter registration requirements.
______ goods are those that belong to all people and cannot be withheld on an individual basis, such as clean air or water.
Collective
Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?
Congress
_____ is a service that alerts local newsrooms to topics that are trending on social media.
CrowdTangle
The audience for Huffington Post's website is overwhelmingly ______.
Democratic
Opponents of voter ID laws tend to be ______.
Democrats
The elimination of the (Blank) meant that radio stations no longer had to air a conservative talk show if they aired a liberal one.
Fairness Doctrine
True or false: Private sector labor unions do not exist in Texas.
False Reason: Private sector labor unions exist but they are weak and represent a small fraction of workers.
True or false: When the United States was founded, all white men were given the right to vote.
False Reason: Recall that suffrage was limited to property owners.
True or false: Thanks to the Internet, the typical American watches more news today than in the 1970s.
False Reason: Recall that the typical American today watches less news because, unlike the 1970s, it is always possible to watch programming other than the news.
True or false: Long-term developments such as the increase in partisanship and political division do not have an impact on political socialization.
False Reason: Slow, long-term developments such as the increase in partisanship can have a major impact on people's political opinions.
True or false: The #MeToo movement did not have much of an impact on the people whose behavior it was targeting.
False Reason: The #MeToo movement led to the resignation or firing of a large number of powerful men.
True or false: Members of minority groups, secular-minded people, and people living in urban areas lean heavily toward the Republican Party.
False Reason: The opposite is true---minority-group members, secular-minded people, and urban dwellers tend to lean toward the Democratic Party.
True or false: The Occupy Wall Street movement was limited to New York City.
False Reason: Though it began near Wall Street in New York City's Zuccotti Park, it soon spread to dozens of other cities in the United States.
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Which of the following limit government officials' ability to govern solely according to public opinion?
Few people are well informed on public affairs. Many people have opinions on issues they know little about. Many people support policies that are inconsistent with each other
Which of the following media channels is most preferred by Republicans because of its conservative slant?
Fox News
Texas has a (blank) government structure because power is dispersed to many state agencies with little or no central control.
Fragmented
A person known as a(n) (blank) rider derives a benefit without contributing to its achievement.
Free
Individuals may benefit from the work of interest groups even if they don't participate in the groups' activities. Because of this, some groups have difficulty recruiting members, a phenomenon known as the
Free-rider problem
The fact that more white women than white men vote for the Democratic Party is an example of a(n) (blank) gap
Gender
(blank), a characteristic of some interest groups, refers to the fact that the groups have members in all regions of the state.
Geographic Distribution
Which of the following happened when the Fairness Doctrine was eliminated in 1987?
Hundreds of radio stations switched from playing music to airing partisan talk shows.
Which of the following has the lowest voting rates?
Independents
A (Blank) is an organization of individuals who share common goals and tries to influence governmental decisions.
Interest Group
Which of the following represents a shared view of pluralists and their critics?
Interest groups are important to bringing the concerns of groups of individuals to the attention of government.
How does the Constitution deal with the issue of interest groups?
Interest groups are protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution.
What purpose does party competition serve in American politics?
It allows groups of voters to act in unison. It narrows down options for voters.
What is the primary reason that geographic distribution positively affects the power of interest groups?
It allows groups to command the interest of more legislators.
What are the advantages enjoyed by a large interest group such as the AARP?
It can generate a large amount of mail to members of Congress. It has a large staff that lobbies the federal government. It is well-financed, even though individual members' dues are low.
Which of the following is a benefit to the public that results from the promotion of a special interest?
It can have a positive effect on other interests, such as through job creation.
What is the effect of "information overload," as noted by Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon?
It reduces people's ability to concentrate on any particular message.
How did the Supreme Court rule on the Indiana law requiring citizens to obtain a government-issued voter identification card in order to vote?
It upheld the Indiana law.
Why is it unnecessary for the Texas Municipal League to maintain constant contact with its members?
Its processes are so organized that it functions efficiently without it.
Which political leader wrote that the government must dilute the influence of factions and interest groups by filtering their views through properly structured governing institutions?
James Madison
Support for poverty programs is highest among which two religious denominations?
Jews Catholics
Which of the following would be considered outside lobbying activities used by interest groups?
Letter-writing campaigns Public demonstrations
______ refers broadly to efforts by groups to influence public policy through contact with public officials.
Lobbying
Which of the following are ways in which members of Congress benefit from ties to lobbyists?
Lobbyists identify bills that need their attention. Lobbyists provide information on specific pieces of legislation.
The mass killings at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School resulted in which of the following?
March for Our Lives demonstrations National School Walkout Day
All media outlets, whether broadcast, print, cable, or on the Internet, that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are called the news
Media
Why is the news shaped by news organizations need to attract and keep viewers?
Most news organizations choose coverage that will draw an audience for advertisers.
Which statement best describes the "softening" of American news in the 1980s and 1990s?
Most news outlets incorporated celebrity gossip, sensational crimes, and human-interest stories to attract a broader audience.
Which of the following is true of people who consider themselves political independents?
Most of them lean toward one party or the other.
______ refers to the selection of the individual who will run as the party's candidate in the general election.
Nomination
What problem has recently arisen in using telephone polling?
Nonresponse rates have increased sharply.
Which of the following states have closed/partially closed primaries?
North Carolina Florida Nevada
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.
______ lobbying involves bringing public pressure on policymakers, such as organizing a letter writing campaign to members of Congress.
Outside
What is a potential problem with the media's watchdog function, according to critics?
Overzealous coverage of minor scandals heightens the public's distrust of government officials.
In some campaigns, which of the following has begun to replace in the political party as the nominating and electing agent?
PACs
In the process of electioneering, money is usually funneled to candidates through ______.
PACs
Which of the following is a regulation that affects Texas PACs?
PACs cannot contribute to candidates during a window that begins 30 days prior to the legislative session and ends 20 days after the session ends. PACs must create complete reports identifying every donor who contributed at least $50 to the campaign. PACs are required to designate a campaign treasurer.
How has PAC influence affected candidates' party loyalty?
PACs have decreased loyalty to parties since they finance races and help candidates much like parties do.
Who led the impassioned plea for tougher gun control measures after the Parkland shooting?
Parkland students
What role does party loyalty play in voting?
Party loyalty heightens interest in voting.
The original regional divide between the North and South has been decreased by which of the following?
People from less conservative areas have relocated to the South.
Which of the following is true of the professionalism of the Texas legislature?
Poor working conditions and low pay contribute to high turnover among legislative staff.
_______ goods refer to benefits that are given directly to particular individuals as a result of belonging to an interest group.
Private
The strongest reform party in U.S. history was the ______.
Progressive Party
Which statement best describes the prevalent view of the public concerning protest activists in the United States?
Protest activity should be tolerated.
______ incentives for joining an interest group include the satisfaction that you are participating in a worthy effort.
Purposive
Which are the major political parties in the United States?
Republican Party Democratic Party
Which of the following reduce the accuracy of a poll?
Respondents are questioned about unfamiliar issues. Respondents reached by telephone refuse to participate. Respondents hide their true opinions.
Which of the following arguments drew large support for passing the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, granting eighteen-year-olds the right to vote?
Since eighteen-year-olds were eligible for the draft, they should also be able to vote.
Which of the southern states has fewer than 400 registered lobbyists?
South Carolina
Which of the following voting blocs migrated to the Republican Party during the 1980s and 1990s?
Southern whites
Which of the following is not an example of a state and local interest group?
State Board of Education
Which of the following states have 800 or more registered lobbyists within the state?
Texas California New York
Which of the following is an example of a peak business organization?
Texas Association of Manufacturers
Which of the following is an example of a specialized "educational" association?
Texas High School Coaches Association
Adolph Ochs, the architect of objective journalism, had taken ownership of which newspaper?
The New York Times
Which is a reason that some scholars think we have moved into a new party alignment?
The Republican Party has become stronger in the South and the Democratic Party had become stronger in the Northeast.
Which statement best describes economic activity in Texas?
The Texas economy is highly diversified, with a strong presence in several industries.
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
The are open to all citizens. They operate at the local level.
How does economic diversity affect interest group power in Texas?
The diversified economy has increased the number of interest groups, thus diluting the groups' power.
Which of the following statements best summarize the control the governor of Texas enjoys over state agencies?
The governor makes few significant appointments to state agencies and therefore possesses minimal control over policy decisions.
How is interest group influence weakened in competitive, two-party states?
The parties assume a greater role in recruiting and supporting candidates, replacing a vital function of interest groups.
When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following happens?
The parties reorganize themselves.
How does a well-compensated, professional legislative staff reduce the influence of interest groups?
The staff provides most of the research for legislators, who rely less on interest group research.
How does the party structure in Texas affect interest group power and influence?
The weakened structure of party competitiveness strengthens interest group influence.
Why do men and women differ in their political opinions?
Their political opinions reflect their gendered positions in society, which tend to differ.
In describing sources of news on the Web, what do analysts mean by the metaphor "the long tail"?
There are a few heavily visited websites on one end and thousands of lightly visited sites on the other.
How has the interest group tactic of entertaining legislators changed over the years?
There is far less provision of entertainment, food, and bribes, but it is still a key part of the process.
How are issue networks formed?
They are formed by individuals who have expertise regarding a particular policy issue as well as various views on it.
Which of the following statements are true regarding U.S. elections?
They are held more frequently than in other countries. They allow voters to choose party nominees.
Which of the following statements about televised debates in presidential campaigns are true?
They are usually part of presidential campaigns.
Which of the following accurately describe ways in which interest groups can use litigation to advance their cause?
They can sponsor litigation on behalf of their members. They can file amicus briefs.
Which of the following is a primary reason for low voter-turnout rates among young adults?
They change addresses frequently and need to re-register.
In politics, what do linkage institutions do?
They connect citizens with government.
How do media gatekeepers affect American citizens?
They determine what messages we see and hear.
Which of the following is true about candidate-centered campaigns?
They encourage national officeholders to be responsive to local interests.
How do interest groups expand the range of issues that come to lawmakers' attention?
They focus on issues that may be controversial. They focus on issues that may not have broad impact.
What has happened to the New England states since the 1980s?
They have shifted toward the Democrats.
Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns? (Choose every correct answer.)
They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions. They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates.
Which of the following correctly describes members of the "inattentive audience"?
They pay only sporadic attention to the news. They pay attention to news when a major event occurs, such as COVID-19.
How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?
They viewed political parties with suspicion.
What best describes partisan media outlets in the era of the information commons?
They were very rare.
The Good Roads Association is an example of a(n) (Blank) because it represents the specific business interests of highway contractors.
Trade Associations
True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their preferences with regard to government policy.
True
True or false: Nonmembership organizations do not have broad-based citizen support.
True
True or false: The instant gratification people receive from cell phones and other message sources conditions them to seek more of messages.
True
True or false: According to political scientist Mancur Olson, interest groups with smaller memberships usually prevail because they are able to join together and pool resources.
True Reason: Smaller groups can pool resources, giving them larger operating budgets than many large groups.
True or false: The Tea Party movement was opposed to higher taxes to support government programs.
True Reason: The Tea Party movement took its name and inspiration from the Boston Tea Party, which was a protest against the imposition of taxes on the colonies in the lead-up to the American Revolution.
When the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act was passed, individual taxpayers clearly benefited, receiving an average annual tax cut of nearly $1,300, increasing their after-tax income by 1.7 percent.
True Reason: This is true. When the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act was passed, individual taxpayers clearly benefited, receiving an average annual tax cut of nearly $1,300, increasing their after-tax income by 1.7 percent.
True or false: Public employees in Texas do not have the right to bargain collectively.
True Reason: Unlike in many states, Texas does not give public employees the right to bargain collectively.
All media outlets, including those on the Internet, that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are part of the news media.
True Reason: Whether broadcast, print, cable, or on the Internet, media outlets that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are called the news media (press).
True or false: Those interest groups that are poorly organized run the risk of being ignored politically.
True Reason: A lack of organization makes it difficult for interest groups to lobby effectively for their position.
______ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.
Trustees
Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?
Welfare assistance has higher support among lower income Americans than higher income Americans. Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues.
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in Their Own Land?
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American Dream.
Which of the following are reasons why the amount of traditional news the typical American watches has declined since the 1970s?
Younger people stopped watching the dinner-time news. Cable television and other high-choice media became available.
Who would be least likely to be a member of a professional association?
a bank teller
State party organizations are usually small and are directed by ______.
a full-time chairperson
An "astroturf organization" is one that lacks ______.
a grassroots organization
A group that raises and spends money for the purpose of influencing the outcome of an election is known as ______.
a political action committee
Nonmembership organizations represent ______.
a single company, organization, or individual
Current election laws in the United States favor ______.
a two-party system
What is a social or political movement?
a way for disenchanted citizens to voice their displeasure with government policy
The news media's partisan function means that they ______.
act as advocates for particular viewpoints
Generally, protests ______ have not been popular in the United States.
against U.S. military action
The media's function of ______ setting refers to the media's ability to determine what the public thinks is important.
agenda
The political socialization process takes place through Blank______ of socialization.
agents
The political socialization process takes place through Blank______ of socialization. Multiple choice question.
agents
Which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness, such as that rooted in the belief that government pays no attention to an individual's interests?
alienation
In an attempt to influence court decisions, interest groups may file "friend of the court" briefs, otherwise known as ______ briefs.
amicus curiae
What three basic elements are usually involved in a party realignment?
an enduring change in the parties' policies and coalitions a shift in voters' partisan support in elections unusually powerful and divisive issues
What is a super PAC?
an independent-expenditure-only committee
Much like political parties and interest groups, the news media, or press,
are a key intermediary between Americans and their leaders
Lobbyists generally direct their efforts at lawmakers who ______.
are inclined to support their group or cause
The Pharmaceutical Industry Labor-Management Association (PILMA) sought to defeat a bill in Texas to lower drug prices. PILMA has no individual members and receives most of its money from the pharmaceutical industry. It is best described as a(n) ______.
astroturf organization
Which of the following best describes why many interest groups form political action committees (PACs)?
because contributing to candidates' campaigns can help gain access for interest group lobbyists
Which of the following media were subject to the FCC's Fairness Doctrine?
broadcast television broadcast radio
All party organizations have a responsibility to ______.
build support among voters
Among economic groups, which type are the most numerous?
business groups
The interest-group system in the United States overrepresents ______.
business interests
Who or what can be a part of membership organizations?
businesses individual citizens
Which of the following is a way in which special interest groups can donate money to candidates?
by forming a political action committee (PAC)
How do Americans participate virtually in politics?
by using resources and joining discussions on social media
The onset of ______ increased the entertainment content in traditional news outlets as audiences for those outlets began to shrink.
cable television
Although party organizations still manage many tasks related to elections, the lead role in elections now lies with the ______.
candidate
Political parties and their ability to control politics in the United States.have been weakened by Blank______-centered campaigns.
candidate
Political scientist Darrell West uses the term air wars to describe ______.
candidates' use of televised ads
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to (blank)
change in the same direction
Which of the following are tactics widely used by conservative and liberal partisan talk shows?
character assassination name calling imagined catastrophe
The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that ______.
citizens use to evaluate issues and developments help in forming a common cause
Which type of group typically has to deal with the problem of free riders?
citizens' groups
People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in ______.
civic duty
The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a party ______.
coalition
Benefits that belong to everyone, not just the members of a group, are referred to as ______.
collective goods
A PAC is a specialized kind of interest group that:
collects money for campaign contributions and other activities.
Which of the following is an example of a group that cannot draw strength from geographic distribution?
commercial shrimp fishermen
The media carry out a(n) (blank) function when they disseminate information from political leaders to the public.
common-carrier
Which of the following are the dominant ideologies in the United States?
conservatism liberalism
The success of Blank______ had convinced billionaire Rupert Murdoch to start Fox in 1996.
conservative talk radio
In general, which political values do white evangelical Protestants support?
conservative values
Which of the following types of interest groups is not classified as an economic interest group?
consumer
Which of the following help interest groups participate more effectively in group politics?
contacts money skills
Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group?
crosscutting
In general, Americans who believe that lifestyle choice is up to the individual are
cultural liberals
One characteristic of political socialization is that its effects are ______.
cumulative
Which of the following forms of political participation require citizens to spend a comparatively large amount of personal resources?
demonstrating for political causes volunteering in a political campaign
The news media operate as gatekeepers, which means that they ______.
determine which events will be covered and which will not
The overlap between groups has ______ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
diminished
______ refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue.
direction
The Black Lives Matter movement has sought, primarily, to highlight
disparities in local officials' treatment of Black and white citizens
State parties are involved with which of the following activities?
election of U.S. senators election of governors voter registration
Interest groups that are not directly involved in litigation may file amicus curiae briefs to ______.
encourage a ruling that is beneficial to their cause
Research indicates that peer influence can ______.
encourage those without strong opinions to conform to the group
What is fake news?
entirely fictional stories that originate on the Internet
The Texas (blank) is responsible for enforcing requirements for interest groups and political candidates to report information on money collected and activities.
ethics commission
Lobbying elected officials includes which of the following activities?
face-to-face meetings with members of Congress
Stories on the Internet that maintained the coronavirus pandemic was a hoax perpetuated by Democrats in order to damage President Trump are an example of ______.
fake news
True or false: CNN has continued to emphasize hard news rather than sensationalism.
false
The Blank______ shapes our political values and ideology from childhood and has the strongest impact on our political perspective.
family
Which of the following are primary socializing agents for children that can have a formative influence on children's beliefs?
family school religion
The Texas Farmers Union (not to be confused with the Texas Farm Bureau) represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?
family farms and ranches
Which of the following accurately describe the Texas Municipal League?
focused committees influential members highly organized
In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout.
fourfold
During the Trump presidency, the opinions of and policies supported by congressional Republicans regarding a specific issue changed, illustrating how abrupt shifts in public opinion can alter the boundaries of acceptable action. On which issue did Republicans change their opinion?
free trade
Which of the following constitutional rights most protect the role of interest groups in the U.S. political system?
freedom of association
Which of the following are functions of political consultants?
gathering voter opinions advising on how to run a successful campaign producing promotional materials
In the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, the corporate tax cut is permanent, whereas the individual tax cut has an end date. This difference illustrates the fact that:
getting smaller, more focused business groups to work together on an issue can be highly effective.
Super PACs are legally forbidden from which of the following?
giving money directly to political parties giving money directly to candidates
Whereas Jefferson's party had operated largely at the leadership level, Jackson sought a(n):
grassroots party
In an iron triangle, ______ provide campaign contributions to ______ in order to gain their support for a particular policy proposal.
groups; members of Congress
Secondary socializing agents who influenced public opinion during the COVID-19 pandemic include which of the following?
health care experts public officials
A few decades ago, the media system centered on broadcast news networks, but Americans now have a ______ media system, where they can pick from a wide variety of outlets.
high-choice
Which group of Americans have the highest level of voter participation?
highest 20 percent of income earners
The typical American is exposed to _____ of discrete messages each day.
hundreds
A person's sense of loyalty to a political party is known as party ______.
identification
Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?
identifying with political parties leaning toward particular ideologies
The situation where people align themselves politically with other members of a group they belong to, such as race or religion, is called ______.
identity politics
Which type of third party is organized around a framework concerning the nature and role of government in society?
ideologically oriented parties
Which of the following refers to a general belief about the role and purpose of government?
ideology
Massive shifts in party identification are most likely to occur ______.
in response to major events
Political parties began to emerge in the United States ______.
in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them
The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?
income inequality
The Tea Party movement did not support which of the following policies?
increased federal spending higher taxes
Although many people believe it is insignificant, which of the following may result if IDs are not required for voting?
increased fraud
Who typically benefits the most from PAC campaign donations?
incumbents
Rather than using threats, interest groups tend to influence lawmakers by providing them with ______.
information that supports the group's policy positions
The interest group strategy that includes face-to-face meetings with legislators and providing policy information to policymakers is known as ______.
inside lobbying
For a movement to succeed, it must ______.
institutionalize its goals
Which of the following refers to how strongly people feel about their position on an issue—for example, "very important" or "not important at all"?
intensity
Which of the following are the components of an iron triangle?
interest groups congressional committees executive agencies
A (blank) consists of a small and informal but relatively stable set of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists who seek to develop policies beneficial to a particular interest.
iron triangle
A(blank) consists of a small and informal but relatively stable set of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists who seek to develop policies beneficial to a particular interest.
iron triangle
The Texas Municipal League, which represents Texas city officials, derives its greatest strength from ______.
its influential membership
Which of the following are prohibited by Texas law from making campaign contributions to candidates for statewide or legislative office?
labor unions corporations
The Texas Farm Bureau represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?
large agricultural producers
Generally, secondary agents of socialization are more important ______.
later in life
Which of the following lawmakers were the original targets of the Tea Party movement?
lawmakers who supported federal spending and higher taxes
Which of the following are among interest groups' judicial lobbying options?
lawsuits influencing the selection of federal judges filing amicus curiae briefs
Which of the following are ways that American children are taught patriotism in schools?
learning to admire the Founding Fathers reciting the Pledge of Allegiance
In general, protest activity is ______ common in the United States than in many Western democracies.
less
Adults under 30 years of age are ______ those over 50 to follow the news.
less likely than
What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?
less than 20 percent
The practice of trying to influence members of the legislature is called
lobbying
The responsibility of the Texas Ethics Commission is to enforce laws relating to which of the following?
lobbying campaign finance registration for certain interest groups
What is the most common technique used by interest groups to promote their interests?
lobbying the state legislature
Which of the following events had a lasting influence on the political views of younger citizens in particular?
.the terrorist attacks in 2001 World War II (1939-1945) the Great Depression of the 1930s
Republicans are ______ times more likely than Democrats to say that Fox is their main source of news.
13
In the 1970s, the average reader devoted more than 30 minutes to reading the printed newspaper. That average is now ______ minutes.
16
In a properly drawn sample with a 3-percent sample error, 20% of 100 respondents indicate they intend to vote for a ballot measure. This means that there is high probability that between ______ percent of all voters actually plan to vote for the ballot measure.
17 and 23
How many major political parties are there in the United States today?
2
Approximately how many nonmembership organizations are registered with the Texas Ethics Commission?
2,000
In the United States, the voter turnout rate in presidential elections tends to hover around ______ percent.
60
What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?
95 percent
Which of the following are examples of media performing a signaling function?
A local daily newspaper alerting people on the spread of a novel viral infection in the locality A radio station informing people of severe weather conditions in the next few days
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true? (Choose every correct answer.)
Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns. Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office.
What relationship does the national Democratic or Republican Party have with the state and local parties?
All three levels are independent but work together.
The effort of the writers of the Constitution to devise a governing system that would guard against tyranny of the majority resulted in which consequence?
America's system of divided power provides abundant opportunities for interest groups to achieve their policy goals.
Why is participation in local organizations twice as high in the United States as it is in Europe?
Americans are more likely to attend church and engage in church-related community work. Americans have an incentive to participate because there is more local control over policy in the United States than in Europe.
Iron triangles work to the mutual benefit of the three members of the triangle. Match each iron triangle member to what it gets from the relationship. Instructions
members of Congress- electoral support interest group- beneficial policy decisions federal agency- support for their administrative programs
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of voter turnout?
middle-aged people from the upper class
Responding to public opinion has recently become more challenging for policymakers because ______.
misinformation means that people's opinions are often not grounded in reality
When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to crosscutting, they are more likely to develop ______ political opinions.
moderate
In its pursuit of electioneering, an interest group's most import resource is ______.
money
Compared to citizens in Europe, Americans are ______ likely to contribute time and money to political campaigns.
more Reason: One study found that Americans were about five times more likely to take an active part in political campaigns.
Senior citizens in the United States have a ______ rate of voter turnout than voters under the age of 30 do.
much higher
A ______ political system is made up of at least three political parties.
multiparty
Consumption of what type of media has been found to be correlated with a relatively high level of political knowledge?
newspapers
Although the American press originally had a political orientation, it eventually shifted to a journalistic orientation, which emphasizes ______.
newsworthy information and events
When a political party makes a(n) ______ for an elected office, it selects a person to run as the party's candidate in the general election for that office.
nomination
What is the largest category of interest group?
nonmembership organizations
(Blank) journalism refers to news reporting that is based on "fact" rather than opinion and that presents both sides of a partisan debate.
objective
Which of the following industries have, in the past, dominated the Texas economy?
oil banking cotton cattle
Which of the following describes a high-choice media system?
one in which people have a large number of places to go for information
Local party organizations generally play an active role ______.
only during campaign periods
A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.
open
Which of the following would policymakers be likely to rely on when they want to act as delegates in formulating and implementing policy?
opinion polls
Most partisan Internet sites also take the "______" approach described in the Tufts University study.
outrage
Tufts University's Sarah Sobieraj and Jeffrey Berry's study described the basis for partisan talk show programming as paritsan "______."
outrage
(blank) lobbying includes initiating letter-writing campaigns and influencing the news media.
outside
lobbying includes initiating letter-writing campaigns and influencing the news media.
outside
The highlighting of candidates' attributes and policy positions to appeal to voters is called ______.
packaging
Which of the following would be considered expressions of public opinion?
participating in a telephone poll concerning candidates for a national election approval ratings for a city's mayor turnout at a political rally
Free societies thrive on the ______ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.
participation
American newspapers were originally ______.
partisan
devoid of opinion
partisan
Until the early 20th century, the major party's nominees for president were selected via which method?
picked by the party organization
Which of the following are advantages in raising money for campaigns that incumbents often have over their challengers?
policy influence sought by donors lists of contributors to past campaigns
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.
political parties
What is the process by which we develop our political values and opinions?
political socialization
A public opinion (blank) is designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public.
poll
When the journalists use framing, they are ______.
presenting a selective version of reality
The _____ is the public official who has the greatest access to the media.
president
Internet political participation peaks during which of the following?
presidential elections
An election in which voters choose the party's nominees is called a ______ election.
primary
Voting for a candidate's promises rather than his or her past actions is an example of what is called ______ voting.
prospective
Which of the following is the primary goal of most state and local interest groups?
protecting local interests from state activities
Which of the following functions do news media perform?
provide a channel through which political leaders communicate to the public act as a watchdog that scrutinizes official behavior provide political information that attracts an audience
One of the positive contributions that interest groups make is ______.
providing a form of representation for organized groups
Outside lobbying is aimed at bringing ______ pressure to bear on policymakers.
public
The politically relevant views that people hold and express openly are known as ______.
public opinion
Which of the following tactics were used to disenfranchise Blacks in the post-Civil War South despite the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?
publicized lists of voters literacy tests
Research suggests that when interest groups have submitted amicus briefs, they have been ______ in swaying courts.
quite effective
What new technology led to the chaos that spurred the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission?
radio
The #MeToo movement's larger goal was to ______.
raise awareness of sexual misconduct
Which method of sampling gives everyone in a population an equal chance of being interviewed?
random sampling
A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party ______.
realignment
Match the "red states" (Republican bastions) and "blue states" (Democratic bastions) to the specific regions where they are generally found. Instructions
red states- matches Choice South , Choice Great Plains , Choice Rocky Mountains blue states- Choice Northeast , Choice West Coast
Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?
reform parties
Interest group influence is particularly strong among ______ agencies that are responsible for overseeing the nation's business sectors.
regulatory
Agency capture refers to the situation where (blank) ______ side with the industry they are supposed to regulate rather than with the public that they are supposed to protect.
regulatory agencies
Agency capture refers to the situation where (blank) side with the industry they are supposed to regulate rather than with the public that they are supposed to protect.
regulatory agencies
The national, state, and local organizations of the Republican and Democratic parties are ______.
relatively independent; that is, each level does not have much control over the others
The Texas Automobile Association seeks to protect and promote the interests of its member businesses that are involved in the sales of goods and services and thus is an example of a ______.
retail trade association
The Texas Apartment Association, the Texas Restaurant Association, and the Beer Alliance of Texas are all examples of ______.
retail trade groups
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.
retrospective
Political scientists focus on which of the following dimensions when evaluating public opinion? (Choose every correct answer.)
salience intensity direction
In a public opinion poll, a Blank______ is a portion of the Blank______.
sample; population
(blank) error (accuracy of a poll) is expressed as a plus-or-minus percentage.
sampling
Through various methods of random Blank______, pollsters attempt to select a subset of the population that is representative of the population's views.
sampling
What is the degree of accuracy of a public opinion poll called?
sampling error
Over 70 percent of Americans' political participation via community activities takes place in which of the following?
school-related groups civic organizations church-related groups
An interest group is an organization that ______.
seeks to influence government policy
Yellow journalism featured ______ stories.
sensationalized
The media's ability to function as signalers and influence what people are thinking about and discussing is called agenda
setting
The social media hashtag #MeToo was intended to ______.
show the extent to which women are subject to sexual assault and harassment
Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as ______.
single-issue parties
Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens in a society as ______.
social capital
When casting a ______, citizens vote for candidates from different parties.
split ticket
In order to raise enough funds for their campaigns, political candidates raise money from all of the following groups except ______.
state governments
Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.
straight ticket
In terms of leadership and organization, the Texas Municipal League draws strength from its ______.
strong, proactive legislative committee quick adoption of stands on key legislative items
Peak business organizations focus on which of the following goals?
supporting legislation that would foster a "good business climate" in Texas
Unlike participation through interest groups or political parties, participation in political movements
takes place largely outside established institutions
Compared to iron triangles, the relationship between actors in an issue network tends to be more ______.
temporary
Which of the following are considered lobbying efforts?
testifying before a committee hearing about the effect of proposed legislation working with members of the legislature to draft legislation encouraging members of an interest group to contact legislators regarding legislation
What is the largest news outlet that began on the Internet?
the Huffington Post
Which one of the following forms of media has had the biggest role in making politics more participative?
the Internet
What law did Congress enact in 1993 that required states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license or public assistance?
the Motor Voter Act
Which one of these groups is an example of a citizens' group?
the National Organization for Women
Sensational and largely inaccurate newspaper reports on the cruelty of Spanish rule in Cuba may have helped spark ______.
the Spanish-American War
To date, what is the most successful of the recent political movements?
the Tea Party movement
What organization provides legislative staff assistance in research and information?
the Texas Legislative Council
What organization provides legislative staff assistance in research and information? public relations
the Texas Legislative Council
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended voting rights to eighteen-year-olds?
the Twenty-Sixth Amendment
More people in the United States participate in election campaigns than people in other countries do because ______.
the United States has more elected posts than other countries do
What event marked a turning point in the American press's approach to politicians' motives and actions?
the Watergate scandal
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.
the condition of the economy
Which of the following make it likely that interest groups will continue to dominate state politics in Texas?
the decentralized administrative structure low levels of political participation the traditionalistic/individualistic political culture
The killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis in 2020 led to:
the largest protests yet of police violence against Black Americans.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) involved which issue affecting interest groups?
the limit on corporate and union spending in federal elections
State and local interest groups (SLIGs) represent ______.
the organization, not its individual members
In priming, who or what determines how people will interpret the information they receive?
the press
What is the key to a poll's accuracy?
the size of the sample
What was Madison's constitutional solution to the problem of factions?
the system of checks and balances
According to recent polls, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
the use of military force
The views of younger citizens in particular are affected by major events because ______.
their opinions are not yet deeply rooted
The United States has a high-choice media system, which means that _____.
there are a large number of sources from which people can choose to get their information
An important feature of private goods for an economic group is that ______.
they are benefits the group can withhold
America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of ______.
third parties
What are the main goals of interest groups' public relations activities?
to create a favorable image for the group to influence public opinion regarding a particular issue
Why do pollsters rely most on the scientific method of random sampling?
to ensure that everyone has an equal chance of being included in the sample
What was the goal of yellow journalism?
to lure in readers by any means
What is the chief goal of grassroots lobbying efforts by interest groups?
to mobilize supporters to advocate for their organization
Interest groups need money for which of the following?
to pay full-time staff lobbying electioneering public relations
Why did states start registering voters?
to prevent individuals from voting multiple times in the same election
Which of the following are the chief targets of interest groups when they lobby the executive branch?
top officials of federal agencies
Which type of interest group represents business firms of a particular kind, such as insurance companies?
trade association
Americans participate more in politics than do citizens of other western democracies except in which of the following activities?
turning out to vote on Election Day
The degree to which education level and income are so closely tied to voter participating in the United States is _____ when compared to European countries.
unusual
Which of these groups vote at above average rates?
upper-income Americans college-educated individuals
Suffrage is the right to
vote
Which of the following results from a high frequency of elections, such as having primary, general, and referenda elections?
voter fatigue
Which of the following factors are said to adversely affect voter turnout in the United States?
voter registration laws frequent elections
Which of the following voting restrictions increases the burden on citizens who move frequently?
voter registration requirements
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as ______.
voter turnout
When do private thoughts become public opinion?
when they are revealed to others
What is another name for the plurality system?
winner-take-all system
Which term refers to the irresponsible and sensationalist approach to news reporting that characterized journalism in the early 1900s?
yellow journalism
Of the following age groups, the political views of which one are most likely to be influenced when a major historical event occurs, such as a war or an economic depression?
young people
