Police Test 1-4

One of the most enduring myths about policing is that police officers

are crime fighters

The control of police discretion and the reduction of misconduct have been achieved through bureaucratic principles using the technique called A. performance evaluations. B. citizen review. C. policy review. D. administrative rulemaking.

D. administrative rulemaking.

Which of the following is the second-largest police department in the U.S.? A. Chicago police department B. Los Angeles police department C. New York police department D. Atlanta police department

A. Chicago police department

The approach to debureaucratizing police organizations, which eliminates many rules and policies that are seen to stifle creativity and problem solving, is called A. deformalizing. B. delayering. C. despecializing. D. decentralizing.

A. deformalizing.

Karen, an experienced field officer, says that her police department is able to function efficiently because police officers of different ranks in her department are allowed to experiment with innovative ideas and tactics in her neighborhood. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Karen's police department? A. The police department is highly centralized. B. The department structure is deformalized. C. The department structure is technocratic. D. The police department is highly specialized.

B. The department structure is deformalized.

Identify the way in which the police resemble the military. A. The police serve a citizen population. B. The organizational style of the police is authoritarian. C. The police provide services designed to help people. D. The police also exercise individual discretion.

B. The organizational style of the police is authoritarian.

The role of each federal agency is specified by A. the federal budget. B. a federal statute. C. the Congress. D. the electoral process.

B. a federal statute.

The typical police department has a complex hierarchical structure and an authoritarian management style, which is also known as a A. common organization. B. bureaucracy. C. public sector. D. delegation orientation.

B. bureaucracy.

The idea of consolidating several smaller agencies into larger ones is an effort to solve the problem of A. budget costs. B. fragmentation. C. low attrition rates. D. merging.

B. fragmentation.

Which of the following is the most important role of state governments regarding law enforcement? A. to require that agencies be accredited B. to require the licensing or certification of all sworn officers C. to insist on high attrition rates D. to enforce sanctions on police with poor performance indicators

B. to require the licensing or certification of all sworn officers

The management program that uses technology as an organizational tool to achieve crime control through accountability is known as A. ENFORCESTAT. B. POLSTAT. C. COMPSTAT. D. CRIMESTAT.

C. COMPSTAT.

Identify an accurate statement about despecializing in policing. A. The police place greater responsibility on rank-and-file officers at the neighborhood level to become more responsive to neighborhood residents. B. Rules and policies that often stifle police creativity and do not encourage problem solving are eliminated. C. Specialized units with neighborhood officers who are more knowledgeable about the problems that face their neighborhoods are established. D. The amount of social and administrative distance between the beat officer and the chief of police is decreased.

C. Specialized units with neighborhood officers who are more knowledgeable about the problems that face their neighborhoods are established.

Identify an accurate statement about horizontal cliques in police organizations. A. They are typically formed between lower and higher ranking officers. B. They are least used by rank-and-file officers in an organization. C. They are mostly created to protect line officers from supervisory oversight and accountability. D. They are absent in organizations that have a bureaucratic structure.

C. They are mostly created to protect line officers from supervisory oversight and accountability.

Which of the following is a salient feature of federal law enforcement agencies? A. They have a much more complex role than local agencies. B. They are not as accountable for their actions as local agencies. C. They do not have the order maintenance responsibilities. D. They are obligated to handle vague "disturbance" calls.

C. They do not have the order maintenance responsibilities.

How does the community policing approach attempt to modify a police organization? A. through strict administrative rulemaking B. by using an authoritarian structure C. through debureaucratization D. through common goals assessments

C. through debureaucratization

Which of the following statements is true about the bureaucratic form of police organizations? A. It is the least efficient means developed for organizing and directing many different activities in the pursuit of a common goal. B. It eliminates all forms of hierarchy in police organizations. C. It enables police organizations to quickly adapt to external changes. D. It allows for delegation of specific tasks to lower ranking officials in police organizations.

D. It allows for delegation of specific tasks to lower ranking officials in police organizations.

One of the most famous studies on the effect of different levels of patrol on crime that challenged the traditional assumptions about policing was the _____. A. Research Revolution Study B. Crime Commission Study C. Kerner Commission Study D. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

D. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

What is the premise of resource dependency theory? A. Organizations are most effective when decentralized. B. Organizations are created to meet specific goals. C. Organizations require social contacts. D. Organizations must obtain resources to survive.

D. Organizations must obtain resources to survive.

Which of the following is an important finding of the Police Services Study (PSS) conducted in the 1970s? A. With respect to auxiliary services, small police departments were denied access to crime laboratories. B. With respect to patrol, informal arrangements between police departments involving coordination were not common. C. Small police departments put a lower percentage of their officers on the street, performing direct police services. D. Small police departments were not necessarily less efficient than large departments.

D. Small police departments were not necessarily less efficient than large departments.

The most important new development in policing in the 1980s and 1990s was the advent of _____. A. computers B. cell phone technology C. an influx of minorities in policing D. community policing

D. community policing

An organization legally authorized to represent police officers in collective bargaining with their employer is called a A. police unit. B. police rep unit. C. police agency union. D. police union.

D. police union.

Egon Bittner argues that the capacity to use _____ is the defining feature of policing. A. the media B. coercive force C. persuasion in times of stress D. guns

B. coercive force

One of the most important factors shaping the police role is

the authority to use force.

What percentage of all Index crimes are cleared or solved? A. 20 percent B. 30 percent C. 40 percent D. 60 percent

A. 20 percent

Which of the following acts launched the largest government reorganization at the federal level since 1947? A. the Violent Crime Control Act B. the Homeland Security Act C. the Social Security Act D. the Civil Liberties Act

B. the Homeland Security Act

The Federal Bureau of Investigation was originally known as _____. A. the Attorney General Investigative Unit B. the General Investigation Bureau C. the Bureau of Investigation D. the Federal Police Institute

C. the Bureau of Investigation

The emphasis on crime fighting creates unrealistic public expectations about the ability of the police to A. catch criminals and prevent crime. B. provide successful community policing. C. correct family problems and prevent domestic violence. D. reduce gang violence in major cities.

A. catch criminals and prevent crime.

Veronica says that the police officer who arrested her for drunk driving did not give her adequate explanation for detaining and arresting her. She says that the police officer was also impolite in his conduct. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? A. Veronica was denied distributive justice. B. Veronica most likely feels that she was denied procedural justice. C. The police officer who arrested her regularly employs racial profiling. D. The police officer adopted the "guardian" mindset of policing.

B. Veronica most likely feels that she was denied procedural justice.

Communications technologie like the two-way radio and the telephone changed policing by _____. A. lowering crime and raising arrests B. changing the nature of police-citizen contacts and police management C. reducing response times and lowering insurance costs D. reducing fires and lowering juvenile delinquency

B. changing the nature of police-citizen contacts and police management

In the context of contracting, which of the following is the most commonly contracted criminal justice service? A. certification requirements B. jails and detention facilities C. sewage disposal and water supply D. tax assessments

B. jails and detention facilities

Which of the following statements is true about J. Edgar Hoover? A. He failed to clean up the scandal-ridden Bureau of Investigation after being appointed as the director in 1924. B. He promoted civil rights, and this reinforced the success of city police departments to address the growing police-community relations problem in America. C. He manipulated the media to project an image of a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent as the paragon of professionalism. D. He concentrated on organized crime, white-collar crime, and violations of federal civil rights laws, but ignored small-time bank robbers.

C. He manipulated the media to project an image of a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent as the paragon of professionalism.

Which of the following is a finding of the Police Services Study (PSS) conducted in the 1970s? A. With respect to patrol, informal arrangements between law enforcement agencies involving sharing responsibility were uncommon. B. Small police departments were less efficient than large departments. C. Strict duplication of services is almost nonexistent in the production of direct police services. D. Those cities that contract for police services are characterized as being "newer" and less densely populated, with less taxable business activity.

C. Strict duplication of services is almost nonexistent in the production of direct police services.

Which of the following is NOT a category of state law enforcement? A. state police B. highway patrol C. state guards D. state investigative agencies

C. state guards

De-escalation is the least useful when A. use of force is unnecessary. B. police officers outnumber the violators in an encounter. C. there is a clear threat of a physical attack on a police officer. D. police officers adopt the military style of policing.

C. there is a clear threat of a physical attack on a police officer.

Which of the following was a finding of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (1972-1973)? A. Follow-up detective work, of the kind portrayed in the movies and on television, is relatively unproductive and involves routine paperwork. B. Most crimes are solved through information obtained by the first officer on the scene, using information from victims or witnesses. C. A restrictive shooting policy that clearly specified when an officer can and cannot shoot effectively reduced the number of shootings. D. Increased patrol did not reduce crime and reduced patrol did not lead to an in crime or public fear of crime.

D. Increased patrol did not reduce crime and reduced patrol did not lead to an in crime or public fear of crime.

Why are most law enforcement departments in the U.S. below their authorized strength? A. Police budgets are not large enough to cover the hiring of more officers. B. Nationwide, police have a high turnover. C. Most police departments have a hard time retaining officers. D. This is due to retirements, resignations, and terminations.

D. This is due to retirements, resignations, and terminations.

The police today are a product of their _____. A. biology B. race C. sex D. history

D. history

Sheriffs have a unique role in that they serve all three components of the criminal justice system A. executive, legislative, and judicial. B. protection, service, and commitment. C. management, efficiency, and quality. D. law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

D. law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

The policing strategy requiring police to address particular issues and develop creative responses to each one rather than thinking in terms of global concepts such as crime and disorder is known as _____. A. community policing B. neighborhood-oriented policing C. reassurance policing D. problem-oriented policing

D. problem-oriented policing

Which of the following is the most common administrative arrangement concerning the police agencies of Indian tribes? A. The tribes exercise self-governance. B. The Bureau of Indian Affairs assumes policing responsibility. C. Agencies are created under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. D. Agencies employ the assistance of nearby local police departments.

C. Agencies are created under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act.

The reality of policing is that the police play an extremely A. civil role in society. B. community-oriented role in working with juveniles. C. complex role by dealing with the social issues of crime. D. aggressive role in dealing with gangs and drugs.

C. complex role by dealing with the social issues of crime.

Police officers began to carry _____ as standard equipment as crime and violence increased in the late 1800s. A. batons B. vehicles C. firearms D. tactical training manuals

C. firearms

Why are civilians often utilized in police work? A. Civilians are less expensive than sworn officers. B. Civilians implement community policing programs. C. Police often feel that certain jobs should not be done by them. D. It leads to improved community relations.

A. Civilians are less expensive than sworn officers.

Which of the following statements is true about the first American police officer who went out on patrol in 1838? A. He had to go out on foot. B. He had access to two-way radio. C. He had a manual of policies and procedures. D. He had received formal preservice training.

A. He had to go out on foot.

The authors list two major remedies for issues associated with fragmentation. They are A. consolidation and contracting. B. increased protection and crime reduction. C. higher arrests and prosecutions. D. effectiveness and efficiency.

A. consolidation and contracting.

Which of the following statements is true about the first policewomen? A. They did not perform regular patrol duty. B. They usually did not wear uniforms. C. They did not carry weapons. D. All of the answers are correct.

D. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following countries had the greatest impact on American policing? A. France B. Holland C. Italy D. England

D. England

Vincent believes that the organizational and operational structures of a police organization are solely determined by its political environment. He believes that powerful mayors and governors establish important laws that dictate policing norms in a community. Vincent would most likely support A. communism theory. B. safety valve theory. C. institutional theory. D. resource dependence theory.

C. institutional theory.

What is one of the benefits of police departments becoming "learning organizations"? A. The departments are able to achieve lower crime rates. B. Citizen satisfaction with police efforts increases. C. The police are better able to address problems concerning prevention efforts. D. The police can develop and implement changes according to their own needs.

D. The police can develop and implement changes according to their own needs.

Who among the following is known as the father of American police professionalism? A. August Vollmer B. Darryl Gates C. Theodore Roosevelt D. Robert Pee

A. August Vollmer

Why is the legal status of the sheriff unique? A. In most states, it is a constitutional office. B. Sheriffs are almost always appointed by the governor. C. Sheriffs are not involved in partisan politics. D. Sheriffs have more authority than city departments.

A. In most states, it is a constitutional office.

The study of criminal investigation that shattered traditional myths about detective work was known as the _____. A. Kerner Commission study B. Vollmer study C. Rand Corporation study D. CID Efficiency Measures study

A. Kerner Commission study

Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases established that evidence gathered in an illegal search and seizure could not be used against the defendant? A. Mapp v. Ohio B. Miranda v. Arizona C. Terry v. Ohio D. Gideon v. Wainwright

A. Mapp v. Ohio

Which of the following U.S. presidents was once the police commissioner of New York City? A. Theodore Roosevelt B. Franklin Roosevelt C. William Taft D. Woodrow Wilson

A. Theodore Roosevelt

During the political era in American policing, local politicians rewarded their friends with jobs on the police force. This practice was known as _____. A. political payback B. patronage C. job security D. nepotism

B. patronage

What does our political system ensure where the police are concerned? A. policing power and authority B. public control and accountability of the police C. fair allocation of monetary resources D. prosecution of the arrests made by the police

B. public control and accountability of the police

Pennsylvania is noted for A. starting the first modern police department in America. B. starting the first modern state police force. C. starting the first crime lab. D. All of the answers are correct.

B. starting the first modern state police force.

Which of the following is the reason why city police are the most important component of the law enforcement system in America? A. They receive the most money from allotted budgets. B. They are the most obvious component in any city. C. They represent a majority of all law enforcement agencies. D. They train for all potential situations in residential life.

C. They represent a majority of all law enforcement agencies.

Which of the following levels of government holds the primary responsibility for police protection? A. federal B. state and local C. cities and counties D. municipalities and corporations

C. cities and counties

During the nineteenth century, a major issue for political reformers of police was _____. A. training B. organizational professionalism C. corruption D. salaries

C. corruption

The great innovation of Robert Peel's new police, the London Metropolitan Police, was its mission of _____. A. supervising elections B. firearms training C. crime prevention D. collecting taxes

C. crime prevention

A police officer regularly arrests people from ethnic minorities in his community regardless of their role in any criminal activity. This is an example of A. redlining. B. nepotism. C. racial profiling. D. omission bias.

C. racial profiling.

Which of the following groups creates the myth of the crime-fighter police officer? A. the movies B. televisions shows about cops C. the news media D. All of the answers are correct.

D. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements characterizes the professionalization movement of police reform through the 1960s? A. The reformers sought to define policing as a profession. B. The reformers sought to eliminate the influence of politics on policing. C. The reformers argued in favor of hiring qualified chief executives to head police departments. D. All of the answers are correct.

D. All of the answers are correct.

When police officers conduct stops, searches, and arrests based on the race and ethnicity of people, they are most likely violating the _____ of the U.S. Constitution. A. Fifth Amendment B. Nineteenth Amendment C. Fifteenth Amendment D. Fourteenth Amendment

D. Fourteenth Amendment

What is the difference between state police and highway patrol? A. They are the same. B. Highway patrols have traffic authority only. C. State police work for the sheriff's department. D. State police have statewide police powers for traffic and criminal investigations.

D. State police have statewide police powers for traffic and criminal investigations.

Which of the following statements is true about police officers in the 1950s? A. They were mostly African Americans and Hispanics. B. They received police manuals containing policies on when to use deadly force. C. They were disciplined enough to use their billy club to beat someone up only when required. D. They were unconcerned about Supreme Court rulings on search and seizure.

D. They were unconcerned about Supreme Court rulings on search and seizure.

American policing is a product of _____. A. American expansion B. English heritage C. medieval history D. European descendants

B. English heritage

The Chicago Alternative Police Strategy is a type of A. community policing. B. team policing. C. problem-oriented policing. D. police-community relations.

A. community policing.

Decentralizing in policing occurs when A. the police place greater responsibility on rank-and-file officers at the neighborhood level to be more responsive to neighborhood residents. B. rules and policies that often stifle police creativity and do not encourage problem solving are eliminated. C. specialized units with neighborhood officers who are more knowledgeable about the problems that face their neighborhoods are established. D. the social and administrative distance between the beat officer and the chief of police is decreased.

A. the police place greater responsibility on rank-and-file officers at the neighborhood level to be more responsive to neighborhood residents.

Movies and television shows strengthen the impression that the police are highly successful in solving crimes, when in fact only _____ percent of all reported Index crimes are solved. A. 15 B. 20 C. 25 D. 30

B. 20

The annual average attrition rate for police is about 11 percent. Why, then, is hiring often delayed? A. Crime rates do not necessitate a need for more police services. B. Delays allow a city or county to cope with budget shortfalls. C. There is often a low turnover within municipal departments. D. Police would rather let a city spend its budget on pay raises than on the acquisition of new officers.

B. Delays allow a city or county to cope with budget shortfalls.

Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases established the requirement that police officers advise criminal suspects of their rights before interrogation? A. Mapp v. Ohio B. Miranda v. Arizona C. Terry v. Ohio D. Gideon v. Wainwright

B. Miranda v. Arizona

The difference between a law enforcement agency's approved allotment of officers and the number of officers currently employed is known as A. endorsed strength. B. authorized strength. C. personnel strength. D. sworn strength

B. authorized strength.

Many experts believe the quasi-military style is inappropriate for the police because it A. encourages undemocratic activities. B. deemphasizes job satisfaction. C. encourages the philosophy of the police fighting a "war on crime." D. inefficiently serves the citizen population.

C. encourages the philosophy of the police fighting a "war on crime."

Who among the following is known as the father of modern policing? A. August Vollmer B. Darryl Gates C. Theodore Roosevelt D. Robert Peel

D. Robert Peel

Which of the following is the major weakness with accreditation? A. Accreditation is mandatory and the process is long. B. The standards are too high. C. The standards are not universally applicable. D. There is no penalty for not being accredited.

D. There is no penalty for not being accredited.

Which of the following is an impact of the fragmentation of law enforcement in the United States? A. It can lead to crime displacement, especially with respect to vice crimes. B. It reduces the duplication of services, which results in decrease in costs. C. It establishes consistent standards for recruitment and salary. D. It can increase cooperation between agencies located in the same geographic area.

A. It can lead to crime displacement, especially with respect to vice crimes.

Which of the following statements is true about totalitarian societies? A. Police primarily follow the dictates of the supreme ruler. B. People have control over law enforcement agencies. C. Power is distributed equally among government officials. D. People can directly elect government officials.

A. Police primarily follow the dictates of the supreme ruler.

Rob says that the beat officers in his neighborhood are forced to consult many high ranking police officers before they make any decision because of the hierarchal system of the police department. This system makes it time-consuming for these officers and other lower-ranked police officers to take decisions in the event of an emergency. According to this scenario, which of the following should be done to improve the efficiency of policing in Rob's neighborhood? A. The police department should delayerize its structure. B. The police department should split tasks among different officers based on their area of specialization. C. The police department should have a centralized structure. D. The police department should add more beat officers to police the neighborhood.

A. The police department should delayerize its structure.

Which of the following is an outcome of civil service systems? A. They limit the opportunities and incentives for individual officers. B. They eliminate the pyramidal structure of police departments. C. They increase the power of police chiefs, allowing them to hire and fire personnel at will. D. They reduce the amount of funds available to administrators in implementing new strategies.

A. They limit the opportunities and incentives for individual officers.

There is no formal, centralized system for coordinating or regulating all of the different law enforcement agencies. This decentralization is known as A. fragmentation. B. agglomerization. C. industrial perspective. D. dispersed employment.

A. fragmentation.

The office of the coroner, or medical examiner, is often considered a law enforcement agency because it has the responsibility to A. investigate crimes. B. conduct autopsies. C. investigate the cause of death. D. assist police in murder investigations.

A. investigate crimes.

Almost every other country in the world has a centralized national police force. In American policing, there is a tradition of _____. A. local control B. continuous reform C. racial profiling D. strategic planning

A. local control

What is collective bargaining? A. negotiations involved in determining conditions of employment B. negotiations determining lesser sentences for criminals who supply the police with information C. methods of determining policing strategies for various units D. the method used by police unions in securing large federal grants

A. negotiations involved in determining conditions of employment

Some police officers regularly stop, search, and arrest African Americans more frequently than white Americans. This is an example of A. systematic bias. B. the halo effect. C. the spotlight effect. D. self-serving bias.

A. systematic bias.

On December 3, 1882, the New York City Police arrested 137 people for violating _____. A. the Sunday Closing Law B. the prohibition against drinking C. immigrations laws D. nudity laws

A. the Sunday Closing Law

Which of the following is the most important set of national standards related to police procedures? A. the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court B. the decisions of the appellate court C. the CALEA standards D. the Standards on National Policing

A. the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court

What is the underlying premise of contingency theory? A. the idea that organizations are created and structured to achieve specific goals B. the belief that police organizations are social institutions C. the idea that police organizations are dependent on others for resources D. the idea that organizations are only effective under strict management

A. the idea that organizations are created and structured to achieve specific goals

Which of the following is the most important feature of the law enforcement industry in the U.S.? A. the tradition of local political control B. the idea of self-governance C. the need for strong police presence D. the necessity of police accountability

A. the tradition of local political control

What is the purpose of civil service procedures? A. to ensure that personnel decisions are based on objective criteria B. to ensure that office politics do not interfere with departmental operations C. to allow government officials to maximize their career objectives D. to ensure that departmental policy is enforced equitably

A. to ensure that personnel decisions are based on objective criteria

Within almost all police departments there are "cliques," or informal networks of officers. What purpose does a horizontal clique serve? A. to protect officers from supervisory oversight and accountability B. to enhance conditions between patrol partners in long-term assignments C. to improve relations between supervisors and their staff D. to allow officers of the same rank to be promoted

A. to protect officers from supervisory oversight and accountability

Which of the following is an example of procedural justice? A. police officer gives an offender a traffic ticket for reckless driving. B. A police officer explains to a driver why he has to search the driver's car. C. A police officer arrests an offender for possessing illegal drugs. D. A police officer shows a group of children how to fasten a seat belt in a car during a training session

B. A police officer explains to a driver why he has to search the driver's car.

The idea of local control of police agencies was contributed to American policing by our _____. A. German heritage B. English heritage C. French heritage D. Roman heritage

B. English heritage

Because police strikes are highly controversial and sometimes illegal, what action do police officers usually take instead? A. They wait for their union to take action. B. There is a disruption of normally assigned duties. C. Patrol officers resign from the force. D. Officers stop responding to all calls for service.

B. There is a disruption of normally assigned duties.

What authority do most campus police in large universities have? A. They are essentially security. B. They have general arrest powers. C. They are nonsworn officers but have detainment authority. D. Their authority is dependent on the dean's authority.

B. They have general arrest powers.

Which of the following is a responsibility of Customs and Border Protection (CBP)? A. To protect current and former U.S. presidents, vice presidents, and their immediate family members. B. To ensure that persons and cargo enter the United States legally and safely through official ports of entry. C. To investigate cross-border criminal activity such as cybercrimes and human trafficking. D. To prepare for, prevent, and respond to natural and human-made disasters.

B. To ensure that persons and cargo enter the United States legally and safely through official ports of entry.

Under COMPSTAT, how is crime control achieved? A. through faster response times B. by holding commanders accountable C. by increasing arrest rates D. by introducing crackdowns on repeat offenders

B. by holding commanders accountable

The method of determining conditions of employment through bilateral negotiations is known as A. grievance process. B. collective bargaining. C. shared working improvement. D. police labor movement.

B. collective bargaining.

The standard measure for the level of police protection in a community, usually expressed as the number of sworn officers per thousand residents, is called A. community-police ratio. B. police-population ratio. C. police-protection ratio. D. crime-police ratio.

B. police-population ratio.

The agency having statewide police powers for traffic regulation and criminal investigation is known as A. highway patrol. B. state police. C. Department of Transportation. D. Department of Criminal Justice.

B. state police.

The legislation allowing federal authorities to sue law enforcement agencies if there is a "pattern or practice" of abuse of citizen rights is called _____. A. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act B. the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act C. the 1999 CALEA, Section 6 D. Section 1983 of Federal Civil Rights Act

B. the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act

The greatest changes in policing came during A. the police professional movement of the 1920s. B. the last decade of the twentieth century. C. the radical upheavals of the 1960s. D. the 1850s in England.

B. the last decade of the twentieth century.

The degree of specialization in a police department depends on A. the ratio of men to women in the police department. B. the nature of its problems. C. the budget allocated for the police department. D. the standards set by the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA).

B. the nature of its problems.

One police practice that offends the public and undermines the trust and legitimacy of police officers is A. the use of semi-automatic pistols in police raids. B. the requirement of police officers to make a certain number of arrests per year. C. the use of undercover cops in monitoring terrorist activities in the country. D. the employment of a higher number of police officers in urban areas than in rural areas.

B. the requirement of police officers to make a certain number of arrests per year.

Who among the following is most famous for advocating higher education for police officers, hiring college graduates in Berkeley, and organizing the first college-level police science courses at the University of California in 1916? A. O. W. Wilson B. Theodore Roosevelt C. August Vollmer D. Alice Stebbins Wells

C. August Vollmer

In the context of policing, which of the following statements is true about de-escalation? A. It involves an overly lenient style of policing. B. It should be used when there is a clear threat of a physical attack on a police officer. C. It avoids unnecessary use-of-force incidents. D. It is mostly used by police officers who want to overpower and repress violators.

C. It avoids unnecessary use-of-force incidents.

Which of the following statements is true about problem-oriented policing? A. It is the least popular form of policing. B. It involves aggregating multiple problems into a single problem. C. It is a proactive approach of responding to crime and disorder. D. It is ineffective in identifying recurring problems.

C. It is a proactive approach of responding to crime and disorder.

Why is it important to take an industry perspective on policing? A. It provides an understanding of police accountability. B. It serves to compare police services with other professions. C. It provides a comprehensive picture of all the different producers of police services. D. It provides minimum standards to compare various police services.

C. It provides a comprehensive picture of all the different producers of police services.

The guide that ensures that personnel decisions are based on objective criteria and not on favoritism, bias, or political influence is called the A. reward system. B. accountability system. C. civil service system. D. ethics appointment system.

C. civil service system.

According to Lee Brown, which of the following models of sheriff's departments handles only court-related duties? A. correctional-judicial model B. full-service model C. civil-judicial model D. law enforcement model

C. civil-judicial model

The belief that organizations are created and structured to achieve specific goals, such as crime control, is called A. police administration theory. B. police management theory. C. contingency theory. D. institutional theory.

C. contingency theory.

The dominant theoretical framework for understanding the structures and practices of police organizations is A. police administration theory. B. police management theory. C. contingency theory. D. institutional theory.

C. contingency theory.

As a result of the crime-fighter image of the police, police officers A. tend to engage more in de-escalation. B. avoid the use of force in most encounters. C. feel encouraged to adopt a "warrior" mindset. D. tend to conceal use-of-force incident information from the public.

C. feel encouraged to adopt a "warrior" mindset.

According to the text, when the union and the city cannot agree on a contract a(n) _____ exists. A. strike B. problem C. impasse D. default

C. impasse

SMART Policing Initiative (SPI), sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, sought to encourage A. local agencies to show reduced crime statistics. B. covering extraordinary policing expenses. C. local police to focus their resources on places and people that are most responsible for crime and violence. D. federal agencies to establish a minimum police-population ratio or set standards for patrol operations.

C. local police to focus their resources on places and people that are most responsible for crime and violence.

County police departments involve A. police that only have detainment authority and no law responsibility. B. departments that engage in continuous evaluations of municipal police. C. municipal police that operate on a countywide basis. D. All of the answers are correct.

C. municipal police that operate on a countywide basis.

The failure of police reform is attributed to _____. A. reform by politicians B. police professionalization C. police corruption D. lack of citizen support

C. police corruption

Herman Goldstein developed the concept of A. community policing. B. team policing. C. problem-oriented policing. D. police-community relations.

C. problem-oriented policing.

The practice of police making traffic stops solely on the basis of the drivers' race and not on the basis of any suspected criminal activity is formally referred to as _____. A. selective enforcement B. driving while black C. racial profiling D. illegal traffic enforcement

C. racial profiling

Which of the following is the largest federal law enforcement agency in the U.S.? A. the INS and ATF departments B. the DEA and U.S. Forest Service C. the U.S. Customs and Border Protection D. the FBI and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

C. the U.S. Customs and Border Protection

American law enforcement agencies are organized along quasi-military lines. This means that A. the military may be called upon to assist the police under certain conditions. B. the tactics used by the police today are a direct copy of the original military strategies used in early sixteenth century. C. the police resemble the military in some but not all respects. D. the military regularly allocates surplus resources to the police.

C. the police resemble the military in some but not all respects.

What is the community policing movement attempting to accomplish? A. to reduce the overall crime rate B. to improve neighborhood conditions C. to restore and develop the citizen role as coproducers of police services D. to improve satisfaction with police services by reducing the response time to calls for service

C. to restore and develop the citizen role as coproducers of police services

The early method of policing used to guard against fires, crime, and disorder throughout the day was known as the _____. A. constable B. fragmented system C. watch D. maintenance of order

C. watch

The process of replacing sworn officers with nonsworn personnel for certain positions is known as A. authorization. B. cost management. C. effective utilization. D. civilianization.

D. civilianization.

What does the emphasis on decentralized policing under the community policing policy suggest about small local law enforcement agencies? A. They might be preferable to large consolidated agencies. B. They should be consolidated. C. They are less desirable than large consolidated agencies. D. They are less productive than consolidated agencies.

A. They might be preferable to large consolidated agencies.

What happens when the police union and the management cannot agree on a contract? A. They move to impasse procedures. B. The police go on strike. C. A bond vote takes place to determine police benefits. D. The city initiates hiring procedures for new personnel.

A. They move to impasse procedures.

Which of the following statements is true about multiagency task forces? A. They typically consist of two or more sworn officers from several participating agencies. B. They exclude low ranking police officers from making decisions about police policy. C. They create duplication of services in their surrounding communities. D. They reduce the amount of information that officers have at their disposal.

A. They typically consist of two or more sworn officers from several participating agencies.

Why does relying on the Supreme Court to define minimum standards for police have serious limitations? A. It is unconstitutional. B. Most aspects of policing do not raise issues of constitutional law. C. The Supreme Court cannot impose sanctions on departmental violations. D. The Supreme Court is too partisan to make unbiased decisions concerning law enforcement.

B. Most aspects of policing do not raise issues of constitutional law.

The method of determining conditions of employment through bilateral negotiations is called A. arguing. B. collective bargaining. C. debating. D. conflicting.

B. collective bargaining.

Which of the following is an example of the impact of police unions? A. an increase in citizen involvement in police politics B. an increase in the funds available for grievance litigation C. a reduction in the power of police chiefs D. an increase in the power of police chiefs

C. a reduction in the power of police chiefs

The process of collective bargaining is designed to A. ensure permanency of job for employees in their organizations. B. ensure the promotion of every intern in their organizations. C. allow employees to have a right to participate in negotiations over their working conditions. D. allow entry-level employees to determine their own recruitment and transfer policies in their organizations.

C. allow employees to have a right to participate in negotiations over their working conditions.

England has _____ police departments. A. 2,354 B. 653 C. 435 D. 43

D. 43

Which of the following is a similarity between coroners and medical examiners? A. Both receive special training in death investigation. B. Both are appointed by an elected official. C. Both are typically elected to their positions. D. Both are responsible for the investigation of deaths.

D. Both are responsible for the investigation of deaths.

Which of the following Department of Justice agencies was found guilty of spying on individuals and groups because of their political beliefs and for conducting illegal wiretaps? A. U.S. Marshals Service B. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) C. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) D. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

D. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

How do interagency task forces address problems within the traditional police organizational structure? A. They allow for crime prevention. B. They decrease crime rate more efficiently. C. They lead to increased citizen satisfaction with policing efforts. D. They increase the likelihood that innovations will be accepted within the organization.

D. They increase the likelihood that innovations will be accepted within the organization.

Most large police agencies engage in collective bargaining procedures. What are the findings concerning agencies that do not engage in collective bargaining? A. The officers of these agencies have higher job satisfaction. B. Officers spend more time and efforts on crime prevention. C. These officers are typically better paid due to the availability of funds. D. They typically do not receive shift differential pay or education incentive pay.

D. They typically do not receive shift differential pay or education incentive pay.

A police union is an A. organization designed to inhibit the abilities of civil service agencies. B. industry geared toward profiting from the low job satisfaction experienced by a majority of police officers. C. organization legally authorized to represent police administrators in providing police officers with needed equipment. D. organization legally authorized to represent police officers in collective bargaining.

D. organization legally authorized to represent police officers in collective bargaining.

Which of the following is the most important law Congress has passed that applies directly to state and local enforcement agencies? A. the Social Security Act B. the Gun Control Act C. the Violent Crime Control Act D. the 1964 Civil Rights Act

D. the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Robert Peel designed the London Metropolitan Police along the lines of A. the catholic church. B. the shipping bureaucracy. C. the East Indian Company. D. the military.

D. the military.

Which of the following statements is true of police officers adopting the "warrior" mindset of policing? A. Police officers typically de-escalate encounters to offset the presence of a physical threat in a situation. B. Police officers are more likely to take independent decisions. C. Police officers actively interact with community members and take a proactive approach to policing. D. Police officers tend to view the members of the public as the "enemy."

D. Police officers tend to view the members of the public as the "enemy."

Herman Goldstein developed POP. This stands for A. police operations procedure. B. pals of police. C. problems of policing. D. problem-oriented policing.

D. problem-oriented policing.

One of the most dramatic expressions of the new police subculture was the emergence of _____. A. police unions B. alienation of individual officers C. stress management programs D. sexual harassment legislation

A. police unions

In the nineteenth century, the major component that influenced every aspect of American policing was _____. A. politics B. incompetence C. minorities D. inefficiency

A. politics

Who among the following started the International Association of Policewomen in 1915? A. Alice Stebbins Wells B. Gale Sweeney C. Jennifer Rossi D. Nicole Waters

A. Alice Stebbins Wells

Identify a true statement about the appointment of police officials in the United States. A. Mayors appoint police chiefs. B. The president of the United States appoints the head of state police agencies. C. The Supreme Court directly appoints the directors of federal law enforcement agencies. D. The vice president of the United States appoints county sheriffs.5. Which of the following is an example of procedural justice?

A. Mayors appoint police chiefs.

Most of a police agency's budget goes toward A. insurance. B. personnel costs. C. litigation fees. D. technological advances.

B. personnel costs.

The policing strategy requiring police to develop partnerships with neighborhood residents, develop programs for specific problems, and lower decision-making in the chain of command is known as _____. A. problem-oriented policing B. team policing C. neighborhood-oriented policing D. community policing

D. community policing

In the context of policing, one of the recommendations made by the President's Task Force is to A. increase the number of arrests made per year by 15 percent. B. ensure that quotas for the number of traffic tickets are met every year. C. promote the "warrior" mindset rather than the "guardian" mindset among police officers. D. make official policies and procedures publicly available.

D. make official policies and procedures publicly available.

The two most important law enforcement agencies that appeared before World War I were _____. A. organized local and state police B. the DEA and Homeland Security C. Pennsylvania State Constabulary and Texas Rangers D. the state police and the Bureau of Investigation

D. the state police and the Bureau of Investigation

Which of the following factors have contributed to the eradication of most of the constable's function? A. budget cuts and the lack of public interest B. community policing developments and crime growth C. the development of the criminal justice system D. urbanization and the growth of city departments

D. urbanization and the growth of city departments

Which of the following is the purpose of the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)? A. To improve the nature of the medical insurance ratings for law enforcement agencies B. To establish and maintain a set of professional standards in police work C. To improve the standardization of training for officers in law enforcement agencies D. To improve standards for officers throughout the nation

B. To establish and maintain a set of professional standards in police work

Which of the following statements is true about police officers during the political era in American policing? A. They were selected entirely on the basis of their political connections. B. They received formal preservice training before they were sent out on patrol duty. C. They were generally paid lower salaries than those holding blue-collar jobs. D. They patrolled in cars and had access to two-way radios.

A. They were selected entirely on the basis of their political connections.

There are two schools of thought on how to improve police organizations. The dominant school accepts the basic principles of the organization and seeks to apply them more effectively. Which of the following statements is true about this approach? A. This approach seeks to gain greater control of discretion through written rules. B. This approach seeks to use alternative decision-making procedures that operate within the existing formal structure via task forces. C. This approach seeks to employ community policing programs. D. This approach seeks to employ zero-tolerance policing programs.

A. This approach seeks to gain greater control of discretion through written rules.

Community policing is an alternative to the traditional form of policing. Its placement of greater responsibility on officers to be more responsive to neighborhood residents is an attempt to _____ more traditional organizations. A. decentralize B. deformalize C. despecialize D. delayerize

A. decentralize

There no agreement about the exact size of federal law enforcement activities because A. many federal agencies have enforcement or regulatory powers. B. most federal agencies are general service agencies. C. most federal agencies provide protection services but not criminal investigations. D. most federal agencies provide criminal investigation services but not protection.

A. many federal agencies have enforcement or regulatory powers.

A type of structure of police organizations consisting of officers from different ranks within the same agency is known as a A. task force. B. response unit. C. tactical response. D. task crime unit.

A. task force.

The use of the two-way radio by police became widespread in the _____. A. 1920s B. 1930s C. 1940s D. 1950s

B. 1930s

The most important new figure in American law enforcement in the 1930s was the director of the Bureau of Investigation, _____. A. Ernesto Miranda B. J. Edgar Hoover C. Elliot Ness D. Darryl Gates

B. J. Edgar Hoover

Why are bureaucracies often accused of being too self-serving and inward looking? A. There is too much administrative influence. B. Organizational self-protection and survival are seen to take precedence over the goals of the organization. C. Litigation fees and insurance take precedence. D. There are too many policies limiting police exposure to the public.

B. Organizational self-protection and survival are seen to take precedence over the goals of the organization.

Which of the following is a responsibility of civil service agencies? A. developing strategies to involve the community in policing B. developing disciplinary procedures for personnel C. conducting training academies for new personnel D. developing new community policing strategies

B. developing disciplinary procedures for personnel

Which of the following is a criticism of the bureaucratic form of police organization? A. It is unable to adapt to meet internal needs. B. There is excessive communications training. C. It is too rigid. D. The police are overly invasive toward the people they serve.

C. It is too rigid.

An organization legally authorized to represent police officers in collective bargaining with the employer is called A. a civil service administration. B. the brotherhood. C. a police union. D. an agent.

C. a police union.

Police unions have had a powerful impact on American policing. Most important, they have produced significant improvements in A. the hiring of female officers. B. the hiring of minorities. C. police officers' salaries and benefits. D. the rising educational levels of new recruits.

C. police officers' salaries and benefits.

In the Police Service Study (PSS), the researchers found that _____ percent of the total calls for police services involved a violent crime. A. 20 B. 15 C. 10 D. 2

D. 2

Which of the following is the major problem concerning the law enforcement fragmentation issue? A. a high demand leading to budgeting shortcuts B. a decline in citizen satisfaction with law enforcement efforts C. a rise in overall crime rate and low crime-prevention capabilities D. a lack of coordination between agencies in the same geographic area

D. a lack of coordination between agencies in the same geographic area

Which of the following is not a model of a sheriff department as identified by Lee Brown? A. full-service model B. law-enforcement model C. civil-judicial model D. correctional-civil model

D. correctional-civil model

2. An important criticism of the quasi-military style is the A. potential abuse of tax funds. B. potential abuse of military-police authority. C. increase of personnel morale under false pretenses. D. cultivation of an "us versus them" attitude.

D. cultivation of an "us versus them" attitude.

What are civil service procedures? A. informal procedures governing office politics B. procedures dictating departmental policy C. procedures protecting government officials from scrutiny D. formal and legally binding procedures governing personnel decisions

D. formal and legally binding procedures governing personnel decisions

Which theory holds that police organizations are social institutions that operate in relation to their external social and political environment? A. police administration theory B. police management theory C. contingency theory D. institutional theory

D. institutional theory

What is the purpose of grievance procedures? A. to provide employers with a way around civil service limitations B. to provide officers with an avenue for expressing their concerns with policies C. to allow paid leave for family emergencies D. to provide due process in resolving appeals for contract violations

D. to provide due process in resolving appeals for contract violations