Political Science chapters 7-13
Suppose that split-ticket voting is common in Country B. Country B is more likely than other countries to experience __________.
divided government
Two people are most likely to engage in bartering when __________.
each of them provides a service that the other needs, and the two services are roughly equivalent in value
According to the rational-material story, leaders of the Arab Spring hoped above all that democracy would bring __________.
economic benefits to more of the population
As modern liberals see it, well-crafted public-private partnerships are important to secure both __________.
economic justice and economic growth
The leaders of an authoritarian regime are least likely to worry about losing power because of __________.
economic sanctions imposed by an international institution
When a country begins to use standardized shipping containers more widely, which of these is most likely to rise as a result?
its trade-to-GDP ratio
The choice between a single-member plurality system and a proportional representation system tends to impact the __________.
level of control party leaders can expect to have over their members
Which ideology is most likely to approve of a constitutional amendment establishing a minimum of thirty-five percent female representation in the legislature?
liberal
Social and ideological changes in revolutionary-era France impacted modern warfare by __________.
making war the responsibility of all members of society
Military regimes typically have a shorter life span than other authoritarian regimes because __________.
military leaders are rarely equipped to handle broad political and social issues
Suppose a political scientist points out that today's most democratic regimes emerged at strikingly different stages of economic development. This person most likely rejects __________.
modernization theory
Mr. Barnes is in a three-way race for a city council seat. Exactly 1,000 votes were cast. If the city uses a plurality form of majoritarianism, Mr. Barnes will win the seat if he receives _________.
more votes than either of the other candidates
A political scientist using the rational-material approach to political explanation is most likely to reference which of these concepts when explaining why the United States and the Soviet Union never directly fought each other?
mutually assured destruction
Which authoritarian form typically maintains control by creating the most massive organizational structure?
one-party regime
The introduction of conscription was a(n) __________ change in the nature of warfare.
organizational
A political scientist committed to the institutional approach to political explanation would expect to find a connection between the rise of pro-democracy movements and __________.
organizational bases of local mobilization like unions or religious associations
Employment rates are less responsive to economic conditions in Germany than in the United States because __________.
Germany has more worker protection policies in place than the United States does
Suppose you are an impoverished, low-skilled worker in a developed nation. Although the poor are thought to be the most vulnerable to the negative effects of globalization, what is one possible benefit of globalization that disproportionately benefits the poor?
Globalization introduces cheaper, imported consumer goods that poor people would not have been able to afford before.
Which of the following statements best compares policy making in different legal systems?
Judges in code-law systems have fewer opportunities to shape policy than judges in common-law systems.
Which of these expressions best characterizes a society with a strong rule of law?
Justice will be done.
Suppose a developing country has high rates of economic growth for five years in a row, followed by a severe recession. The legislature passes an emergency budget that grows government spending by 200 percent. This action is an example of __________.
Keynesian policy
Which of these, if true, would provide some support for a rational-material explanation of the origin of Germany's welfare system?
Labor conflict in Germany subsided significantly after the first welfare programs were established.
How did the Great Recession impact the debate about neoliberalism?
It suggested to many that insufficiently regulated markets could lead to severe problems.
On what grounds do neoliberals argue that government intervention in the economy is immoral?
It weakens self-reliance and increases dependency.
A conservative would most likely make which of these critiques of the U.S. legal system?
Its functioning distorts the founders' intentions.
Which statement best explains why it is problematic to make a cultural argument about the benefits of different types of bureaucracies?
People in different countries could easily disagree about the role of bureaucracy for purely cultural reasons.
Which of these titles most clearly demonstrates an institutional approach to explaining the prevailing strength of free-trade doctrines among American politicians?
The Special Lobbying Channels of Multinational Corporations
Which of these book titles most likely fits a cross-case methodology based on an institutional approach to political explanation?
The State, Labor Unions, and Industrialization Across East Asia
Which of the following is the best example of judicial review in action?
The Supreme Court voids the portion of a state election law that requires voters to show a driver's license before voting.
What is one reason why bureaucrats in the United States have less power to make policy than their French or Japanese counterparts?
The U.S. system assigns more policy-making powers to legislative committees.
Which of these statements about the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan most closely fits within the psychological framework?
The U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan was a natural reaction of revenge for the Taliban's role in the September 11th terrorist attacks.
Which statement explains how present-day terrorists differ from late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century anarchist terrorists?
They focus more on creating fear among civilians than on killing political leaders.
Which of these individuals would be the most vulnerable to the forces of globalization?
a textile worker in Western Europe
Which of these is a check on executive power in a parliamentary system of government?
a vote of no confidence
The United Nations Security Council has the ability to __________.
authorize members of the United Nations to deal with military and humanitarian crises
Suppose a political pundit is a critic of the alternative voting system. This pundit could argue against adopting such a system by pointing to the potential for __________.
overly complex choices causing voter fatigue
Which problem does the system of proportional representation help solve?
overrepresentation
A charismatic leader is more likely to become the chief executive under which type of system?
presidential
Suppose that Country W has a divided government. It is likely that this country has which type of system?
presidential
A system of checks and balances is generally created in order to __________.
prevent a tyranny of the majority
Laverne is a registered Democrat, but she lives in a state where she can vote in the Republican primary if she chooses. This rule is most likely intended to do which of the following?
prevent the parties from becoming controlled by a small group of party activists
A conservative would most likely oppose an independent action taken by a __________.
professional member of the foreign service
An international organization focused on human development would be most likely to undertake which of these projects?
promoting universal literacy in developing nations
Which of the following is an example of the first stage of policy making?
proposing ways to reduce the nation's dependence on energy imports
Globalization seems to dovetail nicely with the liberal ideology because the processes of globalization have __________.
provided individuals with expanded choice
Modern liberals and neoliberals are most likely to disagree about which of these policies?
providing free higher education for all high-school graduates
Suppose a recession in Country X results in the socialist government getting voted out of office. The new government is led by neoliberals. It is likely that the government will __________.
sell off as many state-owned enterprises as possible
Economic shock therapy prescribes which of the following measures?
selling off state-owned industries to reduce government participation in the economy
A neoconservative would most likely support which of these policies?
sending troops to overthrow a dictator who poses a threat to the security of the region
A conservative would most likely oppose a bureaucrat having the power to _________.
set emissions levels for automobiles manufactured in the United States
An authoritarian government's greatest challenge is __________.
setting up an organization capable of maintaining control over the population
A conservative is most likely to object to which of these actions by the U.S. government?
signing an international treaty on human rights
The existence of political parties can help reduce voter fatigue by __________.
simplifying the task of evaluating a large number of candidates
Suppose the communist government in Country X has just been replaced by a multiparty democratic system with competitive elections. A double transition would occur within Country X if __________.
the newly-elected leadership pushed the country quickly toward a fully free-market system
Suppose a prime minister who runs a coalition government calls a snap election. Which statement describes the most likely reason for this action?
the prime minister hopes to strengthen the coalition by increasing his or her personal popularity
Present-day terrorism functions largely by __________.
creating a disproportionate fear among civilians of being a victim of a terror attack
A study of globalization undertaken from an institutional approach is most likely to examine which of the following?
the special access of corporate interests in determining U.S. policy toward trade and globalization
Which benefit of globalization fits most neatly within the core ideals of classical liberalism?
the spread of free-trade policies
Suppose a political scientist is engaging in cross-case research on the rise of the welfare state. If this researcher used an institutional approach to political explanation, the study could focus on __________.
the way the public education system in various countries contributes to worker training and job placement
A liberal critic of the American bureaucracy would most likely worry about a bureaucrat __________.
violating the privacy rights of American citizens
Suppose you run a hedge fund that is looking to make long-term investments in the developing world. You would most likely look for countries with __________.
well-established property rights and the rule of law
Proxy wars are most likely to be fought under which of these conditions?
when great powers have so much destructive capacity that it is irrational for them to fight each other directly
Mrs. Kaminski is running for a city council seat in a single-member district. She will win the seat with 45 percent of the vote under which set of rules?
winner-take-all plurality
What do the export-led and import-substitution models have in common?
They both recommend using targeted protectionism.
Which of these is an example of a global supply chain?
A television is assembled in Japan from parts made in Vietnam and Thailand.
Which statement best compares judges in a common law system with judges in a code law system?
Common law judges generally have more discretion to affect policy than code law judges do.
What impact did the development of nation-states have on warfare?
It made them more deadly but less common.
Which of the following is a possible negative consequence of economic liberalization?
It may widen economic inequalities.
Managed accountability provides which of these benefits to authoritarian regimes?
It provides citizens with some sense of input or political choice.
Which of these statements by a pro-democracy leader of the Arab Spring would provide the best evidence for an ideational explanation of the Arab Spring uprisings?
"Everyone deserves to live in a free and democratic nation."
Which statement most likely comes from a legislator who is reluctant to cast a "no confidence" vote?
"I'm worried that I might end up losing my seat in the ensuing election."
Suppose that Madame Nunez is the president of a newly-democratized, multi-ethnic nation. Before becoming president, she was educated in the United States as a political scientist and believes that institutional dynamics are more important than rational-material or ideational dynamics. Madame Nunez would be most likely to make which of these statements in an effort to strengthen popular support for her government?
"Our must crucial accomplishment is that the rule of law has now been firmly established in our country."
Which of these would make the best motto for the Malaysian government's approach to the economy?
"Private Sector Growth through Public Sector Action"
Suppose a democratic country is addressing an economic downturn by voting on a stimulus package. Which of these is most likely to be the neoliberal response to this vote?
"Using a stimulus to promote economic growth is shortsighted."
Which of these arguments relies on a psychological explanation for the Afghanistan War?
"We were attacked, and we're going to destroy those who attacked us."
The problem of over-representation is least likely to occur when a country has __________.
A system of proportional representation
A small group of extremely liberal Democrats is most likely to have a disproportionate impact on electoral outcomes in which of the following situations?
A closed primary is used to select the Democratic Party's nominees for office
An extremist party with five percent of the seats in the legislature will have the greatest amount of power in which of the following situations?
A coalition of two other parties control forty-eight percent of the seats in the legislature
What advantage does a military dictatorship have over other types of dictatorships?
A military dictatorship eliminates the need for a secondary security force.
An environmentalist and a fascist would agree most strongly with which of these statements?
A nation should advance other goals besides maximizing private wealth.
To a realist, which of these is the most legitimate justification for war?
A neighboring country has taken control of territory that belongs to your country.
How did the Pendleton Act of 1883 impact governance in the United States?
It reduced the incentives parties could offer to attract supporters.
A political scientist who uses the ideational approach to explanation would be most likely to make which of the following claims?
Although Americans tend to admire large private corporations, they doubt the ability of large public institutions to solve problems.
Which of these is the strongest evidence for an institutional explanation of the weak bureaucracy in the United States?
American bureaucrats typically earn lower salaries than people performing similar jobs in the private sector.
Which of these is a piece of evidence that could be used to support modernization theory?
An authoritarian regime in a country experiencing steady economic growth allows the citizens of small villages to choose their own mayors democratically.
The evolution of hybrid regimes demonstrates which of these points?
Authoritarian regimes recognize the ideological pull of democracy.
Why are backbenchers often compliant with the executive's wishes in parliamentary systems with strong parties?
Average members of the legislature depend on the prime minister for promotion and support.
Which of these facts would contribute most to a rational-material explanation of the rising popularity of socialism among American workers during the Progressive Era?
Average wages for industrial workers were rising much less quickly than prices.
Which statement best explains how terrorism and warfare are similar?
Both are forms of political violence that seek to reshape the world.
What do the two-round system and the alternative vote system have in common?
Both are used in majoritarian systems to ensure that the winner receives more than half of the votes
What do the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have in common?
Both create special trade relations among members.
What do authoritarian and democratic regimes have in common?
Both have difficulty maintaining stability over time when the country is poor.
Which of the following describes what Islamists and fascists have in common?
Both view free markets as acceptable but secondary to other goals.
Which statement best explains why bureaucrats in the United States have an advantage over elected officials in the policy-making process?
Bureaucrats have expert knowledge that provides them with more leverage.
Which statement makes a cultural argument that China is unlikely to democratize?
China has a collectivist rather than an individualistic culture.
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China is lower than it is in the United States. This means that __________.
China has a lower standard of living than the United States
Which statement best contrasts American liberal and conservative views on bureaucracy?
Conservatives oppose the growth of the bureaucracy while liberals see the need for a more expansive bureaucracy.
The establishment of the Department of Homeland Security created a large new bureaucracy. Which statement best explains why conservatives were largely unopposed to this action?
Conservatives tend to accept the necessity of a large and powerful security apparatus.
Which of the following basic principles distinguishes common law from civil law systems?
Decisions in common law systems are partly based on tradition and precedent, while decisions in civil law systems are based on strict adherence to a text.
Which of the following is a liberal argument against the United States adopting policies intended to spread democracy abroad?
Democratization works best when it is the result of internal pressures and led by a home-grown movement.
Which of the following reasons is the best explanation for why rich countries in the developed world long enjoyed trade surpluses over developing countries until the 1970s or so?
Developing countries were historically only able to export raw materials, whereas wealthy countries could sell them value-added products.
Suppose a political scientist is designing a questionnaire for a study about globalization and the American economy. Which of these potential questions would best fit a study that is taking an ideational approach to political explanation?
Do you believe that the government should intervene in the market to protect its citizens from globalization?
Which of the following problems may result from a developing country liberalizing its policies and opening its markets?
Foreign firms may outcompete local producers and send their profits abroad.
Suppose the Brazilian currency experiences major volatility between 2009 and 2010. This is most likely to be associated with which of the following during that period of time?
Foreign investment in Brazil changed dramatically within the year.
What is the main difference between the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
GATT was a form of treaty-based cooperation, while the WTO is a permanent institution.
Which of these statements fits most closely within the ideational framework?
If liberal norms were accepted everywhere, warfare would be virtually eliminated.
A realist would most likely accept which of these statements?
If the Iraqi military were a more even match for the U.S. military, there never would have been an Iraq War.
Which of these statements about the civil service is accurate?
In countries with weak civil service, top bureaucrats are often appointed on the basis of party loyalty.
Which statement best explains why legislators in presidential systems tend to be more independent of executives than legislators in parliamentary systems?
In presidential systems, legislators have their own electoral base.
Which idea provides part of the theoretical foundation for capitalism?
Individual freedom is more important than anything else.
Which statement would a liberal most likely make to support the adoption of a mixed-market model?
Individuals need access to resources as well as freedom from restraint in order to be truly free.
Which policy did China pursue as part of its pathway from a fully planned economy to a mixed economy?
It attempted to make state-run enterprises more competitive and profitable.
How does a system of codetermination impact a country's labor market?
It broadens the power of workers.
Which of the following was the primary critique of neoliberalism before the 2009 financial crisis?
It contributed to greater income inequality
Suppose that an underdeveloped nation is considering whether or not to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). Which of the following is a reason why that nation might decide NOT to join?
It does not want to submit to decisions made by a foreign body.
What is the best way to describe the impact of globalization on developing countries?
It has brought them more foreign investment but made them vulnerable to rapid shifts in financial markets.
Which statement best describes the development of international law since the end of World War II?
It has gradually placed limits on the sovereignty of nations that participate in international institutions.
Which statement describes how the Chinese economy has changed since the 1950s?
It has moved from a command economy to a mixed economy.
Which statement explains the way globalization has impacted different groups of people throughout the world?
It has widened the gap between the rich and the poor within countries, but has benefited the global middle class in many developing nations.
Which statement about the relationship between ideologies and electoral systems is most accurate?
Liberals and conservatives share an interest in the way electoral systems are designed
Which of these, if true, would best support a rational-material explanation of the weakness of the American bureaucracy?
Life in the United States is so stable and prosperous that most Americans do not feel insecure enough to need a strong bureaucracy.
Which statement best explains how someone can win a seat in the legislature under a majoritarian system without winning more than half of the votes?
Majoritarian systems usually use the plurality rule to give the victory to the candidate with the most overall votes.
Which statement is a Marxist argument against a factory owner keeping the profits from the goods produced in the factory?
Making a financial investment does not count as real labor.
In which way does Iran's theocratic form of authoritarianism help sustain it?
Many Iranian people believe that their rulers have a divine mandate.
Mexico's Gini index score is about twice as high as Denmark's. Which statement best explains what this means?
Mexico has a much larger gap between the rich and the poor than Denmark does.
Today, most governments still impose some tariffs on imported goods, and many use other kinds of regulations to further limit imports. This demonstrates which of the following claims?
Most countries operate with a mixed economy.
Which statement explains why an environmentalist could support rather than oppose globalization?
Most environmental problems require international cooperation in order to be solved.
Parliamentary systems differ from presidential systems in which of the following ways?
Parliamentary systems make the executive dependent on support in the legislature.
A man sues his neighbor for fishing in a lake on his property. In deciding the case, the judge acknowledges that the neighbor has trespassed on the neighbor's property, yet he dismisses the case without awarding damages to the property owner. Which of these statements would be a common-law rationale for this ruling?
Neighbors have fished on that property for decades without interference.
A country undergoing a double transition faces which of these challenges?
Newly-elected leaders may be reluctant to privatize industries because of concerns about the resulting unemployment.
The concept of a democratic peace is based on which claim?
No democracy has ever fought a war with another democracy.
Which statement explains why one-party regimes have an advantage over newly-democratized regimes when it comes to changing the model of economic development?
One-party regimes are more insulated from public opinion.
Which of these statements would make the best argument for a progressive system of taxation?
People with greater financial resources should contribute more to the upkeep of the government.
Why do one-party regimes often have an easier time than other authoritarian forms maintaining control over a country?
Political parties tend to extend their influence more deeply into society than other authoritarian forms.
Which statement best explains how presidentialism impacts the checks and balances system?
Presidentialism sets up competing forces within the government to slow the policymaking process
The use of guerrilla warfare during the twentieth century illustrated which of these points?
Strong military capability is not always the deciding factor in who wins a war.
An advocate of the Washington Consensus would most likely recommend which of the following for a developing country?
Reduce tariffs and eliminate all other obstacles to imports of goods and capital.
The political side effects of globalization include __________.
a reduction in many nations' control over domestic economic policy
Suppose that the city of Bankcroft is divided into four geographic regions. Each region is represented by one member of the of the city council. Suppose the Mrs. Caroline received 38 percent of the votes cast for the city seat for South Bancroft. If she is now a member of the Bankcroft city council, the city adheres to which type of system?
Singl- member plurality
Which statement accurately compares the single-member plurality system with the system of proportional representation?
Single-member leaded to a representation of people while proportional representation leads to a representation of parties
How do socialists differ from liberals in their views on economic growth?
Socialists worry more about the distributional problems created by free markets than liberals do.
Which of these is most likely to be accepted by a liberal as a legitimate justification for attacking another nation?
That nation is engaged in a program of ethnic cleansing.
Which of these is an example of conditionality?
The European Union promises $1 billion in humanitarian aid if a dictatorship holds competitive elections.
Which of these titles would fit most neatly within the rational-material approach to political explanation?
The Political Economy of Democratization in the Middle East
Why do strong committees give legislators more power than they can exercise in plenary sessions?
There are fewer opportunities to work around committee members.
Suppose a political scientist argues that a country with a military dictatorship has a hybrid regime. Which of these is most likely to be the evidence that this claim is based on?
The country holds competitive elections for certain local government positions.
A political scientist using the ideational approach would point to which of these to explain domestic political instability in Iraq during the post-Saddam period?
The leaders of the major ethnic groups have rejected the notion of a common Iraqi identity.
A shift away from the use of mercenaries to fight wars necessitated which other change in the nature of warfare?
The military became increasingly bureaucratized.
The Arab Spring most clearly demonstrated which of these points?
The failure of one authoritarian regime can lead to regime change in other countries.
Suppose you wanted to argue for a more interventionist economic policy by your government. Which of these facts, if true, would best support your case?
The fastest growing businesses in your country are the ones that received subsidies.
Modern conservatives and classical liberals share which of these beliefs?
The free market system is fundamentally good.
Liberals and conservatives would most likely agree on which of these Supreme Court rulings?
The government cannot put a tracking device on a person's car without probable cause that the person is engaged in illegal activity.
Which of these problems is most likely to occur in a country with a strong system of checks and balances?
The government is unable to take decisive action to address a sudden crisis.
What was one consequence of the Supreme Court's Marbury v. Madison ruling?
The judicial role in the checks and balances system was strengthened.
What would a neoliberal argue is the main lesson of Taiwan's rapid growth during the twentieth century?
The key to a country's success is found in the openness of its economy.
The onset of the Cold War represented which of these changes in the international system?
The multipolar distribution of power became a bipolar distribution of power.
Suppose a pro-democracy movement succeeds in forcing a dictator to resign, and the country holds its first competitive elections in decades. Which statement describes the most likely challenge the leaders of the pro-democracy movement face?
They must ensure that people who were once jailed as political prisoners believe that the country has changed so that they will participate in the elections without fear.
Which of these scenarios is most likely to produce a most complex negotiation among party leaders in a parliamentary system of government?
Three parties each win roughly 30 percent of the seats in the legislature.
An alternative vote system would be used in a democratic system that is committed to __________.
a strict majoritarian principle
Suppose Country X doubles its exports between 2000 and 2010. The most likely cause of this is __________.
a reduction in transportation costs between Country X and the rest of the world
What is one advantage of involving unelected officials in the policy-making process?
Unelected officials have the expert knowledge to make more stable and far-sighted policies.
In a three-way race for governor, Mr. Kwan received 42 percent of the vote, Mr. Nelson received 37 percent of the vote, and Mrs. Devlin received 31 percent. Which of the follow would occur under a two-round system?
Voters return to the polls to decide between Mr. Kwan and Mr. Nelson
A unipolar international system is similar to a bipolar system in which of these ways?
Warfare between major powers is rare in both systems.
Suppose that a developing country is undergoing a period of constitutional reform. The country has a high level of political fragmentation. Leaders of a small tribe are most likely to seek which of these features in a new constitution?
a scheme of proportional representation
A Keynesian economist would be most alarmed by which of the following?
a sharp rise in the unemployment rate
According to an advocate of the rational-material approach to political explanation, an American who works for __________ is most likely to oppose globalization in general and favor protectionist trade policies in particular.
a small manufacturing firm
Which of these would most likely argue that U.S. efforts to promote democracy in the developing world are a cover for promoting capitalism in a way that benefits the United States more than the democratizing nation?
a socialist
Between 1985 and 2005, Germany's Gini index increased from 0.25 to 0.30. During the same period, the Gini index for the United States went from 0.34 to 0.38. This is most likely to be used as evidence for __________.
a socialist critique of globalization
Which of these does the most to make a legislature autonomous from executive power?
a strong committee system
Which statement explains how American judges differ from judges in nearly every other liberal democracy?
With the exception of federal judges, American judges are usually involved in the political process.
Country M makes tractor engines and its neighbor, Country N, produces tractor wheels. Which of the following events would most help Country M incorporate its domestic industries into the global supply chain for the production of farm equipment?
a bilateral trade agreement eliminating tariffs on industrial goods traded between Countries M and N
Modern liberals and socialists share which of the following?
a concern about economic inequality
An institutional approach to explaining the fall of a one-party regime and the rise of a democratic government in its place begins by looking for __________.
a disintegration of the former ruling regime's ability to engage in effective policymaking
Excluding members of the old regime from participating in the new democratic system may hinder the process of democratization because __________.
a functioning democracy requires tolerance of the opposition
Which of these would most strongly support a socialist critique of globalization?
a global rise in income inequality
Which of these would be most likely to result in a high status for civil service workers among a nation's population?
a higher education system that grooms top students for entering public service
To a realist, warfare is most likely when __________.
a large number of nations hold roughly equal military power
Which of the following people would be the most likely to use terrorist methods today?
a member of an oppressed ethnic minority who wants to raise awareness of his people's plight
Suppose a state has just banned the use of closed primaries. This is likely to produce which of these results in the next election?
a more moderate group of candidates nominated by the major parties
Suppose a liberal-leaning group has designed a democratic constitution for a country recently liberated from a dictator. This group is most likely to adopt electoral rules that produce __________.
a multiparty system
Which of these people has a set of foreign policy beliefs that most closely resembles those of President Woodrow Wilson?
a neoconservative military policy analyst
Which of these people would benefit most from continued economic globalization?
a person with knowledge of the currency exchange market
Suppose that a country adopts a new constitution with a bicameral instead of a unicameral legislature and a presidential system instead of a parliamentary system. The groups that pushed for this new constitution to be ratified most likely wanted __________.
a political system that moved more slowly
A society committed to descriptive representation is most likely to support which of the following?
a quota system for seats in the legislature
In Iraq, Sunni leaders have opposed majoritarianism and called for the country to adopt proportional representation rules. This reflects their desire to _________.
achieve some level of inclusion in the government
Which of these is valued as highly in Germany and Malaysia as it is in the United States?
achieving steady economic growth
Globalization has tended to make political leaders in developing nations most likely to __________.
advance policies that are favorable to foreign business interests
Which of these examples best illustrates the way a conservative wants bureaucrats to act?
an Internal Revenue Service agent referring to a specific line in the tax code when auditing an income tax return
A politically-stable country with low wage levels and a high trade-to-GDP ratio is likely to experience __________.
an increase in foreign direct investment
Since World War II, the most common type of warfare has involved __________.
an internal struggle for control of the government
Which of the following is the best example of within-case research using an ideational approach to political explanation?
analyzing how the editorials in a widely-read newspaper have depicted the country's welfare system during the past several decades
The security dilemma is likely to push nations into __________.
being suspect of any nation that is building up its military
Which of these is a benefit to members of a customs union?
better access to foreign markets for their national exports
Which of these was one of the original forms of international law?
bilateral treaties
Which feature of globalization would an environmentalist most likely consider beneficial?
binding treaties that force states to comply with certain regulations on industries
A political leader who accepts the tenets of realism is most likely to take which of these pathways to ensure peace in the international system?
build up his or her country's military so that it is incapable of being defeated by any enemy
Judicial influence is the highest under __________.
common law systems with decentralized political authority
A democracy with a system of descriptive representation is committed to __________.
connecting the demographic make-up of the electorate with its representatives
Suppose Country W has a partly-planned economy with a large public sector. A neoliberal recommends privatizing all state-run enterprises. A modern liberal would be most likely to __________.
critique this recommendation by pointing out that certain services are too important to social well-being to be left to the whims of the market
A study that compared the post-communist transition of Eastern Europe and Central Asia with the Arab Spring would be taking a(n) __________ approach.
cross-case
Suppose a political scientist initiates a study comparing statistics on welfare spending and poverty for every country in the European Union before and after its membership. This would be which type of research?
cross-case
The democratic peace thesis combines which two types of political explanation?
cross-case and institutional
Suppose someone explains the recent conflict in the Ukraine by saying, "Russians are just aggressive by nature." This person is basing their argument on __________.
cultural assumptions
According to the ideational story, the outbreak of the Arab Spring is most likely to result in the development of a pro-democracy movement in a country with a(n) __________.
culture that recognizes individual rights
An authoritarian regime is most likely to lose power because of __________.
defeat by political rivals from within the country
Modern liberals and neoconservatives agree that __________.
democracy is superior to authoritarianism
A rule requiring that seats in the legislature be divided evenly between men and women adheres to the principle of __________ representation.
descriptive
A neoliberal would most likely oppose public funding for __________.
developing new computer technologies
Suppose a developing country wants to use the policy of import substitution to promote industrialization. Which of the following would reduce the effectiveness of that policy?
difficulties in obtaining foreign investment
A country whose democratic system has a fusion of powers is incapable of experiencing which of the following?
divided government
Classical liberals worry least about which of these situations?
divided government
In proportional representation systems, Duverger's Law can be used to make sense of a high level of __________.
electoral fragmentation
A realist would oppose efforts by the United States to push a military regime into holding free and fair elections because realists __________.
emphasizethe pitfalls of political engineering
The relatively low level of union membership in the United States compared to that of other advanced industrialized nations means that __________.
employers in the United States have more bargaining power than employers in other countries
Which of these activities is most fundamental to a market economy?
engaging in a voluntary exchange
Ideally, a planned economy would provide society with __________.
equity of distribution
In most contexts a conservative would most strongly oppose which of these proposed changes to his or her country's electoral system?
establishing a quota for seats in the legislature that mirror the country's ethnic composition
Which of these is the clearest example of cross-case research?
examining the history of several countries that transitioned from an agricultural to an industrial economy at roughly the same time
Which branch starts and ends the policy-making process?
executive
Karl Marx objected to capitalism because of its __________.
exploitation of workers
According to Marx, capitalism persists because it _________.
exploits a majority of the population very effectively
In the United States, both financial and labor markets are __________.
flexible
Country X has a parliamentary system with a 100-seat unicameral legislature. Suppose that the Conservative Party won 45 seats in the most recent election, the Moderate Party won 30 seats, and the Liberal Party won 25 seats. The leader of the Moderate Party can become the prime minister by __________.
forming a coalition government with either the Conservative or the Liberal Party
What are citizens more likely to experience in a presidential system than in another type of system?
frequent chances to express their opinions at the ballot box
Legislation in the late nineteenth century weakened which traditional feature of the American bureaucracy?
giving bureaucratic jobs to political supporters
International law began with the ancient practice of __________.
granting diplomatic immunity
One of the effects of globalization in developing countries has tended to be__________.
growth in the gap between rich and poor
Terrorism has the most in common with which of these types of conflict?
guerrilla warfare
Union membership in the United States is relatively low compared to other advanced economies. As a result, unions in the United States __________.
have less power with employers than they do in most other countries
Unlike majoritarian systems of representation, proportional systems allow candidates to gain a seat in the legislature if they __________.
have some level of electoral support in society
The spread of international organizations since the mid-twentieth century has __________.
helped spread global norms of economic and political behavior
Suppose a neoconservative says, "The Arab Spring shows that all peoples have come to yearn for freedom and self-determination." This statement contributes to a(n) __________ explanation of the Arab Spring.
ideational
Suppose a political scientist explains Saddam Hussein's military aggressiveness by connecting it with the fascist rhetoric and practice she used to maintain control over Iraq. This is a(n) __________ explanation.
ideational
Suppose a political scientist is examining a government that is facing significant public opposition to its implementation of neoliberal policies. If that examination focuses on the public's rejection of economic growth as the country's primary goal, then it is a(n) __________ explanation.
ideational
Suppose a political scientist looked at public opinion surveys from the 1960s and 1980s that measured attitudes about bureaucrats. This political scientist is taking a(n) __________ approach to understanding the weak American bureaucracy.
ideational
Suppose someone explains the outbreak of World War II by saying, "Hitler was trapped by his own fascist rhetoric into attacking European great powers even if the military reality demonstrated clearly that such a path was self-destructive." This statement takes a(n) __________ approach to explaining World War II.
ideational
Suppose that a political scientist explained the absence of strong bureaucracies in the United States by pointing to the emergence of the professional civil service at a time when the public largely accepted the laissez-faire doctrine. This is an example of which type of explanation?
ideational
Suppose that an ethnically-diverse but economically underdeveloped nation is making the transition from one-party rule to a democratic system. A recommendation for this country to create a multiparty parliamentary democracy most closely reflects a(n)__________ view of a path to stability.
ideational
The United States has a lower level of union membership than most advanced industrial nations. A political scientist who points to the importance of individualism in American culture to explain this fact is engaging in which type of explanation?
ideational
The overwhelming approval of capitalism found in American society provides the best evidence for using a(n) __________ approach to explaining opposition to protectionist policies among both politicians and voters.
ideational
Suppose that an employee of the Small Business Administration designs an application form for a new type of small-business loan authorized by Congress. This is the __________ phase of the policymaking process.
implementation
Which of these development models requires a country's government to exercise the least amount of fiscal restraint?
import-substitution industrialization
A far-left liberal is most likely to oppose promoting democracy in a theocratic state because it is wrong to __________.
impose your values on another nation
Suppose a country opened its capital markets to greater foreign direct investment, but multinational corporations continued to avoid investing in that country because of burdensome regulation of the labor market. These corporations are looking for which type of change before investing?
institutional
Suppose a political scientist argued that the strongest labor movements arose in countries where especially well-organized labor "guilds" had laid foundations for labor activism in earlier eras. This political scientist would be taking which type of approach to political explanation?
institutional
Suppose a political scientist compared the salaries paid to American bureaucrats and workers in the private sector performing similar jobs. This political scientist is taking a(n) __________ approach to understanding the weak American bureaucracy.
institutional
Suppose a political scientist explained President Bush's decision to invade Iraq in 2003 as an attempt to please an important segment of the Republican Party's voter base. This would be a(n) __________ explanation.
institutional
Suppose that Congress rejects a free-trade pact that the president has negotiated with Indonesia. If a political scientist points to the connection between this outcome and labor unions' close connections to members of Congress, then this is a(n) __________ explanation.
institutional
Suppose a political scientist argued that no American president, given the public reaction to the September 11th terrorist attacks, would have been able to avoid invading both Afghanistan and Iraq. This argument combines features of which two approaches to political explanation?
institutional and psychological
Suppose that the Iraqi parliament passes new rules making it more difficult for public officials to take bribes without getting caught, and the prime minister pledges to enforce these rules vigorously in an effort to bolster public trust in the government. The parliament is taking a(n) __________ approach to solving the problem of corruption, while the prime minister is taking a(n) _________ approach.
institutional; ideational
Which of these is likely to do the most to promote economic growth in a very poor developing country?
investing in infrastructure
Conservatives are opposed to the exercise of judicial power because of concerns that unelected judges will __________.
invoke expansive interpretations of rights
Some observers have argued that in the run up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, President Bush was constantly surrounded by a set of like-minded advisors who failed to question each other's basic suppositions and did not offer the president a wide range of alternatives. This explanation combines aspects of which two approaches to political explanation?
psychological and ideational
Thomas Hobbes' argument that life in the state of nature is a constant war of all against all explains warfare with a combination of __________ approaches.
psychological and rational-materialist
T.H. Green and John Rawls would both support which of the following economic reforms in the United States?
raising taxes on the wealthy to help distribute wealth more evenly
Which of these contributes most directly to volatility in a country's exchange rate?
rapid swings in the global demand for its currency
The deterrent effect of mutually assured destruction (MAD) relies on __________.
rational self-interest
Suppose a political scientist explains modern warfare as a struggle for access to natural resources and markets. This is which type of explanation?
rational-material
Suppose a political scientist is examining a country that has made a successful transition from developing to developed nation. If that examination focuses on the notion that the government took minimal actions to allow for productive use of resources, that political scientist most likely accepts the __________ view.
rational-material
Suppose that surveys showed that high-tech workers and recent college graduates tended to approve of free trade and oppose protectionist labor policies at higher rates than the general population. This would provide the best evidence for which type of explanation of globalization?
rational-material
Suppose a policymaker argues against expanding the United States' nation-building capacities by pointing out the obstacles to social engineering. That policymaker is most likely a __________.
realist
A critic of deficit spending is most likely to point out that government borrowing __________.
reduces the amount of money available for private-sector investment
To a realist, the existence of a hegemonic power __________.
reduces the likelihood of war but could increase the likelihood of terrorism
Monarchies differ from military dictatorships because monarchies __________.
rely more on loyalty derived from family connections than on direct organizational control
Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to "cool down" the effects of inflation?
removing currency from circulation
Midwestern corn farmers, distraught at decreased sales of their corn because of cheap corn from Mexico, lobby their senator for a bill that requires all corn served on U.S. military bases to be bought from American farmers at a guaranteed minimum price. This is an example of __________.
rent-seeking
Suppose a multinational corporation manufactures farm equipment in Country B. The executives of the company attempt to get the government of Country B to block other corporations from selling farm equipment in Country B. This corporation is engaging in which of these practices?
rent-seeking
Modernization theory suggests that if the United States had not invaded Iraq in 2003, and if Iraq had experienced sustained economic growth, Iraq would eventually have __________.
replaced Saddam Hussein with elected leaders
Terrorism originated as a tactic for bringing about__________.
revolution
Suppose that a country has a new fascist government that decrees that all citizens must participate in monthly political rallies. The government most likely made this move in order to __________.
strengthen allegiance to the regime
Suppose that you are the finance minister of a developing country that sees Taiwan as a good model of economic success. If you subscribe to the institutional approach to political explanation, you are most likely to recommend _________.
strengthening your country's economic bureaucracy
A person who uses the rational-material approach to political explanation is most likely to explain a period of peace by referencing which of these concepts?
the balance of power
A socialist, or command economy, operates on the belief that __________.
the benefits of capitalism disproportionately go to undeserving people
Modern liberals disagree with conservatives about __________.
the best policies for promoting economic growth
Which factor contributed most to the increase in the number of deaths per war between 1300 and 1800?
the consolidation of the nation-state system
Adopting a threshold rule of ten percent could help a country avoid __________.
the development of too many political parties
The case of Taiwan provides evidence for someone who wants to argue that __________.
the government has an important role in economic development
Which feature of globalization has contributed most to the rise of outsourcing as a business practice?
the greater mobility of both goods and services
Suppose a country has two dominant political parties, but the parties are relatively weak. This will tend to make it difficult for __________.
the legislature to move on a bold reform agenda
Authoritarian regimes have difficulty preventing corruption because __________.
their justice systems are rarely fair or effective
Which of these is the main goal of present-day terrorists?
to impose high costs on stronger states by making their citizens feel vulnerable
A conservative in the United States would most likely argue that the Great Recession resulted from __________.
too much government meddling in the housing market
To a modern conservative, the biggest impediment to economic growth is __________.
too much government participation in the economy
Suppose that Country X has a 100-seat legislature and uses a single-member plurality system of representation. Country X is most likely to have __________.
two large political parties with relatively broad party platforms
Import substitution industrialization is intended to correct for which of these problems with the Washington Consensus?
uneven distribution of trade benefits