POLS 131 Midterm

Opponents of political culture, whether modernist or postmodernist, argue that explaining political behavior requires understanding the effects of political culture at the broadest level. T/F?

False

Political culture theory is criticized for its inability to predict future behavior of individuals. t/f

False

The concept of patriarchy is considered a pluralist theory T/F

False

______ was not affiliated with fascist ideology.

Fidel Castro

What is the core principle behind social contract theory?

Free and equal individuals must give their consent to be governed.

______ is not considered a structural argument because it ignores societal structures.

Postmodernism

______ occurs when a state relies on a key resource for almost all of its revenue, allowing it to ignore its citizens and resulting in a weak state.

Resource curse

In modern states, the bureaucracy ______.

is necessary to carry out administrative tasks

If a state lacks the resources to provide basic infrastructure and security, its ______ most likely will decline.

legitimacy

A system of government that provides eight key guarantees, including freedoms to enable citizen participation in the political process and institutions that make government policies depend on votes and other forms of citizen preferences, is known as which type of democracy?

liberal democracy

Civic nationalism is closely associated with ______.

liberal democracy

Proponents of a ______ argue that class is just like other categories of identity: socially constructed through complex and evolving processes

social construction understanding of class

______ was the first country in the world to include sexual orientation in its constitution as a category protected from discrimination.

South Africa

______ secure their sovereignty via physical control of their borders; ______ define themselves by constructing conceptual borders between themselves and others, often including others living within the state's territory

States; nations

The main goal of liberal feminists is ______.

gaining equal rights with men

What are the two major religions of Nigeria?

Christianity and Islam

Which of the statements below best describes absolutism?

"L'état, c'est moi"

Federalism is a political system in which ______.

a state's power is constitutionally divided among more than one level of government

Marxism claims that ______ affect(s) political structures.

economic structures

Under which political theory does the concept of patriarchy fall?

elite theory

The primary models of secularism arose first in ______.

Europe and North America

In the 1980s, the wealthiest ______ of the population in OECD countries had ______ times the income of the poorest 10%; in 2016, they had ______ times the income of the poorest.

10%; 7; 9.5

As of 2013, ______ of Americans were represented by at least one woman as governor, senator, or Congress member.

52%

Women in approximately ______ countries currently have access to legal abortion.

60

______ argue that individuals can activate their membership in a particular category at a particular time, but they cannot create or significantly modify the categories individually.

Constructivists

______ is a regime in which citizens have basic rights of open association and expression and the ability to change the government through some sort of electoral process.

Democracy

Which of the following observations regarding the financial crisis that began in 2008 is true?

It has demonstrated the interrelationships among countries and people's well-being across the globe.

The first document to limit the power of the monarch was the ______.

Magna Carta

______ theory claims that development in postcolonial societies needs to follow the same path as that which the West undertook.

Modernization

Germany unified as a state for the first time under ______.

Otto von Bismarck

______ is a form of democracy that encourages citizens to participate actively, in many ways beyond voting, usually focused at the local level.

Participatory democracy

At the core of feudalism was what concept?

The lord gave his vassal a piece of property in exchange for loyalty.

On which of the following concepts will fascism and communism most likely agree?

The state directs all important aspects of life.

In weak states, knowing the informal rules and institutions at work may be more important to understanding how their regimes actually function than knowing the formal institutions embodied in their constitutions. t/f

True

Rational choice theory assumes that individuals are rational and that they bring a set of self-defined preferences into the political arena. T/F?

True

According to Perry Anderson, absolutist states usually had ______.

a centralized bureaucracy

A "nation" is ______.

a group of people who perceive themselves as sharing a sense of belonging and who often have a common language, culture, and set of traditions

Social citizenship refers to having ______.

a living standard that allows full participation in political life

In Marxist theory, the economic system in any given historical era, such as feudalism and capitalism in the last millennium in Europe, is known as ______.

a mode of production

Karl Marx believed that his communist revolution would occur in which type of country?

a wealthy country

An argument that explains what actually occurs is known as ______.

an empirical theory

Social democracy is ______.

an important variant of liberal democracy

The two-term limit on the presidency of the United States is an example of ______.

an informal institution that was later formalized

Communist and fascists are examples of what type of regime?

authoritarian

The ability and right of a group to partially govern itself within a larger state is best defined as ______.

autonomy

Marshall believed that modern citizenship included ______.

basic legal (civil) status in society and protection from the state as well as the right to actively participate in the political process

Jus sanguinis defines citizenship according to ______.

blood ties

A modern state's territory ______.

can change through independence, secession, acquisition, and other means

According to communists, liberal democracy serves ______.

capitalism and the bourgeoisie, not workers

A sense of national unity and purpose based on a set of commonly held political beliefs is known as ______.

civic nationalism

The difference between empirical theory and normative theory is that ______.

empirical theory describes what actually occurs; normative theory describes what ought to occur

Political systems in which leaders mobilize political support primarily by providing resources to their followers are called ______.

patron-client

The modern state spread all over the world through ______.

colonialism and independence

The recognition of the existence of specific groups and granting some share of power in the central government to each is known as ______.

consociationalism

Political ______ endure because of political ______.

cultures; socialization

Civic nationalists see group rights as ______.

dangerous and divisive

One common criticism of institutionalism is that institutions ______.

do not explain political behavior but are rather a result from it

Elite theories argue that ______.

even in democracies, a small group possesses virtually all power

"The right to rule based on leaders' selection according to an accepted set of laws" is the definition of bureaucratic legitimacy. t/f

false

"Who rules" is not a key question in comparative politics. t/f

false

At the present time, China has a Communist political and economic system. t/f

false

By granting immigrants citizenship status, Germany shifted to a fully multicultural model. t/f

false

Constructivism means that individuals are free to choose any identity they wish. t/f

false

Fidel Castro is associated with fascist ideology. t/f

false

For large-scale studies, political scientists rely on qualitative statistical techniques. t/f

false

In the United Kingdom, since the late 1990s, the GINI index has been around 0.35, which means it is significantly less equal than the United States, which is around 0.45. t/f

false

Incentives facing political leaders remain static in terms of how ethnicity becomes politically salient. t/f

false

Many states provide all three types of rights described by Marshall. t/f

false

Psychological theories look for rational explanations for political behavior. t/f

false

The leading party in Mexico, the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), established an electoral-authoritarian regime and maintained power through systemic corruption, bribery, and intimidation. t/f

false

The vast majority of the world's states officially respond to religion by maintaining some version of secularism, with most of the exceptions being in the Southeast Asia. t/f

false

Traditional legitimacy is based on a selection according to an accepted set of laws. t/f

false

Social rights ______.

guarantee the right to basic well-being

In American politics, the use of "family values" functions within political discourse to ______.

influence political attitudes, identity, and actions

The idea that the state is the sole authority within its territory that can make and enforce laws is best called ______.

internal sovereignty

Quantitative techniques can show broad patterns, but only for questions involving evidence that can be presented numerically, and they provide ______.

little depth on a particular case

At the present time, China has a ______.

market-oriented economy and a stable authoritarian government

A theorist who believes that clear sets of attitudes, values, and beliefs can be identified in each country that change very rarely and explain much about politics there is known as a(n) ______.

modernist

A comparative study looking at revolutions in France, China, Nicaragua, and Iran would be an example of what research method?

most different system design

The collapse of the Soviet Union came about in part from the ______.

need for economic change to try to keep up with Western economic growth

Feudal states ______.

neither claimed nor had undisputed sovereignty

The "principled distance" model interprets separation to mean ______.

not strict exclusion or strict neutrality, but . . . both engagement with and disengagement from (religion) and does so by allowing differential treatment (of different religious groups)

Marx did not believe that the communist revolution would begin in Russia because it was ______.

not wealthy enough

According to Gramsci, political ideology is used to establish ______ for the ruling class:

obedience

Which theory posits that society is divided into political groups?

pluralist theory

States use their sovereignty, territory, legitimacy, and bureaucracy to provide ______ to their people.

political goods

An issue's political impact and importance are commonly referred to as its ______.

political saliency

Comparative politics focuses on ______.

politics within national boundaries

One of the major factors contributing to the Iranian Revolution in 1979 was ______.

popular dissatisfaction with the extent of foreign influence over the Iranian government

Which of the following most resembles clientelism?

pork-barrel spending

Which of the following best describes India's secular approach?

positive accommodation

Modernizing authoritarians often use the idea of national unity to justify ______.

postponing democratization

If you believe that identity groups are defined unambiguously by such clear criteria as kinship, culture, language, or phenotype, you probably belong to which of the following schools of thought?

primordialism

Most nationalist leaders make ______.

primordialist claims

According to Karl Marx, the social revolution led by the ______ is inevitable.

proletariat

Case studies are unable to ______.

prove or disprove theory

North, Wallis, and Weingast (2009) used what type of argument when they claimed that the earliest states were based on elite coalitions created to limit violence among themselves?

rational choice

Which political theory is criticized for its inability to predict future behavior of individuals?

rational choice

According to Max Weber, modern states are distinguished by ______.

rational-legal legitimacy

The first goal of gay rights groups is ______.

recognition

External sovereignty implies ______.

recognition by the international community of states

Samuel Huntington argued that the world could be divided into eight major "civilizations" based largely on ______.

religion

Internal sovereignty ______.

requires the sole authority to make and enforce laws and policies within a territory

Marx's dictatorship of the proletariat was to be characterized by ______.

rule by workers over other classes

Marx contended that in modern capitalist society, the bourgeoisie, by virtue of their ownership of capital, are the ______ class.

ruling

Which type of democracy argues that citizens should control not only the political sphere but also key elements of the economic sphere?

social democracy

Political scientists call a set of ongoing institutions that administer laws and generate and implement policies in a specific territory a ______.

state

Secularism in the United States historically has taken the form of ______.

state neutrality toward religion

The terms Marxism, bourgeoisie, and proletariat all relate to ______.

structuralism

Postmodernists see culture as sets of ______ that political actors can use.

symbols

A claim to rule based on knowledge or expertise describes ______.

technocratic legitimacy

The idea that power should be held by those who understand how the modern world works is known as ______.

technocratic legitimacy

One difference between modernist and postmodernist approaches to political culture is that postmodernists ______.

tend to focus on conflicts over political culture within a country

The "first wave" of export of the modern state refers to ______.

the American continent in the 16th century

Vladimir Lenin's concept of a small party that claims legitimacy to rule based on its understanding of Marxist theory and its ability to represent the interests of the proletariat before they are a majority of the populace is known as ______.

the vanguard party

The term "divine right" is closely associated with which form of legitimacy?

traditional legitimacy

A regime is a set of formal and informal political institutions that defines a type of government. t/f

true

A state can best be described as "an ongoing administrative apparatus that develops and administers laws and generates and implements public policies in a specific territory." t/f

true

After the French Revolution overthrew the absolutist ancient régime, people addressed one another as "citizen." t/f

true

Both religious and ethnic groups usually want recognition and autonomy. t/f

true

France and England propagated national identity to strengthen their legitimacy. t/f

true

Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau are known as social contract theorist. t/f

true

In Brazil, the AIDS crisis first hurt and then strengthened the movement in the 1980s. t/f

true

In practicing positive accommodation, some individual German states have recognized some Muslim groups, although no national policy on the question exists. t/f

true

Liberal democracy includes political competition, alternative sources of information, and free and fair elections. t/f

true

Security, rule of law and a functional legal system, and infrastructure are all considered "political goods." t/f

true

State strength, however, exists on a continuum, with no state being perfectly strong in all conceivable categories. t/f

true

T. H. Marshall (1963) categorized the rights of citizenship into three areas: civil, political, and social. t/f

true

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first restriction ever placed on who could immigrate to the United States. t/f

true

The most noted trend in class politics in the past generation, though, has been increased inequality, which has occurred in virtually every wealthy democracy. t/f

true

In which type of state will you find actors such as local strongmen, religious institutions, or NGOs substituting for the state in some regions, thereby providing political goods that the state cannot or will not?

weak

How does a state gain legal external sovereignty?

when it has the same vote in the United Nations as other states