POLS 301 Midterm Part 1 Terms

Reasons for and against prioritizing national political identities and sovereignty

Against: it erases the identity that would be important to other people For: creates a more broad identity, connection between people will be proud of their country = proud of their government a global identity

Global neoliberalism

(1.) Stress international free markets in trade, investment, and labor. (2.) Key popularizer - Thomas Friedman (World is Flat). Political advocate - Margaret Thatcher. (3.) Global neoliberalism addresses the perennial issues of economic markets and their mobility on the global stage. (4.) Global neoliberalism

Nazism and fascism

(1) Fascism: Extreme nationalism (rather than racism), needs of the state before all else, elitism, freedom defined as duty, power an end in itself, state corporation; organization of society by industry or corporate groups. Nazism: Authoritarian replacement of dysfunctional Weimer Republic. Totalitarianism - total government control for collective purposes. Endorse elitism, and dismantles civil society, promoting mass society. Recognizes supremacy of Aryan race with racial policies culminating in Holocaust. (2) Fascism is originally attributed to Giovanni Gentile (1875-1944). Nazism and similar forms of racial nationalism are attributed to Adolf Hitler (Fuehrer) and Benito Mussolini. (3) These ideas cuts through the ideas of who should be citizens in a state and the connection between race and the nation. For fascism, it is how being free can only be attained when the citizen is fully serving their state. For Nazism, it is everyone is working for the same common cgoal which is promoting the means of the state. (4)The impacts of these ideologies is the...(5) Nazism in racial animosities and racial separation; Norway's Andrew Brievik, and American white nationalism (stress racial separation). Fascism in national domination and supremacy; commitments to America superpower? Emphasis on "strong" leadership. (6) Positive: all of the citizens of the state are united by their duty of satisfying the state and potentially race if Nazism. Negatives: duh

The Straussian Approach to Political Knowledge

(1) Straussian approach is an attempt to understand the nature of things. It is a quest for the truth rather than the possession of it and it is never ending. It seeks to replace the ideas of opinions with knowledge rather than solely believing one's own personal views and being ignorant to the views of others. (2) Formulated by Leo Strauss, born in the late 1800's in Germany but moved to America where he wrote his approach to political knowledge. "What is political philosophy" was published in the journal of politics in august of 1957. (3) These ideas address the perennial issues of how to analyze and assess political knowledge. Instead of just analyzing politics through one specific lens, one should search for other opinions and understandings. (4) Strauss's work contributed to the clash in the dialogue concerning political opinion and political theory (5) An example of Straussian's approach to political knowledge is someone actively understanding all factors to the gun-control problem and getting a full perspective on how to deal with this issue. Is strength is Strauss provides a platform where scholars could...However, a negative impact is that critics have accused Strauss of being elitist, illiberalist, and anti-democratic

The factors sustaining national identity today

(1.) 1. Racial homogeneity; 2. Ethnic homogeneity, invoked many times in our past, these have diminished in salience—or have they? Are we seeing "backlash" 3. Common culture: multiculturalism has reduced assimilation to Anglo, Christian, Western values 4. A political creed: Pride in American political institutions. (2.) Sam Huntington in Who Are We in the early 2000's. (3.) Addresses factors such as what unites citizens under the state and what influences are necessary to maintain an identity centered around the nation. (4.) The impact has had massive effects on modern politics across the globe with the rise of far-right parties. (5.) such as FN and AfD in Germany. Strengths of this model is that...Weakness is that...

Democratic socialism

(1.) A quasi-ideology, most comprehensive left radicals, which aspires to evolve toward Marx's promised land by democratic reform, rather than through a violent revolution. It uses more socialized production. (2.) initially in Europe in the late 19th century and early 20th century. It originated by a group in England called the Fabian society. This group shared Marx's indictment of capitalism and wanted to move towards socialism in a non-violent, consensual process (3) A) Political equality - campaign financing regulations. B) Social equality - residential and venue mixing. C) Economic equality - progressive taxes for public provision. (4) Democratic Socialism has impacted politics internationally. There are countries that uses the quasi-ideology as a platform for their political party. (5)This trend was seen in the early 1800's including the SPD in Germany and the SAP in Sweden. The strength is that...the weakness is that...

Anarchistic and extreme left arguments for rejecting polity-based identities and pursuing identifications with natural communities

(1.) Anarchism requires rebelling against all conventional communities and government institutions. They doubt that people should feel allegiances to any polity because nations, states, and local communities all employ governments. However, they believe that natural communities are extremely important such as AA. Other extreme left arguments believe... (2.) Pierre Proudhon. Anarchism, natural communities based on mutualism appeals to intellectuals. Malcolm X - extreme left. Abolish existing institutions by violence, dismantling the system that allows white domination. (3.) these discuss the perennial issues of...(4.) it's impacts include...(5.) an example of a natural community is AA but an example of a polity-based identity is socio-economic status.

Classical Liberalism

(1.) Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom. (2.) Regarded as America's founding public philosophy. Founded in the U.S., the main contributors include John Locke, Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer. (3.) Negative Liberty, with emphasis on Rule of Law. Promotes Laissez Fair capitalism (a natural right to earned property) and thought was guided by science and logic. There is a social mobility and formal equal opportunity with religious toleration, a representative democracy, and limited (but not weak) government. (4.) It was the foundation for American ideology, the ideas were found to be the 'most rational' by ideologies and enlightenment philosophers. (5.)... (6.)In hands of ideologues, it claimed "scientific universalism." Marx saw it as the ideas of the rising middle class (the bourgeois capitalist). Strengths- nonviolent, toleration, repels fascism. Weaknesses- people aren't born equal, polarization of wealth

The key ideas of the Tea Party

(1.) The Tea Party is a movement within the Republican party that focuses on reduce (eliminate) public debt; lower tax. Key instrumental principle - Constitutional originalism (stability over time). (2) Personified by Sarah Palin and Ted Cruz during the first term of Barack Obama's presidency. (3) This organization can be categorized as a radical right party that pushes for policy that is more ideologically traditionally conservative with lesser government economically and social-conservative stances. (4) This had major impacts on public policy and the politics of President Barack Obama's presidency. (5) An example is they opposed Obamacare. Strengths_____ Weakness_____

Anarchism

(1.) Considered the prominent extreme left alternative; the main ideas of 'Anarchos' or a 'social order' that is without a ruler. (2.) Pierre Proudhen, Michael Balkwin, Leo Tolstoy, Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman in the 1800s. (3.) Rejects conventional authority and institutions. Rejects Marxist. class-divisions, praises petit bourgeois. Emphasizes spiritualism rather than materialism. Seeks natural communities, based on multiculturalism. Seeks moral development of humanity. (4.) Radicalized liberalism; from limited govt. to no govt. As a public philosophy it has had more appeal to intellectuals than ordinary or oppressed people. However, oppressed people have engaged in many "anarchist" forms of resistance without much guidance from the philosophy of anarchism. (5.) Scott's "weapons of weak" include ordinary forms and "calisthenics" of resistance. (6.) Positive:____; Negative: ____

Constitutional and legal rights

(1.) Constitutional and legal rights are provisions and protections with special guaranteed against legislative and majoritarian infringements and abuses and arise from legislative, administrative, and court decisions, and involve specifics about various matters. (2.) For America, the U.S. Bill of Rights written by the founding fathers. (3.)...(4.) Numerous impacts on welfare rights (expand to health-care and education) and civil rights. Even used for political parties or movements to solidify their policy desires. (5.) Example is Tea Party members claiming a constitutional right to cars that can't be violated to fight global warming. Strengths: Can balance inequalities in society such as affirmative action and food-stamps and low-income housing. Weakness: policies and constitutional rights can be outdated or used against communities or citizens.

Contemporary liberalism

(1.) Individualism and pursuit of one's own goal, securing citizens from infringement of individual rights, social mobility and equal opportunity, religious (and social and moral) toleration, securing liberal society from external enemies. (2.) John Dewey, John Maynard Keynes, MLK Jr., FDR, JFK, LBJ, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama. (3.) Revision in Liberalism: From classical to contemporary > support capitalism, but now w/ concern for market failures. Anti-competitive practices (trusts), economic depression, externalities (neighborhood effects), Inadequate Public Goods, Poverty. Supports reformed capitalism. (4.) Freedom Reconceived: From Negative to Positive Liberty; Authority Reconceived: From limited to active government. More democracy: From accountability to responsiveness, and expanding citizenship toward effect universal suffrage. Encouraging more citizen involvement, expanding interest group system, embracing social movements for more inclusion, such as Occupy Wall Street, and Black Lives Matter. (5.) New Deal, Medicare/aid, Civil Rights, Sexual Freedoms, Public Investment in Infrastructure, Rebalanced Political Economy, attack economic inequalities, Emphasize ecological priorities. Strengths: ; Weaknesses:

Communism

(1.) It is the ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money[3][4] and the state. (2.)Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh in the 20th century. (3.) This addresses the idea of a society For Marxist/Leninist Communism, there is an aim to retain Marxist vision of achieving 'the promise land' seeing that the end if not economically determined - it requires 'voluntarism' by a vanguard of the proletariat. There is a forced collapse of capitalism through a revolution. (4.) Transplanted Marx into the pre-capitalist world. Emphasized imperialism in a differentiated worldwide financial capitalist system, and lead to the adoption of alternative revolutionary models. (5.) Characteristics in Practice: Totalitarian (esp ideological) control; to get to ideal communism. Democratic centralism; authoritarian communist party. State planning and industrialization. Beyond Marx, communism needs a governing ideology.

Natural rights and human rights

(1.) Natural rights are broad abstract claims based on biological necessities and human capabilities, natural desires of individuals in the state of nature, claims flowing from self-ownership. Human rights widely accepted moral claims for specific universal provisions and protections in international agreements. (2.) Human rights were officially documented in the UDHR of 1948. Natural rights typically related (3.)...(4.)...(5.) Strength: powerful basis for claims on governments to provide human rights by NGOS and organizations. Weakness: human rights often lack legal enforcement. Contemporary philosophers question whether the existence of natural rights is real and usually regard them as rhetorical claims

Orthodox Marxism

(1.) Orthodox Marxism is Engel's interpretation of Marx; Marx illustrates a "historicist" philosophy. (2.) Karl Marx (1818-1883) Frederick Engels (1820-1895) in (3.) Marxism sees liberal society as temporary - a necessary and somewhat positive stage of history (better than slaveholding and feudal societies) but having deep flaws that will doom it (to be replaced by socialism). Marxism seeks to theorize the decline of democratic capitalism, and the development of an ideal communist society. Foresees an ideal society at the "end of history" that is Affluent, classless, and absent of any oppressive state authority. Economic factors will cause changes leading to this end. Marxism predicts - rather than prescribes - an inevitable revolution against capitalism. Contradiction will doom capitalism; productive and poverty, class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat. Temporary "dictatorship of proletariat" and the socialization of the means of production. (5.) An example of Marxism is that everyone makes the same wealth value. Positive: everyone will be equal and equity will be stored in society Negative: violet revolution

Orthodox pluralism, its development, its elements, and its weaknesses

(1.) Orthodox pluralism is a discredited theory by political scientists focusing on how political outcomes reflect group interests and power in ways that seemed to justify America being governed under a new, unwritten Constitution of the Second American Republic. Orthodox pluralism became a public philosophy generated by the "positivist" political science (criticized by Strauss) during the 1950s and 60s to describe and justify this new "interest-group liberalism" Its tenets include • Citizens have fixed interests that are represented through various groups • Power is democratically dispersed among narrow (and broad) groups. Broad groups: Various complexes include military-industrial interests, scientific-educational interests, automotive-oil interests, medical-pharmaceutical interests, etc. • Policy outcomes are compromises among interests that are broadly beneficial and cumulatively fair (5.) Negatives: Government must always expand to accommodate newly mobilized interests. The "public good" gives way to the accommodation of special interests. Injustice takes the form of systemic biases in favor of particular organized (and usually well-heeled) interests

Dominant big political ideas of antiquity

(1.) The big political ideas of antiquity deal with all of the great political issues and topics categorized to ancient times. (2.) It runs from Ancient Greece (500 BCE) through Middle Ages (and Renaissance w/ Machiavelli), but with important and continuing influences. (3.)Antiquity addresses these conceptions of communities, citizenship, community structures, rulers, and central themes on political thought and governmental authority such as, justice, change, the image of society, human nature, ontology, and epistemology. (4.) Analyzing the political ideas of antiquity help impact the present by how the future impacted what is currently occuring as well impact the future by same way. (5.) An example of a political idea of antiquity is rulers should be guardianship by state leaders like Roman princes or religious leaders like Islamic Caliphs. Another example is that political changes are cyclical and static. The strengths are that...while its weaknesses are that it does not leave room for political participation for all its members and etc.

Dominant big ideas of modernity

(1.) The big political ideas of antiquity deal with all of the great political issues and topics categorized to modern times. (2.) It begins with Descartes (1632), to present. (3.) The dominant big political ideas regard these conceptions of communities, citizenship, community structures, rulers, and central themes on political thought and governmental authority such as, justice, change, the image of society, human nature, and ontology. (4.) Analyzing the political ideas of the present can help impact the future on what type of society to live in for the future as well as better understand the present and assess the societies of other countries. An example of political modernity is that justice is challenging unjustified inequalities by expanding equal opportunity and expanding inclusion to citizenship. (5) The positives are that...the negatives are that...

The pluralist consensus on the distribution of citizenship

(1.) The notion that citizens should have extensive basic, social, economic, and political liberties as well as rights to privacy. (2.) IDK (3.) It brings up the perennial issues of citizenship and who can attain this status. (4.) While citizens should have extensive rights, they have only those legal rights provided by constitutions, legislation, and administrative and judicial rulings and these rights for citizens vary across communities over time. (5.) Weakness: rights often conflict meaning no right is unlimited. Example is you want guns, you might have to give up the privacy of you owning one. There are a lot of pluralists who disagree on how to prioritize rights

Sovereignty

(1.) The original bases of American national identity, and the belief that the state has autonomous control over their own nation. (2.) Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Madison and Jay) advocated for a republic. (3.) A national identity, institutions, Constitution, Presidency, voting in elections. (4.)...(5.) Example of sovereignty is the right of the nation to decide who gets to vote and at what age instead of a neighboring nation or entity directing them instead.

Ideologies: meanings and positive and negative roles in acquiring political knowledge

(1.) To generalize, ideologies are full blow sets of comprehensive and systematic political and social ideas and ideals. (2.) The construction of ideologies has taken place over the entire history of man. These have been formulated by famous philosophers as well as the contemporary modern individuals like political theorists and political scientists. (3.) Ideologies address the perennial issue of how the political make up of a society should run. They provide logically coherent and often plausible answers to all perennial issues—particularly those impacting society's claims. (4.) The impact of these ideologies is that...(5.) An example of an ideology is classical liberalism or contemporary conservativism. The positives are when held, they attempt to make political thinking 'coherent' and 'sophisticated'. Critics do say however that ideological commitments blind us to the broader universe.

Contemporary conservatism

(1.) Upset with weak liberal response to communist expansion and now inadequate liberal vigilance against Islamic terrorism and resurgent authoritarian regimes like Putin's Russia. Upset at big govt. and high taxes flowing from contemporary liberalism and liberal social engineering. (2.) Characteristics: Reject 'do-gooder' social and economic policies; bootstraps mentality. Conserve classical liberalism economics, libertarian lifestyles, reject moral relativism and multiculturalism, conserve traditional cultural values. (3.) Ronald Reagan (4.) Conservative Principles: Fiscal responsibility and a balanced budget, reduce Govt through more tax cuts and privatization (vouchers). Shift authority from central national Govt to states and localities. Economic growth through supply side-policies, stress traditional family values (oppose abortions, no-fault divorce, inheritance taxes, and "the nanny state"). (5.) David Cameron's new family values: strengthen family and social bonds, provide family leave, marriage counseling, character modules in schools, mental health programs, day and alcohol rehab. (6.) Military superiority: build up and professionalize armed forces, break up of communist bloc, conduct and institutionalize a permanent war on terrorism. More economic liberty by attacking the welfare state. Reduce(d) tax obligations.

Traditional conservatism

(1.) is a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of a transcendent moral order, manifested through certain natural laws to which society ought to conform in a prudent manner . (2.) Edmund Burke (1729-1797) (3.)Stresses natural hierarchy and trusteeship. Unequal rights and duties: noblesse oblige; Defined in opposition to liberal and radical ideas of French Revolution. Conserves "ancient regime" and rejects liberal science, instead embracing tradition. Rejects natural rights for "real rights." Rejects individualism for an organic society. Stresses virtue over self-interest and stresses natural hierarchy and trusteeship. Unequal rights and duties: (4.) These were the ideas of monarchs, aristocrats, and religious authorities of 17th-19th centuries. Traditional conservatism was of marginal importance in America. Traditional conservatism was declining in Europe, its replacement by a more respectful and proper aristocratic republicanism. (5.) Examples- ideas of monarchs. (6.)Weaknesses- pronounces a natural hierarchy that citizens are trapped in, of limited importance, gives unequal opportunity. Strengths- preserve strong societal morals, emphasizes importance of charity to counteract the natural hierarchy

Federalism and the Chinese boxes

(1.) political identities at different levels. Chinese boxes: beliefs that using the smallest level of community can fixt their own problems. Emphasizes hierarchy. (2.) James Madison, Ronald Dahl. (3.)...(4.)... (5.) Strength: Big republic less problems with factions. Weakness: People align to different identities, harder to unite

Expanding rights of citizenship to those residents who were formerly excluded

(1.)...(2.) This debate has been continuously discussed over the past two centuries especially with the rise of globalization in the nation-state model. (3.) These discuss the perennial issues of what it means to be a citizen, the structures that allow access to citizenship, and the benefits and negatives. Also, pluralist societies are composed of a heterogeneous public rather than a homogeneous public including groups of oppressed rights. (4.) The impacts of this debate has spread across the globe debating whether we are entering a post-modernism era where global citizenship rules or still fighting for modernity where the nation-state has sovereign powers of the concept of citizenship. (5.) An example is President Obama's executive order of DACA allowing immigrants to stay...Strengths/Weakness...

Obama's bicameral public philosophies

- In "John Rawls, Barack Obama, and the Pluralist Political Consensus," the American President was described as (1) bicameral, as simultaneously holding broad commitments to the consensual ideas of principled pluralism and also having more specific commitments to a more focused "partisan philosophy," contemporary liberalism in his case. (2) As a pluralist, Obama has exhibited a willingness to include people of many ideological persuasions in bargaining on issues and to be open to their concerns. (3) As a contemporary liberal, he has supported a strong national government that seeks social justice for the least advantaged. (4) The article claimed that Obama often puts his pluralism ahead of his liberalism. (5) But I'm not convinced. While Obama did compromise his liberal principles when he caved into Republican concerns and withdrew a "public option" when the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was formulated and passed in 2010, he has insisted on the liberal principle that the national government has greater sovereignty than the states during the implementation of ACA.

Dominant big ideas of post-modernity

Dominant big ideas of post-modernity (1.) The big political ideas of antiquity deal with all of the great political issues and topics categorized to modern times.(2.) Some post-modern work with Nietzsche (1880's), Judith Butler but most deals with the future. (3) .) Dominant big political ideas regard these conceptions of communities, citizenship, community structures, rulers, and central themes on political thought and governmental authority such as, justice, change, the image of society, human nature, ontology, and epistemology. (4.) Postmodernism has impacts on... (5.) An example is on rulers, post-modernism focuses on self-governance and participatory democracy. Citizenship is inclusive with expanding human rights and duties (including ecological ones). Positives: _____ Negatives:________.

Reasons for and against prioritizing super-national political identities and sovereignty

E.U. and U.N., cosmopolitanism; Sam Huntington

Citizen virtues

Each citizen may choose and pursue their own justice-respecting conception of the good life. Governments should be neutral among moral doctrines and not promote or broadly favor a particular moral code (such as Epicureanism, Aristotelianism, Kantianism, or "Rawlsianism") or religion (Catholicism, Mormonism, Islam, etc.) Should only be applied if there is a broad (supra-majoritarian) consensus. Public justifications for moral regulations should involve consequential arguments rather than religious or traditional concerns. Pluralist governments may, however, promote those civil and political virtues that a republic requires—such as loyalty, tolerance, open-mindedness, political involvement, and employing public reason Classical liberals stress individual economic virtues: E.g., having a work ethic and an investment orientation. Civic communitarians stress civic virtue: E.g., community-regardingness and public responsibilities. The religious right (in America) stresses Christian virtues: e.g., piety, love of neighbors (and strangers), forgiveness. Social conservatives emphasize traditional values: sexual restraint abstained from personal "vices". Contemporary liberals and the radical left emphasize social justice: E.g., helping the disadvantaged, including the marginalized. Greens emphasize ecological virtues: E.g., protecting the environment and observing animal rights

FIPP's four-cell typology of quasi-ideologies

Extreme Left- abolish existing institutions by violence. Dismantling the system that allows white domination.(Black nationalism-Malcolm X) Radical Left- democratic socialism, evolved toward Marxist promised land by democratic reform rather than revolution. (Bernie Sanders) Extreme Right- demand white separatism because of different(superior) racial culture, religious fundamentalism, and white nationalism. Radical Right- eliminate public debt, lower taxes, more literal interpretation of the Constitution always. (Sarah Palin)

Multiple community identities

Multiple identities: Heighten interconnections with others which allowed to have multiple identities, help us overcome parochialism, require us to balance or prioritize our multiple obligations, and enhance our moral development. Pluralist democracies benefit by having citizens with multiple identities, because this minimizes over-zealous singular identities and encourages moderation, accommodation, etc.

The overlapping and/or the underlying pluralist consensus

Multiple organizational structures are needed; The dominance of any of these structures must be limited by countervailing organizational structures; Governments have authority to control excessive power of corporations, churches and other social organizations, as well as oppressive cultural norms and provide fair rules for "the free market"; But governmental authority must be limited by constitutional constraints, as well as electoral accountability; There must be significant privacy - a private sphere of individual freedom, protected from structural domination. Ex: libertarians, democrats, republican parties. Principled consensus. Through the evolution of pluralism that we start recognizing the pluralist consensus.

Social Capital

Outside of political and governmental institutions. Bowling Alone. The more we engaged in our society, the more capital we gain.

The original bases of American national identity

Patriotism. Unique. Classical Liberalism. Laissez-Faire economics. Adam Smith (invisible hand). National identity in America has been reinforced in narrative, we are all in it together through stories of every day Americans or of national heroes or retelling of events.

Reasons for and against prioritizing subnational political identities and sovereignty

Reasons for and against prioritizing subnational political identities and sovereignty Sovereignty—the ability of state or nation to govern itself Subnational—local and state level Chinese Boxes-- States have different needs and desires, so every state should have their own type of sovereignty Against I prioritize subnational identities, or any smaller kind of identity/community devalues the sense of national identity and community

Right and left libertarianism

Right: Economic. Key ideas - Uphold absolute rights of property-holders; to own and exchange. 2) Moral self-ownership. Key theorist: Robert Nozick. Key popularizer: Ayn rand. Key politicians: Ron and Rand Paul. Key backers: Charles and David Koch. Left: View highly unequal property as due to government rather than market forces. Stress equal right to moral choices (social liberty). Key theorists: Henry David Thoreau; Henry George. Key influences: Anarchism- Proudhon and Godwin.