POS CH 11 & 12

to be eligible for the presidency in individual must be 1 the last requirement is not applicable to other federal office holders it reflected the framers desire to prevent command of the US military by a 2

1. 35 years of age resident of the US for 14 years natural born citizen 2. foreign-borne national

The supreme Court in 2004 (hamdy versus rumsfeld) responded to a petition filed on behalf of a prisoner of 1 by holding that the prisoner was entitled to 2 and consent his imprisonment before a neutral decision maker Another executive action that has been employed since 9/11 is the practice of 3 or secretly abducting terrorist's suspects and transporting them to 4 and undisclosed locations

1. American descent 2. consult with an attorney 3. extraordinary rendition 4. detention camps

as the president's public visibility rose the role of chief of state has assumed greater importance EX: prior to the 1920s, presidents fulfilled their constitutional duty to provide a message on the State of the Union by submitting the report to 1 in writing since then the State of the Union address has become an opportunity for the president to speak to a national audience via 2 This increase in visibility helps the president highlight the administration's 3 and pressure Congress to enact 4

1. Congress 2. radio and television 3. accomplishments 4. presidential initiatives

Congress also uses professional staff to maintain specialized service agencies like the 1 which provides detailed assessments of budget proposals. This is a 2 agency created by Congress to review and assess the impact of the proposed 3 items. the government accountability office which supplies 4. The Congressional agency that investigates how the federal government spends 5 and the performance of agencies funded by the government. the Congressional research service which produces 6 on a variety of topics at the request of members. A congressional agency providing nonpartisan policy and legal analysis to committees and members of both the house and the Senate.

1. Congressional budget office 2. nonpartisan 3. budget 4. agency audits 5. taxpayer dollars 6. specialized reports

1 of foreign officials by President and extension of the Constitutions authorization to receive 2 and other public officials' (article 2 section 3) can 3 the world's status of a nation and entitle it to certain benefits such as expanded trade Presidential doctrines are 4 that outline the goals or purposes of American foreign policy and the actions of the United States is prepared to take in 5 these goals perhaps the most famous presidential doctrine is the 6 issued by President James Monroe in 1823 in response to 7 by European powers asserted the intention of the United States to resist any attempt by 8 to interfere in the affairs of the country in the Western hemisphere

1. Diplomatic recognition 2. ambassadors 3. evaluate 4. formal statements 5. advancing 6. Monroe doctrine 7. colonial expansion 8. European power

1 of bodies whose members (called electors) cast the deciding votes of presidential election Why it was developed The framers believe that 2 would command a majority of the popular vote and felt that the 3 would choose most presidents they created the electoral college to 4 but considered it unlikely to be important in the most presidential contest as it turned out the house formally selected only 5 Thomas Jefferson (1800) and John Quincy Adams (1824)

1. Electoral college 2. few candidates 3. House of Representatives 4. quell political infighting 5. two presidents

The Constitution gives presidents few 1 or explicit grants of authority and places limits on presidential authority through a 2 Congress can also cede powers to the executive that enable the president to 3 Modern presidents use these 4 to achieve a number of other priorities when Congress authorizes a clean air law for example it does not specify the 5 that smokestacks may release into the atmosphere instead, it delegates to the 6 the authority to make rules specifying how 7 each regulation must be

1. Express Powers 2. system of checks and balances 3. enforce laws 4. delegated powers 5. quantity of pollution 6. executive Branch 7. rigorous

1 in most states already have the power to call a line-item veto but the supreme Court held that the 2 does not currently give presidents that option The struggle of presidents and Congress agreeing on 3 has led to a lot of problems even when budgets have been approved there have been disputes over raising the 4 a procedure that allows the government to 5 additional funds to pay bills for spending Congress has already authorized

1. Governors 2. constitution 3. budgets 4. debt ceiling 5. borrow

House leadership Speaker of the house: elected by the whole of the 1 the speaker acts as a leader of the House, presiding officer, and administrative 2 and chief spokesperson for the majority party in the house 3 represents majority party on the house floor assists speaker and advancing majority party agenda and generate support for 4 majority whip assist leadership in managing parties 5 minority party minority leader represents minority party on the house floor and planned strategy to advance party positions 6 assist leadership and managing party's legislative program

1. House of Representatives 2. head of the house 3. Majority party majority leader 4. party positions 5. legislative program 6. minority whip

Staff also carefully track 1 organized by interest groups especially those that are active in election-year politics although these generally have 2 than more personalized communications. Email correspondence has increased the workload of staffers which also quickly replaced 3 and the primary transmission for communication between constituents and Congress. this change has created challenges for members and staff. With an increase in 4, it is impossible to know whether the messages are coming from the home district. This makes filtering 5 interest from outside the district interest much more difficult especially in an era where interest groups mobilize mass email campaigns. Most mail received by a member involves a direct request for help in dealing with a certain 6 or program.

1. Mass mailings 2. less impact 3. mail 4. emails 5. constituents 6. government agency

1. allow the president to gather experts from both inside and outside the White House into consultative groups organized around 2 3 and the national economic council are among the more notable some presidents rely on these arrangements more than others EX: 4 made extensive use of them Donald Trump created several new councils including some dealing with 5 innovation and trade he also made personnel changes to existing councils to accommodate his 6

1. Policy councils 2. policy areas 3. domestic policy council 4. Bill Clinton 5. infrastructure 6. policy preferences

the Constitution provides that the president shall have power by and with the advice and consent of the 1 to make treaties approved by 2/3 of the senators present concur Woodrow Wilson by contrast paid a price for his 2 to include senators and negotiations for the treaty of Versailles which ended world war I the Senate twice refused to ratify the treaty more recently presidents have conferred with the Senate leaders during the 3 this approach worked particularly well for Ronald Reagan and winning approval for an arms control treaty in 1987

1. Senate 2. failure 3. negotiation process

these appointees and their staffs all of whom require no 1 confirmation review and analyze masses of 2 to help the president formulate policy proposals The president's senior advisors, the White House staff are headed by the 3 who acts as something of a 4 to coordinate communication between the president and other staffers this includes serving as a 5 deciding what information goes in and out of the oval office the chief of staff is also a confidant whom the president trust to ensure that the White House staff is carrying out its 6 meeting deadlines determining priorities maintaining 7 with the cabinet and Congress and smoothly coordinating the actions at the various units of the White House

1. Senate 2. information 3. chief of staff 4. traffic cop 5. gatekeeper 6. functions properly 7. cordial relations

Is expected of the president to face the scrutiny of the 1 but modern presidents have increasingly looked for ways to communicate more directly with the 2 so that they may control their own message EX: President Obama held just 164 news conferences both 3 during his first seven years in office averaging fewer per year than any president since 4 In contrast he gave hundreds of individual interviews, a format he preferred since it allowed him to 5 on a particular topic and exercise greater control over the dialogue president Trump has also extensively criticized the mainstream media referring to them as 6 and even ported to journalists as enemies of the people at public events they were covering

1. White House press corps 2. public 3. individual and joint 4. Reagan 5. speak at length 6. fake news

legal scholars are divided about the use of signing statements some argue that the statements allow presidents flexibility in 1 and others hold them to be unconstitutional arguing that the president must either 2 the entire law or veto it president Trump issued seven signing statements during his first year in office some work ceremonial like one supporting the creation of the 3 but some were more substantial like one objecting the congressionally approved sanctions on Russia for meddling in US elections

1. administering laws 2. sign and enforce 3. Frederick Douglass bicentennial commission

Congress placed severe limit on the president's authority to withhold funds 1 the president can request a 2 or cut back funds in particular areas but it must be approved by Congress within a specified 3 Many presidents have sought the power to simply reject individual items in the budget with which they disagree which is called a 4

1. already appropriated 2. recession 3. period of time 4. line-item veto.

the 1 who heads the justice department and serves as the chief counsel for the government joins the secretaries of defense Treasury and State as part of the president's 3 or closest circle of top cabinet officers. Presidents typically look to fill cabinet positions with individuals from their 3 who have the same views and those of valued constituent groups many presidents also try to balance the cabinet to reflect significant demographic groups

1. attorney general 2. inner cabinet 3. own party

a vice president candidate may help 1 ticket that is appealed to different regions of country or factions within a party John Kennedy selected 2 the Texas Democratic leader of the US Senate as his running mate although it was clear that the personalities of the two men were likely to clash Recent presidents have yielded significant authority to their vice presidents George w Bush's vice president Dick Cheney may well be considered the 3 vice president in American history after the September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks Cheney played a 4 in the planning and implementation of the war on terrorism

1. balance 2. Lyndon Johnson 3. most powerful 4. hands-on role

Joint committees include members from 1 and can be either 2 most don't handle legislation but monitor and report on activities of government agencies EX: The joint committee on taxation reviews tax policy and the operation of the 3 party leaders in each house appoint the members to joint committees 4 before sending legislation to the president for approval the House and Senate must pass 5 versions of the same bill when conflicting versions emerge the leadership in each house selects members for a conference committee that attempts to 6

1. both houses 2. temporary or permanent 3. internal revenue service 4. Conference committee 5. identical 6. resolve differences

often wanting to 1 with members of the opposing party in order to achieve common ends. but now newcomers are no longer shy about 2 their elders. 3 across party lines is not always respected. Tea party Republicans insisted that their party refrain from compromise with Democrats on important 4, this causes protracted stalemate and downgrading of the US credit rating Floor debates have become shrill with members even 5 others from their same party EX: like when senator Ted Cruz (r-tx) in 2015 attacked his own majority leader as autocratic

1. bridge differences 2. challenging 3. comity 4. tax and budget issues 5. attacking

As the nation's chief executive officer, the president oversees a vast 1 that administers countless 2 upon which millions of Americans depend president exercises his executive power of appointment to 3 to run the day-to-day operations of government to assist in broader duties like 4 the president may also issue executive orders to achieve 5 in the absence of legislation a long-standing yet controversial practice

1. bureaucracy 2. programs 3. hire people 4. budgeting and law enforcement 5. policy goals

the president is free to choose the leaders for top administrative posts known as the 1 but must seek the advice and consent of the 2 for their approval Senate committees subject nominees to extensive 3 procedures before the entire body votes on confirmation until recently the Senate rejected 4 presidential nominees preferring to defer to the 5 unless they believe the nominee was genuinely unfit for service the increase in 6 has created a more contentious nomination process

1. cabinet 2. senate 3. screening and hearing 4. few 5. president 6. partisan polarization

It also consumes an enormous amount of the president's time including attending 1 and state funerals to awarding medals to war heroes to greeting 2 and members of championship or sport teams the president presides over countless events as a symbolic leader of the nation EX: president Trump maintained an active 3 in his first years in office visiting several Middle Eastern countries including 4 as well as attending several international conferences like the 28th 5 in Brussels Belgium in the world economic forum in davos Switzerland and a groundbreaking meeting in Singapore with North Korean leader Kim jong-un that resulted in promises of 6

1. ceremonial events 2. foreign dignitaries 3. foreign travel schedule 4. Saudi Arabia and Israel 5. NATO summit 6. denuclearization

employees in the speechwriting office help the president convey ideas with 1 the office of the political strategy and outreach is the president's bridge to the 2 this small staff of highly-placed confidants walk a thin line between their roles as 3 they work with 4 and the party's national committee to coordinate measures for political success the office of the public engagement has become particularly important as president's work to reward interests and 5 for past support and to assemble ongoing coalitions to meet new challenges Like his predecessor president Trump also created a number of policy 6, who work as issue specialist in the White House these specialists often coordinate new initiatives across departments and agencies to ensure 7

1. clarity and rhetorical force 2. political world 3. public employees and political consultants 4. pollster's consultants 5. constituent groups 6. czars 7. policy coherence

Congress divides its workload among smaller bodies called 1 which review legislation investigate the operation of government agencies and recommend 2 for each chamber committees may be further divided into 3 which are subunits of a congressional committee charged with considering 4 within the committee's jurisdiction and reporting findings back to the full committee The real work of lawmaking occurs in these committees which is why they are sometimes called 5 party leaders today like the speaker of the house and the Senate majority leader have a much greater say in what bills committees consider and whether or not committee bills may get 6 still 7 are not without the authority to determine the agenda and peace of committee action the list of witnesses who might be called before them to testify in the likelihood that a bill under consideration will even get a hearing The four-basic type of committees that do the bulk of the work in Congress are 8 joint and conference.

1. committees 2. courses of action 3. subcommittees 4. specialized matters 5. little legislatures 6. into law 7. committee chairs 8. standing, select

Some critics of Congress blame partisan gerrymandering for reducing 1 reformers have called for more widespread use of 2 like those already employed in some states to take over the job from politicians with a vested interest in the outcome In 1986 the supreme Court ruled that partisan gerrymandering can be challenged in court under the 3 if it could be shown that it gives one group an 4 advantage in affecting election outcomes however, it sets such a high standard of proof that it made legal challenges of such districts extremely 5

1. competitiveness and house races 2. nonpartisan commissions 3. 14th amendment 4. unfair 5. difficult

Keeping in touch with 1 is vital both for members electoral prospects and for the health of 2 Members pursue many activities to gauge the pulse of the community like holding 3 in their districts, making themselves available to local press for interviews, and keeping close tabs on 4 from back home these 5 activities enable members to present themselves to the voters and to explain their actions in Washington. 6 usually first become aware of important issues confronting constituents through a personal communication such as a letter email or phone call communications first pass through the hands of staff members who go through correspondences, 7 for issues coming up for a vote, and respond to constituents who wrote or called. Select individual messages for the lawmaker's personal attention often the letters are seen coming from 8 constituents whose electoral support is important.

1. constituent 2. representative government 3. town meetings 4. mail 5. home style 6. Representatives 7. tally support 8. high profile

Even though the Constitution gives Congress a power to 1 presidents have taken the initiative in 2 budgetary priorities prior to 1921 each Federal agency submitted a separate 3 directly to the 4 Congress passed the budget and accounting act of 1921 to 5 on this chaotic process this act required the president to propose a budget for 6 and submit to Congress annual estimates of 7

1. control the purse strings 2. proposing and implementing 3. budget request 4. house of reps 5. impose order 6. All agencies 7. program costs

The framers understood that the president must have the power to 1 the nation and 2 the troops in times of conflict but they disagreed about giving the president the power to 3 they compromised by permitting the 4 to act to repel invasions but not to initiate war article 2 section 2 of The Constitution reflects this compromise but has sowed confusion because of this ambiguity Although 5 has a constitutional power to declare war it has done so formally only five times. In most of the conflicts in which the nation has been involved the president has asserted the authority to act in response to a 6

1. defend 2. command 3. make war 4. chief of executive 5. Congress 6. perceived crisis

Through the 1 and the Federal bureau of investigation the executive branch also has a power to investigate alleged violations of 2 and jurisdictions around the country the Trump administration has scaled back 3 oversight and these investigations since coming to office however Trump has ceded additional powers to the 4 in connection with immigrants' surveillance and deportation President also holds the power to 5 this power can be far-reaching as demonstrated by President Gerald Ford's decision to pardon 6 after the Watergate scandal Trump used the power liberally to pardon high profile individuals whom he believed were 7 and claim the power to pardon himself if necessary

1. department of Justice 2. civil rights 3. FBI 4. US immigration and customs enforcement agency 5. pardon convicted criminals 6. Richard Nixon 7. unfairly treated by authorities

EX: president Trump's first chief of staff reince priebus lasted only 189 days resigning following 1 with the White House director of communications he was not a long-term friend and Ally of the 2 he had been chair of the 3 and was hoped that he could help the president mend his somewhat frayed ties with members of the president's party in Congress he was criticized for not properly managing the flow of 4 and information commanding the president's time he was replaced by retired general 5 who was serving as Secretary of Homeland security at the time

1. disagreements 2. president 3. Republican national committee 4. personnel 5. John Kelly

An example of 1 would be in 2 terrorist attacks President George w bush issued a number of directives in the name of national security to protect the Homeland authorizing the CIA to engage in 3 of named terrorist effectively lifting a 25-year ban on such activities Donald Trump too has wielded discretionary authority by limiting 4 from certain majority Muslim countries Presidents must learn how to best use this mix of Express delegated and discretionary powers in fulfilling the various 5

1. discretionary powers 2. September 11th 2001 3. political assassination 4. immigration 5. rules of the office

Since the New deal presidents have amassed a vast bureaucracy to monitor 1 and to control the school policy in ways that ameliorate public concerns about the economy Voters usually punish presidents during times of 2 even though they exert relatively little 3 over the economy an economic crisis clearly contributed to the election of 4 in 2008 and set expectations high that he would turn the economy around but his 5 to affect a quick recovery however cost him popular support and cost his 6 in Congress In actuality presidential power over the economy is limited more or less to making proposals about 7 that change the calculations of economic actors these policies are notoriously difficult to predict with precision and take many years to work themselves through the economy

1. economic activity 2. economic hardship 3. direct power 4. Barack Obama 5. inability 6. party seats 7. taxing and spending

Overtime Congress has used this phrase sometimes known as the 1 to expand the reach of the 2 it gives Congress the ability to 3 to changing circumstances unforeseen at the time of the Constitution Ex: Congress today makes laws establishing agencies and procedures to protect the 4 a consideration that was hardly a worry for the framers.

1. elastic clause 2. federal government 3. adapt 4. environment

How it works today The 2016 election demonstrated a potentially more troubling shortcoming with the electoral college one candidate can win enough 1 to become president while losing the 2 although Clinton won 3 million more votes than her opponent Trump won the 3 a similar situation occurred in 2001 Democratic candidate Al Gore won the popular vote by over half a million votes but Republican George w bush won the presidency by a 4 after a contentious showdown over ballots cast in Florida

1. electoral votes 2. popular vote 3. electoral college vote 4. single electoral vote

During times of crisis the president may assume 1 to protect the nation but their use is also controversial and has led to conflicts over the preservation of 2 Following the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 President Bush declared that military tribunals not civilian courts would try all 3 enemy fighters captured in battle whether or not they were members of a national army Prisoners were not allowed to hear the 4 and had no access to attorneys

1. emergency powers 2. civil liberties 3. enemy combatants' 4. charges against them

The specific powers granted to Congress by article 1 section 8 of The Constitution are known as 1 Congress has the power to 2 including those that are necessary and proper for carrying out other duties. Financial and economic powers: power to Levy and collect taxes and duties expanded by the 3 amendment in 1913 to include taxing income power to 4 power to regulate commerce with foreign Nations and among states power to coin money power to fix standards of weights and measures power to 5 power to grant patents and copyrights power to establish uniform laws on bankruptcy power to establish post office and post roads

1. enumerated powers 2. make laws 3. 16th 4. borrow money 5. punish counterfeiters

senate 1 to from each state 100 members 2.-year terms (1/3 elected every two years) members must be at least 3. years of age 9 years a citizen and reside in the state from which chosen power to try federal office holders who have been 4 approved treaties cabinet level appointments and appointments to 5 choose the vice President in case of tie article 2.

1. equal representation 2. 6 3. 30 4. impeached 5. supreme court

In 1939 Congress created the 1 to help the president manage the growing 2 over the years the EOP has expanded through the addition of agencies created by 3 as well as executive orders it is home to over 4 in some units one of which the White House office contains over 20 entities of its own together these entities employ over 2,000 appointees

1. executive office of the President 2. Federal bureaucracy 3. legislative statues 4. three dozen entities

president Trump has actively employed 1 in advancing his own agenda signed 55 executive orders in his first year in office the highest figure by a president in a single year since 2 57 in 1993 Some executive orders break new 3 and are highly controversial like one of the more than 250 executive orders issued by President George w bush exempted captured 4 and foreign fighters in Iraq from protection to the third Geneva convention and authorized the CIA to use 5 like waterboarding or simulated drowning that are more severe than those used by military personnel President Obama 6 this policy with his own executive order just two days into his administration

1. executive orders 2. Bill Clinton's 3. legal ground 4. Taliban Al-Qaeda 5. interrogation techniques 6. revoked

A president may issue 1, decrees with the force of law but not requiring 2 for a variety of reasons although these orders are not defined in the Constitution presidents have constructed them as 3 for carrying out constitutionally defined executive duties Presidents also use them in times of 4 to carry out actions deemed essential to national security 5 for example issued nearly 2000 such decrees during world war 1 many of these orders are mundane dealing with bureaucratic organization others are used to 6 actions of past presidents or to modify interest groups

1. executive orders 2. legislative approval 3. lawful instruments 4. crisis 5. Woodrow Wilson 6. overturn

His administration has withdrawn from 1 on trade such as the trans-specific partnership and backed out of the 2 on climate change he has let it be known that America is more interested in bilateral agreement with other nations rather than 3 that advanced global interests president Trump has followed through on his pledge to be a disruptor in the arena of international relations perhaps his boldest moves involved 4 An executive agreement is a pact made between the president and a 5 or government that does not undergo the same 6 approval process as a treaty many of these agreements involve the fine-tuning or interpretation of details of larger treaties although executive agreements unlike treaties do not bind 7 most represent longstanding commitments to friendly Nations that succeeding president's honor regardless of party affiliation

1. global agreements 2. Paris agreement 3. international packs 4. North Korea and Iran 5. foreign leader 6. Senate 7. future presidents

only when the president's population is fairly 1 the president can try appealing the public over congress's 2 Presidents can have an impact on how laws are interpreted by appending 3 to legislation they approve but to which they may have some objection or reservation sometimes these statements offer the president's 4 of the act; sometimes they highlight portions that the president reserves the right not to enforce because they may be 5 or infringe on legitimate presidential authority James Monroe issue the first signing statement in 6 in connection with the law dealing with Presidential appointments following they were used in frequently until recent times their use increased with the presidency of 7 who issued 250 signing statements 86 of which contain objections to one or more provisions of law

1. high 2. objections 3. signing statements 4. interpretation 5. unconstitutional 6. 1822 7. Ronald Reagan

Trump success was born from overwhelming support from 1 in the face of strong opposition from the minority his most impressive win in year one was a 2 package Even when presidents lose a legislative battle, they can still 3 the course of legislation by exercising the veto earlier presidents generally adhered to the view that Congress should be the 4 intended to Veto only those bills they believed violated the 5 Andrew Jackson was more inclined to use the veto for 6 reasons Franklin D Roosevelt pioneer the modern use of the veto as an instrument of 7 to thwart attacks on his priorities while advancing his own political agenda The veto is a powerful tool because 8 of both houses of Congress must vote to override the presidential veto

1. his own majority party 2. major tax reduction 3. influence 4. principal lawmaking body 5. Constitution 6. political 7. legislative policy 8. 2/3

the staffers in the members 1 are usually responsible for fulfilling such requests. The request provides the lawmaker with the opportunity to serve as a constituent 2 or personal liaison between citizens and government agencies and filling these requests build support for 3. Today members of Congress are also reaching out on social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter to keep constituents 4 of their activities they are especially adept at informing constituents of 5 or grants they have won for their district a practice known as 6.

1. home district 2. ombudsman 3. re-election 4. apprised 5. federal funding 6. credit claiming

Some of Trump's appointees are also noted for their 1 to the agencies they had EX: environmental protection agency head Scott Pruitt sued the EPA on multiple occasions in an effort to overturn rules limiting 2 when he served as Oklahoma's attorney general he was later replaced for alleged 3 violations Modern presidents rarely meet with the entire cabinet except for 4 occasions Richard Nixon rarely included cabinet officials in high level meetings cabinet members sometimes found out about their department's new initiatives from 5

1. ideological opposition 2. air and water pollution 3. ethics and spending 4. ceremonial .5. the press

according to the highly controversial Bush Doctrine in the nation's right of self-defense entitles the United States to attack an enemy it feels presents in 1 to national security even if the enemy has not 2 President Obama preferred a more pragmatic and less ideological orientation than his predecessor avoiding a 3 to foreign policy instead, he showed an increased reliance on 4 tools attempting to forge consensus among our allies and avoiding 5 action whenever possible President Trump has adopted a distinctive 6 policy on the world stage to a great extent

1. imminent threat 2. attacked first 3. doctrinal approach 4. diplomatic and economic 5. unilateral 6. America first

EX: sometimes presidents are forced to 1 solutions to complex problems as when President George w bush proposed a comprehensive 2 for the financial system in response to a crisis precipitated by failures in the 3 a crisis that took several years beyond his term to correct EX: president Trump's signature economic initiatives have included a 4 the imposition of tariffs on foreign products to encourage the growth of 5 including steel and a revamp trade bill with Mexico and Canada to replace the 6 (NAFTA)

1. improvise 2. bailout 3. mortgage market 4. tax overhaul bill 5. domestic industries 6. North American Free trade agreement

Recently the Senate has 1 the use of holds and the confirmation process allowing individual members to 2 confirmation of presidential appointments indefinitely this caused backlogs and the appointment of 3 and top administration personnel what has made confirmation somewhat easier but not entirely put an end to delays is changes limiting the use of the 4 and anonymous holds for appointments other than supreme Court nominees a recess appointment can be made when Congress 5 a Presidential nominee for an administrative post this is made by the president it, allows the president to fill the vacancy when Congress is 6 but Congress can counter this move by simply 7 and quickly closing each daily session with the strike of a gavel and without conducting any substantive business

1. increased 2. delay 3. federal judges 4. filibuster 5. fails to approve 6. not in session 7. opening

Other scholars have spoken approvingly of a unitary executive claiming that the concentration of Presidential power is both 1 they assert that presidents must have the 2 to act decisively without clear legislative mandate and to 3 discipline and secrecy in dealing with subordinates.

1. inevitable and necessary 2. flexibility 3. enforce

A delegate style representation is stressing the 1 as a Tribune of the people who reflects their views on issues of the day a 2 of representation is stressing the lawmakers own judgment in legislative decision making a politico style of representation is in which the lawmaker attempts to 3 of the constituent's, interest groups, and party leaders with his or her own ideological leanings Would you adopt a delegate style attempting to 4 the views of your constituents on each and every issue coming up for a vote, or would you act as their 5 exercising your own judgment on behalf of those you serve?

1. lawmaker's role 2. trustee style 3. balance the views 4. mirror 5. trustee

The president plays a crucial role in the 1 in addition to the constitutional authority to recommend legislation to Congress and the power of the 2 the president exercises substantial authority through the ability to lobby members of 3 and through his use of the controversial practice of selectively interpreting Congressional legislation while early presidents enlisted 4 or aids to lobby their friends in Congress, 20th century presidents took more direct approaches EX: Teddy Roosevelt employed the 5 arguing publicly for favored legislation FDR was willing to enlist the help of executive agencies to advance his agenda using the 6 to monitor screen and propose legislative action in accord with his new deal

1. lawmaking process 2. veto 3. Congress 4. cabinet members 5. bully pulpit 6. bureau of budget

The White House maintains an office of 1 which is a group of policy and institutional experts that the president can look to write legislation negotiate with 2 and garner legislative support for their agenda presidents can employ a number of tools they can offer to direct funds to 3 for discretionary projects they can help members from their own party raise 4 and make personal appearances with them they can recommend members or their campaign contributors for 5 If a popular president is having difficulty obtaining cooperation they can appeal to the 6 and ask them to pressure Congress a tactic that works successfully for Ronald Reagan when he faced Congressional opposition

1. legislative affairs 2. members of Congress 3. member districts 4. campaign funds 5. political appointments 6. public

The Constitution directs the president to share with the Senate responsibility for 1 and with Congress the conduct of 2 historically however the president has taken the lead and Congress has then 3 to the decision Among the tools of foreign policy at the president's disposal are 4, presidential doctrines, 5, and summit meetings

1. making treaties 2. diplomacy 3. reacted 4. diplomatic recognition 5. executive agreements

Office of Management and budget presidents are responsible for managing 1 they must allocate dollars for the programs administered by 2 and ensure that the monies are expended according to the wishes of Congress that 3 Congress created the office of 4 to help with this task Franklin D Roosevelt moved the agency established as a division of the Treasury department to the 5 to assist him in creating an executive budget for Congress the OMB assists the president in preparing the 6 and supervises the spending of each of the executive agencies of the federal government Congress relies on its own budget analysis in the Congressional budget office to provide an 7 of policy cost and benefit

1. massive national budgets 2. executive agencies 3. organizes spending 4. Management and budget 5. White House in 1939 6. federal budget 7. independent assessment

the interest of the president and Congress and legislating are not necessarily congruent the president is the one individual with a truly 1 and is responsible for the operation of the national bureaucracy that Congress funds the president is also responsible for 2 it is through his legislative agenda that the president sets the course for the nation members of Congress by contrast are more attuned to the problems and concerns of their 3 finding the common ground between national and local interest can be a challenge of sorts and presidents exert considerable time and effort cultivating legislators to 4

1. national constituency and vision 2. national security 3. own district or state 4. win their support

These steps included creating a 1 to coordinate intelligence about potential terrorist attacks and establishing a new office of the director of national intelligence to 2 from a variety of agencies more controversial 3 permitting the surveillance of domestic citizens in 2008 Congress place to check on 4 by requiring that such activities be approved by a 5 Court Revelations by former national security agency contractor Edward Snowden of massive government 6 forced additional scaling back of surveillance operations

1. national counterterrorism center 2. oversee intelligence 3. war changes 4. domestic surveillance 5. secret 6. wiretapping

incumbents can also get free news exposure by announcing 1 for their local communities and talking with the local media about legislation before Congress this exposure reinforces 2 among voters incumbents can offer constituents help in securing assistance from government agencies for practice known as 3 EX: an Iraq war veteran may ask her congressperson for help in securing 4 voters are more likely to reward a member of Congress who makes the effort to help them 5 the bureaucratic maze to resolve problems with government personnel or agencies.

1. new programs 2. name recognition 3. casework 4. educational benefits 5. navigate

The 1 (originally the breau of budget) was created to coordinate funding requests from various 2 to ensure they are responsive to the president's priorities and also conducts 3. of policy recommendations and guides the president's agenda through Washington's bureaucratic maze The increase budgetary authority of the executive branch has given presidents immense power to control the 4 but also created heated battles with Congress which must 5 until 1974 the president could rate in Congressional spending by impoundment or 6

1. office of Management and budget 2. executive branch agencies 3. cost benefit analysis 4. political agenda 5. authorize spending 6. withholding funds

Divided government is when one party controls 1 of Congress and the other party controls the White House this has become more frequent in recent decades, we experienced this 2 of the last 24 sessions of Congress (1973 to 2021). The increasing partisan and ideological polarization of Congress in recent years has substantially 3 many norms. Norms are 4 about what constitutes acceptable social behavior. Members have often demonstrated courtesy or cordiality by how they would refer to one another during floor debates EX: even during 5 members usually addressed others as colleagues or friends. for many years newcomers refrained from 6 to advance their personal careers, instead they deferred to more senior members relying on their expertise and guidance before asserting their own legislative Independence.

1. one or both houses 2. 17 3. weakened 4. informal standards 5. heated arguments 6. grandstanding

Problems like this have caused some critics to wonder whether the electoral college has 1 and whether it has dampening impact on political engagement today recent Gallup polls show that the American public is nearly 2 on whether the Constitution should be 3 to replace the institution with the direct election of the president with partisans supporting the 4 more likely to favor keeping things as they are.

1. outlived its usefulness 2. evenly split 3. amended 4. winning candidate

of the 2,574 presidential vetoes (including pocket vetoes) issued between 1789 and 2017 only 111 (about 4%) were 1 2 in Congress and Congressional rules pose special problems for a president in cases in which the opposition party controls one or more houses the president can use the threat of a 3 as a bargaining chip to force compromise but veto threats can be useful as well when members of the president's own party attempt to move legislation too far from his 4 even when the president's party controls both Chambers, however, a determined minority - especially in the 5 - can hold up or kill legislation the president deems important negotiation 6 is different as president Trump found when trying to repeal the affordable Care act

1. overridden 2. Partisan polarization 3. veto 4. preferred position 5. Senate 6. across the aisle

Presidents typically look to fill cabinet positions with individuals from their 1 who have the same views and those of valued constituent groups many presidents also try to balance the cabinet to reflect significant 2 EX: President Obama's first cabinet appointments were among the most 3 in history with 4 four African Americans three Hispanics and two Asians president Trump's however was 5 with fewer than 20% women and minorities as opposed to more than 60% of Obama's first cabinet former military personnel and earlier cabinets and a number of individuals with no prior government experience such as Ben Carson a retired neurosurgeon who was chosen to lead the Some of Trump's appointees are also noted for their ideological opposition to the agencies they had

1. own party 2. demographic groups 3. diverse 4. six women 5. less diverse 6. department of housing in Urban development

President Obama experienced one of the biggest 1 in presidential approval of any president on record the same can be said for president Trump Since the 1930s presidents have used their own 2 to track and court public opinion EX: Richard Nixon's administration use daily polling to track his support among specific 3 to test this popularity against potential electoral opponents and to explore 4 Presidents adopt several tactics to rally public support such as 5 promoting their policies enlisting supporters or 6 to pitch administration proposals

1. partisan gaps 2. internal polls 3. demographic groups 4. opposition weaknesses 5. giving speeches 6. administration officials

The president enjoys unique opportunities to advance the fortunes of fellow 1 and the party's ideas through his ability to 2 and to back legislative initiatives they can reward their parties financial contributors as well by awarding them 3 or coveted positions like in ambassadorships to foreign nations due to presidential success hinging partly on maintaining 4 in Congress presidents frequently raise funds and campaign for party members running for congress members of a president's party seek to ride his 5 to electoral victory when presidential popularity is high lawmakers tend to avoid associating themselves with 6 presidents president Trump entered the White House as an outsider to his party some Republican members of Congress even 7 during his campaign for office yet Republicans were able to coalesce around him as he adopted policies more to their liking than those who presented during his presidential campaign

1. party members 2. distribute patronage 3. prestigious honors 4. party control 5. coattails 6. unpopular 7. opposed him

standing committees are 1 within each house specializing in the consideration of particular subject areas EX: there are committees that deal with 2 committees that deal with foreign affairs and so on 3 committees the leadership of each house can create special or select committees to handle matters that do not routinely fit into areas usually covered by existing 4 these are typically established on a 5 basis EX: the house in 2014 created the select committee and events surrounding the 2012 terrorist attack on Benghazi

1. permanent bodies 2. budgets and taxes 3. Special or select 4. standing committees 5. temporary

although the president does wield powerful weapon to 1 and lobbying Congress members face many pressures that the president is powerless to influence in his two presidencies thesis, political scientist Aaron waldavsky asserted that presidents have more control over legislation in the area of 2 than over domestic matters this may have been the case for the period during 3 until the turn of the century but foreign policy today has become more 4 and policy success is no longer simply dictated by the president success in both foreign and domestic policy depends on factors like partisan control of 5 and presidential skill success depends on a number of factors including whether Congress is in the hands of the president's 6 or the oppositions as well as on the president's popularity

1. personal persuasion 2. foreign and defense policy 3. world war I 4. partisan 5. each branch 6. own party

usually the national security advisor passes info to the president and formulates 1 acting much as a chief of staff for national security matters the national security advisor oversees an operation that has become the 2 policy group in the White House numbering around 200 this staff maintains 3 which collects and analyzes intelligence from around the world handles 4 with Congress maintains press relations carries on communication with 5 in other nations the major role in national security matters is also played by the director of 6 a position added after the 9/11 attacks the director oversees the nation's intelligence operations and act as a 7 to the president the national security council and the Homeland security council for intelligence and matters

1. policy alternatives 2. largest 3. situation room 4. liaison 5. security officers 6. national intelligence 7. principal advisor

the white house office includes 1 who attend to matters of daily concern for the administration policy development legal affairs 2 press and public communications legislative affairs 3 the increasingly important arena of interest group relations

1. political advisors 2. political affairs 3. presidential travel

The cabinet consists of 1 that are chosen by the 2 to lead the most important government departments cabinet officials preside over an army of 3 appointed for their merits or expertise regardless of 4 who carry out the everyday operations of 15 government departments and several other agencies that managed 5 programs cabinet members both advised the president and are responsible for implementing 6 within their department or agencies

1. political appointees 2. president 3. civil service personnel 4. political affiliation 5. national and international 6. administration policies

party leaders in control of State legislative Chambers work with demographers and 1 to fashion districts that give their own party the best chance for controlling the 2 this practice of drawing boundaries for partisan advantage is called 3 after the tactics employed by Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry in 1812 to create a district that favored 4 over Federalists.

1. political consultants 2. majority of seats 3. gerrymandering 4. gerrymandering

house appointed on basis of 1 fixed since 1911 at 435 members 2 terms members must be at least 3 years of age 7 years a citizen and reside in the state from which chosen power to impeach federal office holders initiate bills raising revenue choose president in case of 4 article 2 in case no presidential candidate receives a majority the house chooses from the top three vote getters

1. population 2. Two-year 3. 25 4. electoral vote tie

Speaker of the house is the most 1 of the House of Representatives 2 in the House of Representatives the committee charged with determining rules for 3 amendment and vote on bills brought to the floor House majority leader is the 4 for the majority party in the house and assist the speaker in setting the legislative agenda and securing the votes to achieve the party's 5 House minority leader can speak out on issues important to members, put pressure on 6 to hold hearings on controversial issues, and organize floor debate among minority party members 7 are assistant party leaders and each house whose jobs include ensuring that party members are present for floor votes and prepare to vote as the party prefers

1. powerful leader 2. committee on rules 3. debate 4. second in command 5. goals 6. majority party leaders 7. Whips

Article 2 of The Constitution outlines the requirements for election to office as well as the 1 on the authority of the president providing for a vice president to succeed the president in case of 2 or the inability to discharge the 3 of the office

1. powers duties and limits 2. death resignation 3. powers and duties

Enhancement of the 1 makes it much more likely that a vice president will be prepared to 2 should the president become unable to serve a complete term the 3 ratified in 1967 formalizes the transition process relying on an extensive list of successors to the office first enacted in the 1947 4 it also provides for temporary transfer Presidential power in case of disability a more controversial yet never invoked provision of the same amendment allows the vice president along with the majority of the cabinet to declare a 5, a provision some Trump opponents have suggested might be used to 6 In such a circumstance the vice president would serve until the president is recovered the amendment also provides that the president can appoint a 7 to the vice president with the consent of a majority of both house of Congress should that position become vacant

1. powers of the office 2. take over quickly 3. 25th amendment 4. presidential succession act 5. president incapacitated 6. remove him from office 7. successor

presidents generally have an easier time in their first terms when Congress is disposed to give them an opportunity to 1 and in times of national emergency when the president 2 Presidential success also depends on the number of measures on which the president takes an 3 President Trump now holds the modern record for the highest level of 4 for measures on which he took a clear position with his party in control of 5 he was able to prevail on over 98% of such votes However, this achievement is tempered by the fact that Trump took fewer 6 on legislation than his predecessors and many of the successful votes in the Senate were on judicial confirmations made in the wake of world changes making it easier for the 7 to prevail

1. present their case 2. commands deference 3. active stand 4. legislative success 5. both houses of Congress 6. clear positions 7. majority

The vice president has few constitutional duties other than acting as 1 a position that is more ceremonial than real except when the vice president votes to 2 vice president is also the president's designated successor should the president be unable to fulfill the 3 due to death resignation or removal vice president serves in a manner dictated by the president a situation that prompted Benjamin Franklin to recommend that the occupant of the office be called your 4

1. president of the Senate 2. break ties 3. duties of the office 4. superfluous highness

The vice president exercises little real authority in the Senate, instead the Senate selects a 1 a Latin term meaning for a time or temporary to preside over meetings. this is the 2 highest-ranking official in the US Senate Presiding officer is an individual who presides over 3 and forcing order and decorum. the presiding officer will at times be the vice president of the United States or the president pro tempore Senate's most influential member is a 4 who exercises responsibilities similar to the speaker of the house and the House majority leader rolled into one similar to the speaker of the House the Senate majority leader controls the bodies 5 and the flow of legislation the Senate minority leader has far less influence over the Senate agenda however he or she can put substantial 6 in the way of the majority party

1. president pro tempore 2. second 3. Senate debate 4. senate majority leader 5. agenda 6. hurdles

President trump organized the national security council to reflect his own priorities he created top level 1 as the senior interagency forum for national security the members of this included the 2 the chairperson of the joint Chief of staff the US 3 the US representatives to the United Nations the director of the CIA national security council membership is fluid and the group seldom meets as a 4

1. principle committee 2. director of national intelligence 3. Secretary of energy 4. whole

Within the EOP a number of offices attend to the president's 1 and personal relationship with key constituent groups the office of the press secretary transmits information to the public about the president's 2 and daily activities addresses criticism of the president's 3 deals with the questions from the White House press corps

1. public image 2. political position 3. policies

To be effective the president must campaign and build 1 for the administration's agenda following inauguration, the president usually enjoys a 2 during which the public generally abstains from criticism of the administration and gives the president the 3 in proposing and passing legislation eventually attacked by opponents the stream of 4 and legislative battles take their toll on presidential approval EX: President George w bush gained public support in the wake of 9/11 and lost it as the war in 5 dragged on presidential approval is filtered through partisan lenses Democrats and Republicans are far more likely to approve of the performance of a president in their 6 than from the opposition

1. public support 2. honeymoon period 3. benefit of the doubt 4. world events 5. Iraq 6. own party

Because some states had a history of racial discrimination the 1965 voting Rights act outlawed 1 the practice of redrawing legislative districts in a manner that minimizes the 2 of racial minorities before this law came into effect residents and regions with large black populations were spread across many different voting districts to 3 their impact on the election outcome in any given district. To counter this practice the voting Rights act required the federal government to Grant prior approval or 4 of election practices and district boundaries in some mostly southern states where the practices had been most egregious. In 2013 the US supreme Court ruled that the individuals or groups alleging racial discrimination and redistricting must demonstrate 5 on the part of the state making it more difficult to bring similar claims in the future.

1. racial gerrymandering 2. influence 3. dilute 4. pre-clearance 5. intent

defense related powers: power to declare war power to 1 power to create and maintain the 2 power to regulate the armed forces power to organize the 3 (today's national guard) and to call the militia into national service to defend against rebellion checks and balances: power to 4 Federal officials' power to establish lower federal courts along with specifying with some exceptions in the case of the supreme Court the kinds of cases each can hear power to override 5 legislative power: power to make all laws 6 and proper for carrying out foregoing powers power to govern the district of Columbia.

1. raise and support armies 2. Navy 3. militia 4. impeach 5. presidential veto 6. necessary

One reason incumbent is so hard to unseat is the advantage they hold in 1 donors are more likely to give to candidates they believe will 2 due to donors knowing that 3 are more likely to be successful, they give more to them this circular logic creates a self-fulfilling prophecy that reinforces and helps sustain the power of incumbency Incumbents unlike challengers also enjoy the advantage of 4 which is the ability to keep their names and faces in front of the public EX: like sitting members have limit use of franking privileges that allow them to send 5 to constituents at the government's expense except in the last days of a campaign

1. raising money 2. win 3. incumbents 4. visibility 5. newsletters questionnaires and letters

EX: during Abraham Lincoln's presidency he retracted to the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter by 1 imposing naval blockades on Southern ports suspending the 2 and trying civilians in military courts acts that extend Presidential power beyond constitutional limits He failed to 3 for months and received support for his actions only retroactively he agonized over the dilemma but concluded that measures otherwise unconstitutional might become lawful by becoming 4 to the preservation of the nation

1. raising troops 2. habeas corpus 3. convene Congress 4. indispensable

Presidents usually can count on wide public support during times of war or when US interests are attacked a phenomenon known as 1 the public is willing to give the president a free hand for only a 2 however for example Americans express strong support for President George w Bush's retaliatory attack on Afghanistan after September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks but met with more resistance however in the lead up to the 3 the Revelation that Iraq had no 4 compounded by mounting us casualties led to a precipitous drop-in public support for the operation Obama's decision to assist 5 in aiding resistance fighters in Libya Drew criticism House of Representatives approved a non-binding resolution rebuking President Obama for continuing the operation without 6

1. rallying around the flag 2. limited time 3. war in Iraq 4. weapons of mass destruction 5. NATO forces 6. Express consent of Congress

when Senate does block a nominee, the president may respond by waiting until Congress goes into 1 and then appointing the nominee without 2 such recess appointments are effective only until the 3 of the next Senate session Among the president's most important appointees requiring Senate approval are members of the 4 president Trump took advantage of 5 during his first two years in office to appoint conservative Justice Neil gorsuch and Brett kavanaugh

1. recess 2. senate approval 3. end 4. US supreme Court 5. two openings

to ensure equal representation despite population shifts, the Constitution prescribes that the boundaries of congressional districts are to be 1 every 2. years on the basis of census data. this change in district boundaries is called redistricting because Congress permanently fixes the total numbers of seats in the house at 435 in 1911 the number of seats allocated to some states will increase as their 3 while the number allocated to others will decrease as their populations fall. this relocation of seeds among states is called 4 Redistricting is to set up new district lines after reapportionment is complete. Reapportionment is the process of 5 representation based on population, after every census.

1. redrawn 2. 10 3. population grow 4. reapportionment. 5. reassigning

The Senate generally has been reluctant to 1 approving more than 15,000 while turning down just 21 Some presidents have circumvented the process by adopting 2 with other nations that carry the same force of law is treaties do but do not require 3 like President Obama joined in 2015 with other international partners in removing sanctions on Iran in order to obtain a reduction in that country's nuclear capabilities some of the Senators believe they should have been 4 but the president indicated the removal of sanctions was an 5 act not equivalent to a treaty negotiation between the United States and Iran

1. reject treaties 2. executive agreement 3. Senate approval 4. consulted first 5. international

How it was originally supposed to work Originally each elector submitted a 1 with two names the candidate received the 2 became president and the runner-up became 3 in 4 this produced a president from one party and a vice president from another 5 years later it resulted in for the presidency and between two candidates from the same party Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

1. single ballot 2. highest number of votes 3. vice president. 4. 1796 5. a tie

Traditionally law enforcement has been the province of 1 government but as the federal government has grown and assumed greater responsibilities the 2 has played an ever-larger role in law enforcement today executive agencies enforce not only 3 but also laws affecting public health business regulation civil rights and 4 among a host of other areas The executive branch attempted to 5 its control over federal law enforcement in the wake of the 2001 terrorist attacks The commission proposed a number of 6 to break down into terrorist investigations

1. state and local 2. Federal executive 3. criminal laws 4. immigration 5. strengthen and centralize 6. steps

he affirmed his right to withhold some information according to the 1, which asserts the right of the chief executive to keep secret information from the public and from other branches of government for reasons of 2 a privilege usually respected by the courts president Trump continues to rely on some of these same accrued powers and performing his duties at office continue to use a drone strikes against the spectators abroad maintains operations at 3 where prisoners were denied many due process rights; and he has denied public access to White House 4 scrubbed data from federal websites refuse to divest himself of 5 that might create conflicts and zealously pursue government leakers

1. state secrets privilege 2. national security 3. Guantanamo Bay 4. visitor logs 5. financial interest

presidents often use the power and prestige of the office to convene 1 at which they meet with 2 to influence the course of world events notable summits occurred in 1978 when 3 and Israeli prime Minister Menachem Begin met with President 4 to pave the way for a peace treaty between the two Nations in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan and Soviet general Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev met in Reykjavik, Iceland to discuss the elimination of 5 This meeting produced a treaty ratified in 1988

1. summit meetings 2. world leaders 3. Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat 4. Jimmy Carter 5. intermediate-range nuclear missiles

In addition to being the head of the government the President also serves as the nation's 1 or chief of state in some Nations this duty is performed by a 2 the Constitution attaches few official duties to this function: taking a formal oath of office providing congress with periodic 3 messages receiving public ministers the job of chief of state creates an emotional bond with the 4 that contributes to a president's authority

1. symbolic leader 2. monarch 3. State of the Union 4. electorate

Senate leadership Vice President of the United States president of the Senate votes only in case of 1 rarely presides 2 senior most member of the majority who theoretically presides in the 3 of the vice president majority party majority leader represents majority party on the 4 floor responsible for advancing party's legislative agenda and spokesperson for Senate majority members 5 assist leadership and maintaining parties legislative program minority party minority leader represents minority party on the senate floor and plan strategy to advance party positions minority whip assist leadership and managing parties' 6.

1. tie 2. president pro tempore 3. absence 4. senate 5. majority whip 6. legislative program

today the Senate is asked to confirm thousands of civilian and military nominees during each 1 of Congress Some believe Congress should reject presidential appointees if nominee is 2 incompetence or character others think the Senate should have discretion to 3 appointment for any reason whatsoever including disagreement over policy or political perspective the differences in interpretation and application have led to many battles over the 4 EX: During the last year of the Obama presidency Republicans in the Senate refuse to take up the president's nominee to replace Justice 5, who had died in February 2016 arguing that the nomination should be delayed in presidential election year until the next president took office a position with no exact precedent. Following this rebuke of Obama, Senate Republicans pushed through two president Trump's 6

1. two-year session 2. deficient 3. deny 4. president nominees 5. Antonin Scalia 6. supreme Court appointees

Recent presidents have continued to expand the limits of presidential Powers President George w bush followed what his advisors openly acknowledged to be a 1 by regularly appending signing statements to legislation and stretching the bounds of 2 --which is the practice of shielding from scrutiny 3 of the president and his advisors--further than previous Presidents by claiming it applied to 4 and to conversations with private citizens with whom his staff might have conferred Despite promises of greater transparency and consultation President Obama failed to obtain 5 for intervention in Libya, used drone strikes to target and kill suspected terrorists in Afghanistan and Pakistan and continued to use the same types of surreptitious surveillance employed by his predecessor

1. unitary perspective 2. executive privilege 3. documents and conversations 4. past employees 5. congressional approval

The president may also exercise 1 associated with carrying out official duties these are powers granted 2 that give him flexibility in performing the duties of office discretionary Powers have been used to gain 3 especially during times of 4 emergency.

1. 2. expressly or by delegation 3. extensive authority 4. war or national

How the 1 changed it The 12th amendment ratified in 1804 altered the process by requiring electors to 2 for President and vice President this change came about because of one presidential election that produced a president and a vice president from 3 (1796) and another that resulted in a tie (1800)

1. 12th Amendment 2. submit separate ballots 3. opposing parties

National security council in 1 Congress established the national security council to integrate information from the nation's 2 intelligence agencies and to advise the president on matters of 3 the national security advisor appointed by the president without 4 heads the body and provide regular 5 to the president traditionally this body has included the vice president the secretaries of 6 the chairperson of the joint chief of staff the director of national intelligence

1. 1947 2. domestic and foreign 3. national security 4. Senate confirmation 5. briefings 6. state and defense