POS120 Dr Dille

Name one UN agency that looks interesting. What does it do?

A UN agency that looks interesting is the UN Security Council. What it does is basically veto actions that the UN plans to do. It also prevents the UN from certain actions. When this happens it is easier to have international support on an issue. An example of this was in 1990.

What is a balancing strategy? Give an example of it in operation.

A balance strategy can mean different things. In the context of the modules and world politics, balance strategy is where the main powers that meet in the world try to create and maintain balance in the world with certain things. To help explain this, an example would be the balance of oil production in the world. The world relies on a stable production of oil that is reasonably priced. If one main supplier was to shut down, then that can impact a lot of different things. The main powers try to balance everything out to make sure things that the world relies on is met.

What is a nongovernmental organization (NGO)? Give an example.

A corporation or institute that runs independently from the government even if funded by them. The usually work towards a wide variety of goals and usually are non profit. Examples of this would be the World Wild Life fund.

5) What makes a country a Superpower?

A country is judged whether a not it has the influence of a Superpower based on its ability to adjust and react to the effects of the various flows of interactions. Each government chooses to go along with and to avoid each phenomenon such as terrorism, cyberspace, and most importantly, international trade. International trade is the center of the flow of interactions between nations that drives the increase in globalization, and the nations that are most powerful and preside over the global markets are going to be the Superpowers. For example, in the post-Cold War Era, the United States is recognized as a Superpower because it has the most influence on markets, and the manufacturers who import often tailor their goods to U.S. preference

What makes a country a Superpower?

A country would be considered a "Superpower" when it's able to have a large and powerful enough military and military presence throughout the world, along with having one of the largest and most developed economies in the world. A country isn't always considered a "Superpower" until some time of growth and development or after significant local or global events that push growth and development to a faster pace.

Why would a country want to manipulate it currency exchange rate?

A country, such as China, would manipulate its currency exchange rate to boost exports and reduce imports. Driving the value of the yuan down makes China's imports more expensive and its exports cheaper to potential consumers such as the United States.

What are some examples of cyber threats?

A cyber threat is when someone tries to damage data, steal data, or try to affect the digital world in a negative way, some examples of cyber threats are computer viruses, data breaches, and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks

What is a genetically modified organism? What is a promise and a concern with them?

A genetically modified organism is an organism that is not natural and has been genetically engineered. Some examples of GMOs are rice, corn, potatoes and tomatoes. Gmos are used to satisfy the high demand of food. The migration and immigration increase has increased the amount of goods produced. With gmos there is human activity such as coal, oil, and burning of fossil fuels to fulfill the need of goods.

What is national missile defense? Give an example of it in operation.

A national missile defense is intended to protect an entire country against any incoming missiles. Such defenses include systems of ground-based radars, satellite sensors, and interceptor missiles designed to destroy incoming warheads. The U.S. ballistic missile defense policy has protected the homeland against limited long-range missile strikes from hot countries such as Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. The Ground-Based Midcourse Defense is the United State's anti-ballistic missile system for intercepting incoming warheads in space, during their midcourse phase of ballistic trajectory flight.

What is a preemptive strategy? Give an example of it in operation.

A preemptive strategy is when a nation attacks the other before they can with intentions of disabling them before they have the chance to attack. An example would be in 1967 when Isreal attacked Egyptian forces with beliefs that they were planning their own attack.

1. What does it mean that the world is characterized by anarchy?

A traditional hierarchy involves multiple levels of rank and/or authority. One (or many) may answer to someone above them, and so on until it eventually stops at the top where there is one entity with governing authority over all. In the world's current case, anarchy is the system it abides by. In an anarchy, all are considered equal, no one entity is above any other. The worlds countries are all looked at as equal, none are considered to rank above any other, therefore, the world is characterized as an anarchy. Structured anarchy is what is used by the world currently. What structured anarchy means is that no entity is in charge. There is a lack of hierarchy meaning each state is free to do what they like. There is structure because the interactions that happen with other states are all binding and free from interference. Anarchy is different from chaos because chaos is this idea that everything is crazy while anarchy has control. A state controls itself, there is just no world government/control system that is why it is anarchy The world is characterized by anarchy because it is the authority developed by man that exercises global power. No world empire holds supreme rule over all nations, therefore there are no inherent rules to mandate the interacting nations. This system of power can be most clearly understood in the context of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Without the overarching imperial system that had ruled before, warlords were free to pop up at will with no true law over the land. This meant that the Europeans were as close as they may ever be to a true state of anarchy/nature. The world powers originally existed under the same assumption with no real law over the land until formalities, treaties, and crises have shaped the sovereign states we know today. Victors of each systemic crisis decided the rules that the nations were to abide by, but the laws of these treaties and their agreements are the only laws exercising authority over the other states

What is the European Union (EU) and what was the impetus behind it? What is meant by the debate between building a "United Europe of States" or a "United States of Europe"?

After the Cold War took place, European nations grouped up together to form what is known as the European Union. This gave these countries a shared identity, recognized as European. The ways this shared identity manifested was mainly through shared currency, known as the Euro. This relationship was able to take place after much of Europe was democratically and economically secure. Another form of this European identity is represented through shared foreign policies, as these countries would correspond with each other on how to reach agreements navigating international relationships. United States of Europe suggests that each of the European countries included in the EU would answer to a higher European Government body or leader. This Leader's Headquarters would be located in Brussels. Having a shared foreign policy, the EU would react to conflict rather than the countries' militaries involved which removed some of the pressure from the various countries found in the EU. Some would suggest though that European Identity is to be the primary identity recognized by the members of this union. Their State Identity would be second to that of their European Identity which is why the United Europe of States is the preferred terminology by Europeans. This new term restores a balance of national capitals in relation to Brussels.

What accounts for Asia's remarkable success in the 75 years following World War II?

After the second world war, many of the governments in Asia were either entirely destroyed or restructured, most of which changed with a more Western mindset, with the very notable exception of China. The overwhelming constant that seems to have built Asian prosperity is economic openness, as the nations that adopted this stance (Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore for example) seemed to have developed earlier than those who did not. China, who initially sought an near entirely self-reliant Chinese economy, saw constant economic issues under his rule. It was not until The 1970's that China began to shift towards a trading market, and as they further adopted this, the country saw exponential economic development. When openness was combined with industrial might (constructed via guided industrialization and strong policy), it turned Asian countries from one of the poorer regions of the world into economic powerhouses. Japan and South Korea are seeing quality of life averages comparable or arguably greater than that of Americans, and China's development is nearly unprecedented in the world.

What is Agenda 21?

Agenda 21 is a plan that was developed from a United Nations Conference. The plan of action was intended to ensure strides towards global sustainable development (Down to Earth). The conference was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from June 3 to 14 1992, and was adopted by 178 governments (DSD). The goal of the agreement was to impose policies that exercise extreme environmentalism with goals such as eradicating poverty and hunger (Hanscom and Nesci). However, since its implication, it is reported that progress on implementing Agenda 21's intentions has been slow. Not every nation that adopted Agenda 21 from the conference has developed a plan to begin incorporating the suggested policies. The most common strategies for growth development have been coordinating with donors, traditional master plans, and strategies to address international obligations (Down to Earth).

6) Most of Africa is now democratic. What challenges do these democracies face?

Although democracies have gained ground in African countries, the continent as a whole seems to lack some key ingredients in order to sustain a fair and just government. Without a proper middle class, competitive party system, enforcement of constitutional laws, and a strong economy, Africa still has an uphill battle to face. The continent is still revenged by civil wars, extreme corruption, and struggle to gain power and resources. African democracies face a large number of challenges. Number one is corruption, it is hard for a democracy to work if those in power are constantly undermining the democratic process. As someone born an raised in Africa there is no secret that money can buy you out of anything in Africa. So even when elected officials commit crimes they can pay to get the issues swept under the rug. They also pay people at polling stations to stuff ballots, nobody but the counters and staff are allowed in the building, no reporters either. Elections are secretive and if they are corrupt there is no way to prove it, they do not recount votes. There usually are no cameras to prove your point either. Voter suppression is also a big issue. African countries are underdeveloped in many areas, so there are no street cameras or proper roads. So some people have a choice between walking 30 miles to vote or on an animal or not voting at all. Also around election time there are groups of young men often hired by politicians to scare voters. Sometimes when a different candidate than expected wins war erupts. Being in Kenya in 2007 after their biggest election induced war was the scariest time in my life. People would come up to people, ask them who they votes for and kill them if it was the candidate they opposed. So African countries face various challenges to their democracy, but my hope is that one day they are able to overcome these issues. 7) Why are there so few conflicts between countries in the Americas? Besides the fact there are still conflicts within the individual countries in the Americas they rarely have issues with one another and I believe its contributed to the fact that the United States is the only country in the region to have nuclear power. Unlike other countries like China for example who has 4 nuclear powers on its borders which can create power rivalries with their neighbors. So luckily the Americas don't have to worry about power rivalries between each other because the territorial disputes are few, the armies are small, and the wars between countries are rare. They just aren't a region of great power or conflict that would want to go to war with one another.

How effective have counter-terrorism efforts been since 9/11? What strategies have been effective, and what has been ineffective?

America has been a nation at war basically since the attacks on 9/11 and even leading up to that. Immediately following 9/11 America entered into a war prominently within Iraq and Afghanistan but realistically spreading throughout the entire Middle East region. The American hierarchy coined the phrase "the war on terror" which allowed them to group and portray each state as unstable. Since America's involvement many Middle East states have become unstable and are dependent on the presence of the American military to maintain order. The war on terror is a rather vague term often seeming to encompass any and all who would dare oppose America. Consequently the war on terror isn't entirely sure on who its enemy specifically is but they do have a general idea. Some criticize this aspect of the war on terror as having no real end goal since it is such a vague declaration. The United States employs a defensive strategy that ensures that battles will never take place of American soil. Aside from Pearl Harbor and 9/11 America has largely succeeded in keeping the battle on foreign soil. Since being involved in the Middle East America has made a few attempts, some successful, in installing a local state government that would ideally uphold democracy. However, these governments are unstable without American presence and there is much question as to what a Middle East without the American military might look Counter-terrorism efforts have been very effective since 9/11 because they now use different strategies such as screenings and searches at airports, government buildings and places of work, however some ineffective strategies have been the effort to eliminate terrisom just because how impossible it is to actually do this.

What is an arms race? Give an example of it in operation.

An arms race is a race that takes place between opposing nations intending to develop better technology and weapons. The purpose of the use of the development is typically hostile with the target being the opponent of the race. One of the most infamous arms races is the one that began as a direct result of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. This arms race was significant and it, "lasted until the signing of the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty of November 1990. An entire generation grew up under the shadow of imminent catastrophe" (Swift). The United States had revealed that they possessed nuclear weapons, and were willing to use them which immediately caused the Soviet Union to begin to develop, starting the race. The weapon was sought after because of its clear impact from the immediate surrender of Japan in 1945. This arms race was able to sustain itself so long due to the power of the large nations involved, and the foundation of fear that gave incentive for both sides to continue to try and beat the other.

9) Give an example of globalization hurting local cultures, and an example of how it has preserved local cultures?

An example of globalization harming a local culture is if one culture specializes in making bicycles, they now have to compete with other countries that also specialize in making bicycles. Rather than just doing what they have always done and being good at it in their own culture, they now have to compete with other culture's that can build those bikes cheaper or better. This can cause people to want to import and buy those bikes which would cause harm to the local bike builders. Globalization has helped preserve local cultures through decreased costs of goods, am increase of access to goods, and an increased interaction of culture with other cultures. Globalization allows cultures to become more tolerant or familiar with other cultures. Also, if one culture is the best at making or growing one type of good, they can use that to increase in other goods that they might not have or be the best at. An example of globalization hurting local cultures is an increased availability of products which can lead to local cultures getting "drowned out", however it has preserved local cultures because of the access to advanced technology which helps harvest crops and find new agricultural methods.

What is an intergovernmental Organization (IGO)? Give an example.

An intergovernmental Organization (IGO) is an agreement between two or more nations in the pursuit of achieving common goals, supporting similar agendas, and sharing of mutually beneficial ideas. An IGO is where its members can come together to more effectively and efficiently settle disputes and accomplish common goals in an attempt to preserve and support order. A current example of an IGO is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO was created to encourage trade, and maintain order, among its members. In the WTO, states can come together and negotiate a trade agreement, rules for trade agreements, and settle any issues or disputes that may arise from a trade agreement. The IGO is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states or of other intergovernmental organizations, an example of this is the United Nations.

4) What is the role played by South Africa in the geopolitics of the continent?

As Richard Haass states in The World, the continent of Africa is characterized by a lack of geopolitical involvement. However, South Africa interacts the most with the Dutch and British through the three distinguished phases of the region. In the first phase, South Africa's role was that of a colony to both the Dutch and British, who were not met without resistance, inciting a series of armed conflicts. The most notable of these is the Second Boer War between the British and the Dutch, with Britain prevailing at extreme costs, giving way for Boers/Afrikaners to gain an advantage. In the second phase, South Africa went through the process of decolonization in response to a repressive minority party taking rule in 1948. South Africa had been established as a self-governing nation under the British Empire, and most of the action that took place to combat the oppressive rule of apartheid racist laws came internally. Nelson Mandela, a president of the African National Congress, took action by creating a message of reconciliation after being imprisoned for 27 years. F. W. de Klerk focused instead on when and how a change to majority rule would take place, as he recognized its inevitability. They did not work without aid, however, as there was an additional international response shown in terms of economic sanctions against the minority power. Mandela became the first president of post-apartheid Africa, and back in 1994. South Africa entirely detached from the British back in 1961, becoming a republic. The third phase mentioned represents where Africa stands today.

What is desertification, and what are some causes?

As climate change affects the weather and the oceans, it consequently puts stress on the land and subsequently the life that inhabits it. Climate change has threatened the stability of land capable of sustaining life through the increase in sea levels, spread of salt water, the severity of storms worsening, mixed with a hotter climate. As a result, land that was fertile for crops and human (as well as animal) life has been put in jeopardy. If too much damage has occurred and the land can no longer sustain life, the land has therefore been lost to desertification. Desertification is the process of land becoming uninhabitable. The area is either drained of its natural resources, or becomes a hostile environment too extreme to support human life. This is caused by climate change and examples of these extremes include severe storms, higher average temperatures, and higher sea levels in coastal areas. Climate change is characterized by rising levels of Carbon Dioxide and Methane, as well as other greenhouse gases that become trapped in the ozone layer. It has been noted that human developments dating back from the Industrial Revolution have caused this rise in greenhouse gases and contribute to the current state of climate change.

What barriers prevent global cooperation in global health?

Barriers that prevent cooperation in global health is globalization. For example, the ease to travel that has made it easier for diseases to spread. Other barriers are the different temperatures between countries in which the environment is likely to cause outbreaks and transmission of diseases. Also, refugee populations are vulnerable to cholera and other diseases. Vaccines cannot anticipate all the strains of diseases. Also, health systems and people would be discouraged from going to work from me. It is the authority, capacity and lack of resources to have global cooperation.

5) What is one potential consequence of high birth rates in many African countries?

Besides Africa's infectious diseases and inadequate healthcare systems, one potential consequence of high birth rates in many African countries is that their economy is poorly equipped with being able to supply an efficient number of jobs for the growing population soon to be in the workforce. The reason that many countries are involved are for several reasons. One reason or trigger was the Arab spring which left many countries in civil war. Many civilians were tired of their rulers and protested which made it popular in other places. While most could not do anything to make a big influence on their life and government, Syrians did. The protests turned violent and they went against the government. Many fought and many died, also it started to affect other groups of people such as Alawites. The U.S intervened but to attack ISIS. Basically allies and adversaries of the U.S got involved in this way,

7) Why are there so few conflicts between countries in the Americas?

Besides the fact there are still conflicts within the individual countries in the Americas they rarely have issues with one another and I believe its contributed to the fact that the United States is the only country in the region to have nuclear power. Unlike other countries like China for example who has 4 nuclear powers on its borders which can create power rivalries with their neighbors. So luckily the Americas don't have to worry about power rivalries between each other because the territorial disputes are few, the armies are small, and the wars between countries are rare. They just aren't a region of great power or conflict that would want to go to war with one another.

What is biodiversity? Why is it important?

Biodiversity is the term referring to the amount and the variety of organic life in an area. It is important for sake of maintaining a sort of order in an area, as each organic species in an area typically has a "niche" or some sort to play in a biome. Without this biodiversity, an area is likely to suffer through events such as one species running rampant, a lack of soil refreshment, or a disrupted food chain.

What is "Brexit" and how will it affect the future of the European project?

Brexit, simply put, is the United Kingdom leaving the European Union. Brexit is a combination of "Britain" and "Exit." There are many impacts this has on the United Kingdom and on the rest of Europe. Among the text and other resources I discovered some of the impacts that this will have. One interesting effect of Brexit is that there is a fear of a greater German dominance. Some fear that while the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, Germany will have greater dominance since there will not be the United Kingdom there to balance it out. Brexit also affects the European Union economically. The withdraw of Britain will have implications on other European countries and possibly countries outside of the European Union, such as the United States. Since Brexit is an ongoing process right now, we will have to see what the direct impacts will be, but it is easy to see that there will be changes and consequences to the European Union socially, economically, and politically. Brexit is known as Britain's referendum calling for the exit from the European Union. This would affect the future of the EU and for Britain in the fact that costs would go up on both sides, as the United Kingdom is amongst the largest partners in trade in the EU. In addition, the UK is a large part of the supply chain for countries that consist of the EU. Brexit is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community which took place on January 31, 2020, this will affect the future of the European Project by having a negative impact on it and possibly weaken the EU.

1. Why did World War I break out? Could it have been avoided?

Britain rose to a position of global primacy. However, when the empire and war costs began to get too much, Germany came out as a strong rival. Germany proved to be more powerful and France had never really recovered from it loss to Prussia. World War 1 can be seen as the result of the change of power. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand had a ripple effect, starting WWI. The war could have been avoided if the archduke was not assassinated.

8) What was the impact of the Cold War on Latin America?

Central/Latin America had its share of Cold War involvement, and complications developed as a result of the two main power's of the war and their attempt to use the region. In the process, governments were fought and supported by the two main power's of the war, and in doing so may have altered the futures of some, if not all, of Latin America. Involvement of Cuba and the Castro-Communist government with the Soviets led the U.S. to attempt overthrowing the communist controlled government, but failed and left an uneasy relationship between the two North American countries. Later, the U.S. discovered the Soviets planning military involvement in Cuba, in an attempt to place nuclear capable missiles on the island immediately neighboring the U.S. The uncovering of the Soviets intentions, before they could execute the move, led to arrangements between the U.S. and the Soviets that included movement of other weapons in Europe, by the U.S., and the Soviets abandoning plans to place their missiles in Cuba. The Cold War also brought conflict to the central region where El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras had their share of Cold War involvement. During the late 1970's and early 1980's, the central countries were hot spots to Soviet backed leftist government and movements as well as U.S. backed anti-communist governments and movements to push back Soviet efforts. Not until the mid 1980's that the area finally had a more peaceful time as the area had finally been under the control of non-communist governments. In the end, the history of Latin America now includes the conflict of two other nations.

What is soft power? Give an example.

Coercion can be defined as the use of force, in an attempt to get someone to do something. The idea of "Soft Power" goes a different route as coercion, along with any use of threat or force, is absent from the equation. "Soft Power" would be the ability to influence someone without the use of force but instead as a result of having influential and admirable treats or features that appeal to others so much they are willing to follow suit. A close example would be the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), as the organization was founded in an attempt to keep the peace and safety of its original members, with nations still willingly joining decades after its inception. NATO is open to nations that want to join who also share in the belief, as the U.S. did during NATO's creation, that safety and security are paramount to a nations survival and well being, so much that they are willing to defend one another if needed. The leadership and strength of the U.S. led other nations, who may not have done so before, to stand up and stand by one another in unity for the sake of each others well being.

What policy areas are unified in the European Union?

Common economic policy, currency, and the division of responsibility between itself and its members.

What is the difference between communicable and noncommunicable diseases? Which are a greater threat to global health?

Communicable diseases are diseases that are considered to be infectious and can be transmitted through various types of contact. The current pandemic we are facing due to COVID-19 is a prime example of the issues caused by communicable diseases that each country must face as an independent nation and as part of the globe. Other common communicable diseases across the globe include HIV/AIDS, malaria and more. Noncommunicable diseases are health issues we see pop up across the globe not because of a single event or outbreak but because of ongoing trends and lifestyles. Rising cases of heart disease and diabetes are noncommunicable diseases that reflect the current health of the planet overall. A high number of noncommunicable diseases can reflect an unhealthy society potentially at a higher risk of spreading communicable diseases. Both are to be kept in check if the nations are meant to prosper both independently and as part of the global effort. Given our current situation it is hard not to argue that communicable diseases pose a greater threat to global health. The rapid spread of the coronavirus amongst all countries has shown to a generation how useless borders are to these kinds of threats and how vulnerable we are as a planet. It has crushed economies (although major corporations seem to be doing fine so what do we mean when we say "crushed the economy"), put people out of work and isolated certain countries from the world. If you are so privileged to live in America you are no longer allowed to travel outside of the country because of the virus. In a matter of a year this communicable disease has altered literally every aspect of human life and I imagine it will have a lasting impact. Amongst these changes are office spaces that will never be returned to because companies no longer see a need for them and hopefully a new found respect and fear for such an epidemic that includes a plan of action for the future. I do think that noncommunicable diseases pose a great threat for the future and demand some action now. The world can certainly make an effort to see that kids are provided healthy meals in schools and are being educated on nutrition, physical and mental health. However, I see these healthy issues as potentially causing major issues in the future while our current health climate demands immediate action. I hope that these noncommunicable diseases will be addressed in the future by the WHO but currently I would invest all my efforts into preventing the spread of the current epidemic. Communicable diseases are those that are spread by one infected individual to another, such as Covid-19, while noncommunicable disease are not spread from one individual to another, such as Crohn's Disease or cancers. Communicable diseases pose a much greater threat to global health, as through their nature they can come in waves for which the areas affected are not capable of providing consistent treatment or accommodation.

Define "containment." What were the assumptions of that strategy, and what were the alternatives? Was it a successful strategy?

Containment was a United States foreign policy that's goal was to stop the spread of Communism as well as other aspects of the Russian "expansion tendencies." This was came about in the 1940s and was part of the Truman Doctrine that offered help to other countries. They helped countries that were under threat or attack by Communist countries or other countries that were spreading those ideals. They wanted to contain those ideas and communism to where they already were and not let it spread. An alternative to this was some people thought that the United States should have fought directly against communism and tried to disband it where it was. Rather than just containing it, some thought that they should fight to shrink communism where it was.

What countries could benefit the most from increased migration? Why?

Countries that benefit the most from increased migration are often those with a need for uneducated labor. Germany, for example, often brings in migrants for uneducated jobs within their economy due to a high education rate, explaining the large population of guest-worker descendent families within Germany, particularly that of Turkish workers. The United States also sees a benefit in it's migrant workers. Though the topic of immigration is a hot button issue in the United States, a primarily Mexican force of laborers in the agricultural field make for some of the lowest food costs within any first world nation.

What rights are given a country when it is recognized as sovereign by other countries?

Country's that are recognized as sovereign have the right to power and governing without intervention from others . It gives them the right to own their own culture and insures the safeguard and the opportunity to exercise their right to freely shape their life according to their own traditions, conditioned only by the full respect of human rights, And not by the expectations and societal norms of other states.

What is deforestation, and what are some causes?

Deforestation is the removal of trees and destruction of our forests for the harvesting of trees for lumber, gases and coal, or infrastructure expansion. The causes and effects of this destruction and removal of trees and vegetation may include soil erosion, and increased green house gases. Deforestation is when trees are cut down to make room for agriculture or to harvest timber. The reason this is bad is because healthy tropical forests consume carbon dioxide and without the forests present, it makes it more difficult to absorb these carbon dioxide emissions. Stored carbon is also released into the air as a result of deforestation.

What is disarmament? Give an example of it in operation.

Disarmament is the process of a nation or group intentionally reducing their military strength, particularly relevant when it comes to nuclear weapons. An example of specifically nuclear disarmament can be seen in the country of South Africa. Though the motivations were less than ideal, the country had 6 nuclear weapons at it's peak, but intentionally disarmed the entire nuclear program in 1989, with no nuclear weapons belonging to the country since.

Explain the impact of a tariff on the economies of both the target state and the state imposing the tariff.

Free trade in the global market is challenged by many thing and for many reasons. One challenge is the implementation of a "Tariff", or a tax on a product. A tariff on a product is paid by the business importing the goods, and to the importing countries government. For the exporting country, their goods are made to look more expensive and may become less competitive as a possible, less expensive, local or foreign alternative may be considered. If an alternative is found, the amount of exports will drop, along with businesses and jobs, and so will the profits made by the exporting country. In the importing country, the government who is imposing the tariff stands to make money on the taxes collected, though the extra taxes associated with the imports will be passes onto their citizens by the business, who are the consumers now paying higher prices. Just like a business reconsidering buying more expensive imports, consumers in the importing country will also reconsider buying the more expensive products resulting in local spending to also fall. Both importing and exporting economies may see economic growth suffer, as too will political relationships and stability. Increased tension can result in unnecessary tariff wars, and discourages free trade, where no one side necessarily comes out victorious but instead both economies now face new challenges.

What accounts for the increased friction between the United States and Russia? Was it inevitable?

Friction between the United States and Russia has been building for decades, making our recent exposures to Russia even more detrimental. After the Soviet Union lost the Cold War, and was subsequently dismantled, Vladmir Putin's power has been questionable, much to his dismay. Tensions rose when the United States and Europe decided to enlarge NATO; Putin interpreting this as a threat. Russia has since tried to regain power and reputation by fueling conflicts in former Soviet Union countries, such as Ukraine and Syria. Russia has also attempted to flex their influence by interfering with many elections in Europe as well as the 2016 presidential election. Many of Russia's political moves seem to be powered by their longing to regain their former standing as one of the world's superpowers.

1) What does globalization mean?

Globalization is the emergence of an increasingly interconnection between businesses and organizations across borders for technological, economic, political, and cultural advances. Globalization is the spread of products, technology, jobs, and information across national borders and cultures. Globalization promotes and increases interactions between different regions and populations across the globe by trading goods and services, as well as the advancement of technology and information. This process of interaction and integration among different peoples and governments has an effect on the environment, cultures, physical well-being, and economic development.

Some argue that the United States and China are destined to become locked in a new cold war. Do you agree? If the United States and China do end up in a new cold war, what might be the consequences for both countries and for the world?

I fully agree that the US and china are bound to end up in a cold war. The consequences for both the United States and china would be brutal, however it would affect the US more than it would China. Why? China is a communist country, the government filters the information spread and generally has more control over their citizens than most other countries. So Chinese citizens are less likely to rebel when asked to do things to support their government in a cold war. American citizens on the other hand are way more likely to rebel and question their freedoms being taken away to support the country in those times, the COVID-19 pandemic is a clear example of this. Americans in the recent years have become more and more divided. I think our divisive nature will make it harder to come together and do what needs to be done in a cold war with china. As for the rest of the world, they will get caught in the crossfire, combine America and China's abilities as political superpowers, every country will be forced to pick sides, creating a global rift. It is a ticking time bomb.

Should countries try to limit nuclear proliferation, or should the world follow the motto of the National Rifle Association that an "armed society is a safe society?"

I see truth in the NRA's statement "armed society is a safe society" However this absolutely does not apply to nuclear weapons. Those aren't things everyone should have or perfect. People often say it's scary to think that if a presidents ego is hurt by the words of another president, that may cause a nuclear war to erupt. If a country is not a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty they should not be perfect nuclear weapons. It's a scary concept and so countries should try to limit nuclear proliferation. There's enough to worry about on a day to day basis for regular citizens. Of course there's the threat of countries not complying with the treaty but that's a story for another day!

Does a nuclear North Korea represent a threat to the United States? What should the United States do (if anything) to address it?

I would argue that a nuclear armed North Korea has proven that it is a threat not only to the United States but to the entire globe. North Korea has not been shy about testing its nuclear missiles publicly and often for the world to see what they are capable of. Not only has their government shown that it is at times ruled by emotions and anyone could become a target overnight, but if there were to be conflict between North Korea and the United States it would likely involve the rest of the world to some level. Without mentioning how the rest of the world might get involved let's just look at the only nation with whom North Korea has an actively honored cooperation treaty, China. If at any point China chooses to get involved even on the slightest level the United States would feel an even greater need to respond. The U.S. and China are two of the world's most powerful nations and would drag all other players into the conflict. China has ties with Iran as well and Russia may play an active role. The U.S. would call to its allies, the most significant of which is going through its own national identity crisis. Even without nuclear capability in North Korea, its allies are enough to represent a serious threat to the United States and other global communities. Moving forward, I don't think the president should be speaking of how much fire and fury the Koreans will be met with should there be a conflict. That attitude is not only aggressively threatening but also is reflective of a mind already set on war. I do think in person discussion is conducive toward a peaceful future. The lack of communication during the Cold War led to a constant often fantasized fear of the enemy. An open and honest relationship can help de-escalate situations. However, in the meetings between North Korea and the United States so far, the public has not been privy to any of the conversations or actual dialogue between nations. We are at the mercy of two leaders who are not known for telling the truth. There needs to be open conversation between nations for the public to be a part of and contribute to.

What are the concerns about global governance? Are they valid? 7) Have the forces that led to globalization reached their end? Will interdependence continue to deepen or will countries begin to decouple from the global economy?

I would argue that the forces which led and catalyzed globalization have not reached their end. I would also argue that a slight pinch of globalization in some sectors can be useful and efficient as far as countries being able to effectively and peacefully communicate is concerned. Regardless, there is some work to be done if the world wishes to become less interdependent due to globalization. Globalization has allowed for some markets such as certain crafts and cultural practices to be sold and enjoyed on a global scale to put food on the table back home. Other products, such as corn in Mexico, have to compete with a cheaper alternative on the global market and so struggle with the globalization of their product. Cheaper and quicker forms of transportation have made globalization possible. Once nations became more accessible to bordering and distant countries governments took action to ensure their nation's economies are dependent on a global scale. Prime examples are agreements like NATO and the creation of the European Union. Both agreements allow for rather unrestricted trade while the EU even removed the effect of its borders and established a universal currency. Following World War II a global interdependence seemed like a sure fire way to prevent further war amongst nations. Globalization has had its shining moments. It has also led to the rapid decline of the global environment. Other critics suggest globalization and the larger companies that have their brand all over the planet have managed to impose poor working conditions on employees across the globe essentially sucking the entire planet dry. I think there is a way forward in decreasing the negative effects of globalization. I believe through constant thoughtful and effective communication with other foreign nations we can find a global economy that works for everyone, including the laborers of the world. The forces driving globalization are here to stay. Global trade, technology, transportation and communication are at a scale that is almost impossible to control. The reality is that every country and person is affected to some degree by what takes place everywhere else. The result is that governments choose to both go along with this interdependence and resist elements of it. This powerful force is controversial but governments are obliged to promote the good of globalization and interdependence and push back against the bad.

Why were NATO and the Warsaw Pact created? Were they successful?

In 1949, the prospect of further Communist expansion prompted the United States and 11 other Western nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Soviet Union and its affiliated Communist nations in Eastern Europe founded a rival alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955. NATO was successful. The NATO and Warsaw Pacts were established as alliances for the two major powers of the Cold War. It is regarded as one of the reasons the war was able to remain "cold." This meant that while the two efforts were successful in organizing the nations' loyalties, they were unsuccessful in triggering violence or further upper hand in the war. The involved nations served to keep the war "cold," allowing it the end peacefully. The US, under the NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, aligned with mostly W European nations, and the Soviet Union used the Warsaw Pact to align with their satellite states in Eastern European nations. This, in turn, showed off the bipolar state system the world was following during the time of the Cold War, with the U.S. and Soviet Union as the two major opposing powers with all the other mid-range powers associating with one or the other, or instead referring to themselves as "nonaligned." The NATO system proved successful, as the organization was embraced upon the fall of the Berlin Wall, and further expanded over the following three decades from 16 collective countries to 29. However, it is contested that instead, the expansion, only made the organization weaker, giving it less ability to act. The Warsaw Pact, however, was less successful as it broke with the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

In 1997, delegates from 37 industrialized countries agreed to commit to set binding targets for reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse. It was the first pact to get rich countries and the European community to commit.

4) What makes a country a Great Power?

In a history full of conflict, many era's through time can be descried as a result of nations or territories contesting in one way or another with each other. The direction and magnitude of a conflict will most likely be dictated by those with the most significant influence and power over most other nations. The most powerful and influential nations in a conflict can, and most likely will, be regarded to as a "Great Power". What makes a country a world power is being leading and innovative. An example would be leading in markets such technology. The country being open to trade and investment because it positively affects the economy. To be a world power, the country also needs to be interconnected with other countries and be able to have stores in other places. Another example would be having influence such as being able to bring drugs, guns and human trafficking into other countries. Another thing is limiting information that opposes stability which would make it a world power. Countries can be world powers by limiting foreign involvement while also being involved in also countries. An example would be spreading an infectious disease to other countries while limiting the foreigners that come in by taking the temperatures.

1. Why and how did countries emerge from the devastation of the Thirty Years' War?

In the end, the conflict changed the geopolitical face of Europe and the role of religion and nation-states in society. This radically altered the balance of power in Europe and resulted in reduced influence over political affairs for the Catholic Church, as well as other religious groups. As brutal as the fighting was in the Thirty Years' War, hundreds of thousands died as a result of famine caused by the conflict as well as an epidemic of typhus, a disease that spread rapidly in areas particularly torn apart by the violence. The war brought even more distrust among countries and created even more divisions between those of different ethnicities and faiths.

2) What is interdependence?

Interdependence happens when the events taking in place in one country have an effect on people all over the rest of the world. The idea is that everyone and everything is connected so when something happens it is felt not only by its local community, but also on a global scale. An oil spill near the Gulf of Mexico could have an impact on marine life all across the globe, or even contaminate goods and resources that normally would have been exported out of that area. This event would not only affect the local community, but also the global market as well Interdependence describes a concept where in a globalized world, almost everyone is reliant on each other. The groups influence each other's political decisions so they somewhat need each other because they're bouncing ideas off each other.

Why was Iraq's invasion of Kuwait a challenge to order? Should the United States have used force to turn back Iraqi aggression?

Iraq's invasion of Kuwait took place shortly after the fall of the Berlin wall, a time in history that arguably marks the end of the Cold War. With Eastern Europe, the external empire, claiming independence once again, and the Internal empire of Russia disbanding, the United States was the only super power left in the Duopoly of world power. So Iraq's invasion marked that they were not afraid to challenge their neighbors and gain control over energy resources which could place them to rise as a new opposing superpower to the U.S. This would challenge the newfound peace and would probably lead to more direct force, unlike that found during the Cold War. The United States would have used force if this invasion took place during the Cold War, as Iraq was dependent on the Soviet Union. If the U.S. had intervened when the invasion actually took place, it would not have gone over well with other International Organizations and their Leaders as it would have been unnecessarily aggressive after just coming out of a decades long war

1. What is isolationism? In what periods of history was American foreign policy defined by isolationism?

Isolationism is when a country closes its borders to international relations. They do not participate in trade, or communications and rely solely on their own State power. After the U.S. was established in 1776, the relationship they had with the British had left a sour taste in their mouth, so they focused mainly on building their new established state. This period allowed the state to transform itself completely by evolving politically, challenging ideals during the Civil War through reconstruction. They also experienced rapid economic growth during the Gilded Age as a result of their isolationism, and social activism during the Progresive Era. As a result of their isolation, the U.S. expanded in industries such as agriculture, trade, finances, assembly and production, as well as military power which would define a new path of State growth. It wasn't until after World War II that the United States ended its Isolationist period, dubbing the 20th century the "American Century," leaving a lasting impact on the rest of the world.

What are the limitations of nuclear weapons as a tool of statecraft?

It is difficult, or nearly impossible, for a non-state actor to acquire a nuclear weapon. To take apart a nuclear weapon, it takes a lot of work and resources that are hard to come by. Only countries that have the right resources will be able to build nuclear devices. Most modern countries that have the resources and a nuclear energy sector would be able to build one. A minor country would have to acquire an already made nuclear weapon from someone else to have one. A strength of nuclear weapons is the possession of them stops conflicts from escalating to a nuclear war. There are a few weaknesses of nuclear weapons. There is a danger that a government in possession of nuclear weapons could decide to transfer them to another country or terrorist group or simply lose physical control of its weapons to such a group. Nuclear weapons can give a government confidence that it can act with impurity. Nuclear weapons can cause great destruction and loss of life. There is a risk that improved defense will cause other countries to upgrade their nuclear or signal so that their leaders can be assured that they can pierce the opposing offenses, which may trigger an arms race. The possession of nuclear weapons stops conflicts from escalating to a nuclear war.

What is the difference between bilateral and mutlilateral diplomacy?

It is important to distinguish between bilateral and multilateral diplomacy especially in parts of the globe where domestic and foreign policies are somewhat blurred. States must take in mind some level of bilateral diplomacy when making decisions so that they might consider how their decisions impact the nation's around them. Within the European Union it is important for each nation to consider how their decisions impact the other nations in the union. Multilateral diplomacy considers a more global scale. Organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations consider a more multilateral approach to politics. Both are important in deciding foreign policy but at times can conflict with each other.

3) Why are so many countries involved in Syria's civil war?

Many countries were involved in Syria's civil war because it was an overlapping proxy war. The overlapping proxy wars were between the U.S and Russia as well as Iran and Saudi Arabia. The reason that many countries are involved are for several reasons. One reason or trigger was the Arab spring which left many countries in civil war. Many civilians were tired of their rulers and protested which made it popular in other places. While most could not do anything to make a big influence on their life and government, Syrians did. The protests turned violent and they went against the government. Many fought and many died, also it started to affect other groups of people such as Alawites. The U.S intervened but to attack ISIS. Basically allies and adversaries of the U.S got involved in this way,

What are the costs of migration to both source and target states?

Migration can lead to competition for lower-end jobs that require the same education and/or skill level. However, most that are forced to leave usually end up inside their country or a neighboring country. Migration can on the other hand be a major source of innovation and talent.

What is Mutually Assured Destruction? Give an example of it in operation.

Mutually assured destruction is if one country is showing signs of eagerness or threatening to use weapons of mass destruction, and the target country assures the same outcome back. An example of this would be if North Korea threatened the U.S. and the U.S. threatened the same destruction back to their country to try to persuade them to not take action.

What is nation building? Give an example.

Nation-building is defined as the effort to build politically, economically, and socially functioning institutions in a foreign country. The term is controversial due to the United States' failed efforts to nation-build in Afghanistan and Iraq. The U.S. was attempting to establish stable democracies, but the effort proved to be costly and difficult to sustain in nations that remained unstable. However, after World War II, the U.S. became involved in Germany, Japan, and recently Columbia. The U.S. has worked for a decade on being involved in economic and security affairs in these nations, to strengthen a government to defeats terrorists and reduce drug production. When a country nation builds, they purposefully influence the development of that nation for their own political gain. Another instance of nation-building can be observed during the Cold War when both the United States and the Soviet Union used development to encourage nations to be on their side of the war.

What did David Ricardo mean when he said "A rising tide lifts all boats?"

Neo-Mercantilism is a policy that puts exports, discourages imports, controls capital movement, and centralizes currency decisions all in a central government and an example of this is China.

What is neo-mercantilism? Provide a recent example.

Neo-liberalism is a term for economic and political policies linked with unrestrained free-market capitalism. I would say a current example of Neo-liberalism would be the lack of financial help from the government for to some businesses. It seems that the goal is to let the free market work and let the economy revive itself as much as it can.

2) What is the impact of oil on conflict in the Middle East?

Oil, according to some who keep a close eye on the economy, is as good as gold. Gold and greed have historically been catalysts for countless wars. In America, gold served as a justifiable reason for invading and removing American Indians from their land. Someone stands to make a profit off the oil in the Middle East and many are willing to start major conflicts for a slice of that profit. The entire GDP of the Middle East is around $3.5 trillion, less than that of Germany. Most of the local governments, especially those surrounding the Persian Gulf, are almost entirely dependent on revenues from oil and gas. Oil exports makeup for over half of the entire region's exports. There is little innovation outside of Israel and products are rarely manufactured to be sold internationally. Oil is what makes these economies tick. Despite making up only a small portion of the global economy, the energy and oil from the Middle East is responsible for providing energy for a large portion of the global economy. Just over half of the world's oil reserves are in this one region. The cartel that has been formed surrounding the oil industry consists of some of the wealthiest people alive. However, the Middle East suffers from outstanding poverty. A high rate of poverty, deeply historical religious/land conflicts and the constant presence of foreign militaries has meant a continuous state of instability within the Middle East. Conflicts over land often pour into conflicts over that lands resources and who has rights to those resources. Profits from oil can make or break a country financially and financial instability in the Middle East has often led to violence. Consequently, those powerful enough will fight for oil and fight for stability. Oil fuels most conflict in the Middle East just as it fuels more than half of the world. Middle Eastern government are overwhelmingly dependent on revenues from the sale of oil. Foreign powers use the protection of oil as pretext to intervene militarily. Militias and paramilitary organizations in the Middle East fuel their violence with whatever share of oil they can get. Oil is the greatest asset terrorists have to fund their violence.

3) What is one thing that has spurred economic globalization?

One thing that has spurred economic globalization is technological advancements such as shipping containers and cargo ships allowing for mass and fast import/export of goods. The declining cost of transportation has significantly spurred on globalization. As time goes on, the cost of transportation generally decreases. The technological developments have also made the transportation of trade goods much more efficient, seen when you compare the caravel to the freighter, or a goods-laden horse drawn buggy to a modern day semi-truck. As the overhead cost and hassle of trade decreases, businesses have been further encouraged to seek trade in newer and further markets.

What are the 5 Permanent Members of the Security Council?

Permanent members of the the security council are given the power of veto. If just one of the permanent members votes no the resolution is not adopted. The whole council can recommend new Secretary General and state members of the UN as well. However permanent members can veto any resolution, including those on the admission of those nominees.

What is the main idea with Modernization Theory?

Simply put, the main idea of the modernization theory is that traditional societies will develop if they put into practice and culture more modern practices. This means that if countries will start to adapt to more modern practices rather than just sticking with what has always been done in their country, than they will develop more. This makes sense because with new technologies and advancements, countries can develop better if they choose more modern things. We can see evidence of this theory in countries like the United States, China, Japan as they put into practice more modern practices.

Why did some scholars argue that the end of the Cold War marked the "end of history"? Do you agree with this thesis?

Some scholars argue that the end of the Cold War marked the "end of history" because the U.S was the last superpower and it seemed to be a time of peace and optimism. I do not agree with this thesis because there will never be a time of eternal peace. Conflict will always arise and history always repeats itself.

What are the benefits of migration to both source and target states?

Source states can benefit from migrants as these people still have to pay remittances to their home country. On top of these payments, migrants also contribute to the economy of the target state, as that is where they currently reside to avoid possible conflicts or environmental disasters from their home state. The target state also benefits from migrants joining their workforce, as this allows their means of production to satisfy the needs of the non-work force, such as children, disabled people, and the elderly. However, the source state can suffer from this displacement of people, as this state could potentially no longer satisfy the means of production and services required by its non-work force. Target states could also feel a major pressure on educational, health, and other public services while providing for both its citizens and migrants. Problems of cultural integration may also surge, as migrants might reject the target states cultural identity, creating conflict between citizens and migrants.

What is a collective security arrangement? Give an example.

States/Countries agree to a joint response to aggression. The best example of this is NATO.

What are the American and Chinese positions regarding the status of Taiwan? What are the origins of their disagreement regarding the island's status?

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China or Island of Formosa, is composed of the nationalists that rose in wake of a civil war against Communists who gained control over the mainland of China after World War II. America, looking to aid any nation in opposition to the threat of Communists, became involved in the affair of the civil war as mainland China allied with the Soviet Union. Taiwan filled the seat in the United Nations where China was, upsetting the Soviet Union, which ended up boycotting the United Nations in protest of this action. America also aided Taiwan when war threatened the region from Chinese forces. The US was able to successfully deter war, provide defensive weapons, and use the open market system accompanied by a professional military to also help increase the standard of life for people. America's position could be defined as a protective relationship, as the U.S. continues to preserve nations who rely on democracy. China, however, treats Taiwan with extreme hostility, as each country does not recognize the autonomy of the other. The mainland is credited with emphasizing their desire for unity as one nation, threatening the use of force. The conflict first arose, however, due to a civil war China endured after World War II. The war was fought between Nationalists, who were authoritarians, wealthy, and led by Chiang Kai Shek, and the Communists led by Mao Zedong. After four years of fighting, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to Taiwan, establishing the Republic of China.

What is the "Asian economic miracle" and what caused this economic boom?

The "Asian economic miracle" refers to the prosperous time in Asia, after WWII, for its people and economy. Key events include above average annual economic growth from the 1960's through the 1990's for Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea who were slated the four "Asian Tigers". In addition to the strong growth and development of the "Asian Tigers", other nations in the Asian region also experienced economic growth at a higher than normal pace. Aside from the economic growth, the life expectancy for some of the people of Asia rose by around fifty percent over the course of fifty years post-WWII, going from forty-eight to seventy-five years of age. Reason for the successful development and integration of these nations into the modern world vary by nation, though can be seen as a combination of discipline, investment in their education, and assistance from the U.S. As the war ended, the U.S. invested time and capital into the region to ensure its people and its infrastructure would be able to grow and strengthen over time into self-sustaining economies.

1. What was the Concert of Europe and how did it help to preserve order in Europe?

The Concert of Europe was the solution that the British proposed to prevent another great power war. It was a system where the monarchs of Europe would come together and talk about the differences they had. They would come together and try to resolve problems before they got so big to cause a war. Whenever a crisis arose, a conference was called to discuss it. This way the English did not feel the need to conquer everything. Other countries were allowed to play other parts that helped strengthen the system as a whole. This helped preserve order in Europe because everyone was allowed to kind of do their own things but they helped each strengthen each other. Their conflicts were solved before they turned to any more big wars or fights. They would negotiate with other countries to solve problems. It stopped big continental wars between the great powers of Europe. The concert of Europe was an agreement between a few countries originally ( Russia, Prussia, England and Austria) the agreement was created to basically France from bullying neighboring countries. It was also supposed to help prevent the spread of 'Liberalism'. The agreement helped preserve order in Europe by keeping France in check and essentially maintained balance and peace in the long term.

What is the European GDPR standard? Why is it significant?

The European GDPR standard are protections given to individuals in the EU in regard to their data. It is significant because it protects information from being stolen or spread. The General Data Protection Regulation provides certain protections to individuals in the European Union regarding their data. GDPR fines corporations for violating this law. GDPR is a way of regulating cyberspace for the protections of individual's communications on the internet.

What types of cases are heard by the International Court of Justice?

The International Court of Justice hears contentious cases and requests for advisory opinions on legal questions referred by the United Nations and specialized agencies. Contentious cases are legal disputes between states. These states must be members of the United Nations, or give consent to be a. Part of the contentious case.

How does the International Monetary Fund work?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) works by assessing and advising governments on their financial health and assisting countries that need loans and in return gets the country to commit to reform.

What is the Malthusian perspective on the environment?

The Malthusian perspective argues that humans will overrun the Earth's carrying capacity. Rapid population growth will destroy countries because it will halt their ability to feed their populations. However, war, disease, and famine will keep in check the population growth.

What are the Millennium Development Goals?

The Millennium Development Goals are to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to promote gender equality and empower women, to reduce child mortality, to improve maternal health. to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, to ensure environmental sustainability and to develop a global partnership for development.

What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), and should it be used by the international community?

The R2P(Responsibility to protect) is a doctrine that basically intended to allow intervention from other countries or organizations. This can be with a sanction. military or words. This is done when a government fails to prevent atrocities or allows them to happen. While it might sound look a good idea, it has not worked the best in the past. For example, The U.S when it interfered in Libya. It should not be used because it is costly and difficult to actually carry out. While it is important to be humanitarian and be compassionate with other countries, the current doctrine does not work efficiently and might just need to be revised.

1. Was the Treaty of Versailles too punitive? Did it lead to World War II?

The Treaty of Versailles had strong implications that the triumphant allies were searching for someone to assign blame of World War I. The treaty pointed the finger at Germany and resulted in costly war reparations that destroyed Germany's post-war economy, as well as the democratic Weimar Republic. This cleared a path for the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party, ultimately resulting in World War II.

1. Why did the United States finally enter World War I?

The United States finally entered World War 1 after an attempt to stay out of it due to German participation in unrestricted submarine warfare. This decision to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare meant that german submarines were targeting American ships on their way to Britain and France to stop resupplies. As a result of these attacks, American lives were being taken along with American ships. In addition to the submarine warfare, The United States also intercepted what is known as the Zimmerman telegram which was a proposition to Mexico from Germany promising land back to Mexico if they allied with Germany if the U.S. entered the war effort on the enemy side

What should the United States have done with its "unipolar moment" following the Cold War? How would you grade the United States on its performance?

The United States should have stayed away from international affairs during its unipolar moment. The idea that one nation can influence all others seems out of hand due to smaller weaker nations not being in the spotlight and taking advantage of it. I would say the United States did an okay job but I also feel it caused unnecessary conflict abroad.

Why has support for the WHO become controversial?

The WHO's impact is less impressive than suggested. Its inadequacy in capacity, authority, and, and resources inhibits their ability to follow out their mission. Their mission is to have everyone achieve their highest levels of health.

What is a bandwagoning strategy? Give an example of it in operation.

The bandwagoning strategy is when a someone or thing concedes to a stronger power or force because they feel like the cost of opposing the power surpasses the benefit, an example of this is when a candidate is popular and voters vote for him just because "they are the only ones they have heard of"

What is the difference between an economic migrant, a refugee, an asylum applicant, and an internally displaced person (IDP)?

The differences include an economic migrant is a person who has willing left their country to improve their way of living. While a refugee is someone who has been forced and fled their country out of fear of being prosecuted, during a time of war, or a huge natural disaster. An asylum applicant is someone who has fled their country as a refugee due to war or harm surrounding them and is seeking asylum in another country. A Internally Displaced Person is someone who is within the walls of their own country but do not receive the same legal benefits that refugees due to them being in the same country their were being forced to flee from. A migrant is someone who moves away from their usual place of residence to Improve your standard of living. So not necessarily forced out of their home. IDP's are individuals forced to leave their homes, fleeing violence, or other unfortunate events. Refugees are often fleeing natural disasters, violence, and other things. So they are IDP's that cross an international border.

What is a deterrence strategy? Give an example of it in operation.

The essence of deterrence is the balance of power that prevents countries from altering the status quo through force, calculating such attempt would fail or its cost would outweigh its benefits because of the other's sufficient military capability and the perceived willingness to use it. The Cold War stayed cold in large part because of nuclear deterrence. A deterrence strategy is the notion that the escalation of a conflict, potentially to war, is more negative than positive. An example of it in operation was the Cold War.

What is a compellance strategy? Give an example of it in operation.

The goal of a compellence strategy is to coerce another state into action. This is usually done by threatening or punishment and persuades an opponent into giving up something they desire. Compellence strategies can include carefully targeted economic sanctions. For example, the United States' withdrawal from the Iran nuclear agreement, and the reimposition of nuclear-related sanctions is a compellence strategy against the Islamic Republic of Iran.

What is meant by "the splinternet?" Why would this be a problem?

The idea of splinternet describes the current state of regulation over the internet. The internet is currently open and interoperable between countries, meaning that it is up to the individual governments to determine the answers to how the internet should be handled in terms of policy. This precedent has led to multiple countries controlling cyberspace, creating several different internets (Haass 203). Each government restricts based on what they would like the internet to provide to their country, and based on how well they would like the civilians to be able to communicate with each other. In splintering, some governments believe that content judged harmful should be restricted, and some choose to shut down the internet completely in response to terrorism. This could be a problem, as it becomes harder to develop globally accepted policies since each government has a different idea on how it should be done. One of the biggest questions is if the internet should be allowed to be used to attack terrorists, and slow nuclear programs (Haass 204). Efforts have been made towards this before by the United States and Israel to slow Iran's nuclear program, yet some countries do not choose to embrace this rule in practice.

What are the greenhouse gases?

The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, which all occur naturally. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the air, which causes global warming.. These gases are released into the atmosphere in a variety of ways, mostly caused by human activity.

What is the most serious challenge facing Europe? How likely is the continent to meet the challenge?

The most serious challenge facing Europe is the fate of NATO and the EU. In recent years, various countries involvement has diminished. The British formally have left the EU through Brexit. Both organizations were formed with a purpose and without them, world war 3 may be inevitable and Europe may become divided again.

What is the goal of using terrorism as a tactic?

The old adage was that one person's terrorist was another person's freedom fighter. Terrorism goals vary. They range from seeking to establish a state, bring down a state, to causing suffering and damage. The evidence suggest that most modern terrorists are motived much more by political agendas. No cause or goal justifies terrorism.

What are the physical components of "the internet?"

The physical components of "the internet" can be interpreted in a couple ways. The basic, physical components of the internet might be interpreted as the hardware components that actually allow us to access the internet. These would include the modems, routers, cables, servers, personal computers etc. These individual pieces all have their own special place in history as magnificent scientific discoveries in computing that would alter history. However, no invention is more significant than when all these inventions were brought together to create access to what we now call the internet. Each of these creations has collectively brought about unprecedented change at a historically rapid rate.

What is the purpose of the World Bank?

The purpose of the world bank is to provide loans and grants to the governments of low and middle income countries so they can pursue capital projects.

Why did the United States fight the Korean War? Was the same rationale used to justify the Vietnam War? Were the assumptions and the wars justified?

The reason that the U.S fought the Korean War was because there was opposition towards the communist party. Basically the justification was that there was division between North Korea and South Korea. The idea was that there was a chance that the Soviet Union could score or take this peninsula for their party. The interference from the U.S saved South Korea's independence and restore the border. The situation seem to be similar with Vietnam. The U.S had the justification that it was to stop the expansion of the USSR and therefore that it was fine.

What is the Security Dilemma? Give an example of it in operation.

The security dilemma is a term used in political science to describe a certain phenomena of action and reaction amongst independent nations. The idea is that one sovereign state might take actions to bolster their nation's defenses and in consequence would inspire other nations to do the same in fear of falling behind thus creating a more hostile, less secure environment. Some would argue that the security dilemma is the most significant source of conflict amongst nations. I think a prime example of the security dilemma would be the arms race involved during the Cold War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union feared that if they fell too far behind, they would be annihilated in the potential war to come. Consequently both nations increased their nuclear arsenal in an attempt to ensure peace when in reality they created one of the most unstable and unsettling global environments.

What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

The sustainable development goals calls for infectious and noncommunicable diseases. These are focused on diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. These goals were adopted in 2015. There is 17 of these goals. These have also increased. These focus on reducing hunger and inequality. As well as violent crime and sex trafficking. Also that growth does not make climate change grow. The goal is to see progress in these areas.

What is the time-horizon problem with environmental issues?

The time-horizon problem with environmental issues is along the same problem we have with many other issues in the world. It is difficult to get so many countries to come together on something that does not involve instant consequences. Since environmental issues seem like they can take more time to handle since we are not affected instantly by what we do, it is not as pressing of a matter. There are some countries that will put off environmental issues because they do not seem as real or important as other things. This causes it to be difficult for the world to come together to focus on what everyone can do help save the environment. In my opinion, the time-horizon problem with environmental issues is that there is not enough time or accountability to reverse the effects of pollution. The scientist gives benchmark years on when certain effects will be irreversible. Governments do not often take action to fix the problem before the clock strikes 12. There is also not enough accountability. When you look at individual households' consumption of single-use plastic it is alarming. However, when you look at the corporation's consumption of single use plastic, it is extremely worrying. Take one fast food restaurant, your favorite one, then think about the number of franchises in Arizona alone, then think of how much plastic those locations use in a day. At this point, it is physically impossible to reverse the effects of human pollution on the environment. It does not mean we should not at least try.

In the classic Westpahlian system, who has responsibility to deal with the effects of cross-border environmental disasters?

The treaty signed at Westphalia in 1648 effectively ended the Thirty Years' War and also effectively established a system in which each state possessed sovereignty over its own territory and domestic affairs to the exclusion of once countries affairs interfering with another. No matter how big or small the size of the countries involved in a cross-border affair, the Wesphalian system saw to it that each nation was treated equally under international law. A sovereign state was defined as any consistent bordered territory with a steady population that is recognized by other sovereign states. The Westphalian system is credited for the creation of the modern state. In the case of a cross-border environmental disaster each state involved would be responsible for its own territory. However, because of issues faced by the entirety of Europe and not just each individual state, the Westphalian system has adapted over time to resemble a system in which states are capable of working together more seamlessly.

1) What is the Two State Solution? What are the alternatives to it?

The two state solution comes about from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This conflict is a battle over territory. Another issue involved is about if the Palestinian territories can become independent states. Also, the issue is discussed about resolving years of violence between areas there. The two state solution involves establishing a Palestinian sate that is independent. This would be alongside Israel. This would help establish Israel security and allow the majority to be Jewish demographic. There are alternatives that have been mentioned. One big alternative is to join all territories into one nation. There would be equal rights granted to everyone and it would not lean to one side of being Palestinian or Jewish. The Two-state solution is the proposed solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict the specifies the separate independence of Palestinian and Israeli states, which both groups have agreed to conceptually. The disagreement has come from disagreements as to the borders and territorial lines. There have been multiple proposed solutions. One of these is a unitary state, which due to disagreements between the two groups, is unlikely. Another proposal calls for three states, likely giving Gaza and the West Bank to Egypt and Jordan respectively, which is likely to upset both Israeli's and Palestinians. The most likely solution is that of dual-citizenship, as the primary conflict comes to the idea of both groups ancestral homelands. Dual-citizenship, if done well, could likely ease much of the tension and serve as a bridge to further agreements.

How does the veto function at the Security Council?

The veto power was given to the allies of World War 2. So it is not reflective of the current structure and great powers of the world today. Having a veto guarantees that those great powers from World War 2 are never on opposite sides. It helps prevent a World War 3.

What are the obstacles to cooperation in internet governance?

There are many obstacles to cooperation in internet governance since the internet is such a complex and big place. Many sites and places on the internet are owned by different governments. The internet can be so interconnected, but have separate bases. Since parts of the internet are owned separately it can be hard to have total cooperation with everything. There are different law depending on who owns that specific site.

How is international law enforced?

There is no Global Court of law that exercises actual authority, and there is also no global police, nor standing international law enforcement. Following the failed attempt of the League of Nations, is the United Nations, which is the institution that is most widely accepted as enforcing international law. Their official aim is to create a state of peace that can come from international law. However, the UN has been granted the authority to use military force if the Security Council agrees that action should be taken. The issue with the UN's lack of action is that the council rarely agrees as it takes only one objection from any of the five permanent seat holders to get the UN to cease its course to take or endorse the action. There is another institution that attempts to enforce international law, known as the International Criminal Court. This court is used to hear cases of war crimes, however, its fatal flaw is that it does not possess the authority to arrest these alleged criminals, making the institution ineffective at enforcing. Both of these examples present the reasons as to why international law has no real means for enforcement, as the nation powers rarely agree on what action should be taken, and there is no formal structure for the force that is required to ensure the laws are being followed.

How did Europe evolve from a place with so much strife (World Wars I and II) to a region largely at peace?

There was an alliance called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that was established to keep the peace in Europe. NATO and the Warsaw Pact came to an understanding about the political order in Europe. In 1975, Helsinki from the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe proposed The Final Act which re-established much of Europe, especially its borders and territories. All of these factors play a part in creating peace within Europe. NATO's effort to counterbalance Soviet Union succeeded to "keep the Soviet Union out, the Americans in, and the Germans down." The Marshal Plan policy gave Europe a humanitarian, economic, and political recovery that was sustainable. The Luxembourg pact knitted Germany, France, and Italy together by making their economies mutually depend and therefore averted return to geopolitical rivalries.

What are the "push and pull" factors driving migration?

Though there are different ways to reference a person leaving their native homeland, by choice or not, they tend to have similar reasons for doing so. People are pushed to leave their homes and countries for reasons such as escaping persecution, different types of violence, repression, or looking for a better economic opportunity. There are many places they could go but some are pulled to countries with higher average income, a person with skill and education has a better chance of being admitted in, or already having family residing and therefore having somewhere to settle before even arriving. Countries also see migrants as an excellent source of labor to supplement their own forces, especially in those countries where an aging demographic becomes more and more a serious concern. Some of these reasons apply to immigrants, some to refugees, some to others, but all can be said to still contribute to the continuation of migration. A great deal of migration is due to people seeking economic growth and opportunity. This type of movement is voluntary, with migrants settling in countries with relatively high average incomes, such as the United States. However, many immigrants are involuntarily or forcibly displaced due to violence and in order to escape conflict or persecution. Migrants are subject to the immigration laws of the country they wish to enter and reside in, and each country has the prerogative to decide whether to admit a migrant and or their family.

What is meant by universal jurisdiction? Give an example.

Universal jurisdiction allows a national court or organization to prosecute criminals that have committed serious international crimes. An example would be crimes against humanity.

Why are global pandemics predicted to increase in number and intensity?

Viruses are hard to prevent and we don't yet have a way to treat the infected successfully. Vaccines cannot anticipate specific strains of flu, and infectious forms emerge and quickly go global. By the time the virus had been identified, it would have spread and taken root globally.

What does the World Health Organization (WHO) do to promote global health?

WHO moderates and coordinates different activities and situations regarding health-related issues. For example, in 1979, WHO had a child vaccination program that contributed to the eradication of smallpox. They also have authority to declare global health emergencies. Overall, WHO works hard to prevent health issues arising and also creates plans and help to current medical situations. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a global effort to promote health in a sustainable way. The goal of WHO is to ensure universal health coverage, thus protecting billions from health emergencies. To accomplish this, WHO improves their data, supports people who participate in national health policies, improves access to medicines, and advises on global health emergencies. Organizing these focuses has become a series of partnerships and programs that are supported by WHO. Among these, range programs for broad issues such as Food Safety, to narrow issues such as the Global Task Force on Cholera Control. Through these programs WHO is able to support all aspects of health that can be defined under their mission statement. By being able to support such a wide range of groups interests' over health-related issues, the World Health Organization establishes its authority as a truly global effort.

What is non-proliferation? Give an example of it in operation.

What non-proliferation is halting or reducing weapons or nuclear. An example of its operation is the NPT. Which is an agreement that occurred in 1970. Basically it will not encourage or assist getting these weapons. The agreement was between the soviet union, China, France, Great Britain and the U.S. They will avoid an arms race between them and this also included Russia.

What happens when an industry is nationalized?

When an industry is nationalized, it is taken over by the government. Nationalization expands an industries economic resources and power; in turn the industry can be utilized for the needs of the people.

What is purchasing power parity and how is it used?

When comparing two different currencies from two different countries, one can look at the purchasing power parity. The PPP is the determination of what two foreign currencies, relative to each other, must individually total in order to buy the same amount of goods and/or services in each of its respective countries. Using the PPP occurs in trade between countries, when businesses look to import and/or export goods and services and the countries use different currencies. The rates at which the PPP establishes at the time will give businesses the information they need to determine the amount of money required, or if the transaction is even feasible, for the desired purchase and/or sale of the goods and services in question.

What are the strengths and weaknesses of radiological weapons?

When using radiological weapons there are certainly more weaknesses than there are strengths. For instance, while these weapons are more accessible than nuclear weapons as they combine explosives with radioactive material, there are still major health and environmental concerns. The person creating the bomb is coming into contact with radioactive materials, meaning that the exposure can cause severe damage to not only their intended audience, but their own health as well. Not to mention that once a "dirty," bomb is used, it can make the area uninhabitable for several years. This will not only impact agricultural, and housing departments, but also contaminate the surrounding wildlife and natural resources. Survivors from the area will most likely have to seek shelter in a nearby province or country, and suffer serious health effects for possibly several generations to come. The only group that benefits is the one using the weapon, as they are most likely using it for political reasons or to simply create chaos, but they will not leave unscathed.