Positive Psychology Exam 2

The idea in the late 1800s and early 1900s that people of European ancestry were superior to all other racial or ethnic minority groups in the United States is called which? -ethnocentrism -cultural relativism -cultural pluralism -cultural deficiency

cultural deficiency

Which of the following is not one of the theories of happiness? -need/goal satisfaction -generativity/involvement -process/activity -genetic/personality predisposition

generativity/involvement

When people from eastern perspectives are questioned about their own happiness, which of the following is most typically mentioned? -the accumulation of power and status -the good of the group -personal achievement or other individually related factors -harmony in the social sphere

harmony in the social sphere

The research by Alice Isen where people found a coin in a pay phone was designed to measure whether feeling good was related to ______. -decision-making -intention to exercise -willingness to take risks -helping other people

helping other people

According to Ryff and Keyes, complete mental health is a combination of all of the following EXCEPT ______. -physical well-being -subjective well-being -social well-being -psychological well-being

physical well-being

According to Fredrickson, joy is associated with ______. -playfulness -generosity -extraversion -self esteem

playfulness

Who protects traditions and rituals that facilitate the development of younger people? -the family elder -the keeper of meaning -the first-born -the family architect

the keeper of meaning

Which of the following explains the concept of "hedonic adaptation"? -the tendency for people to regard their spouses as less attractive when compared to celebrities -the tendency for new immigrants to acclimate to a materialistic culture such as the US -the tendency for people to adjust back to their baseline level of happiness after a positive event -the tendency for people's economic consumption to rise when their income rises

the tendency for people to adjust back to their baseline level of happiness after a positive event

In summarizing successful aging, findings suggest that people have less control over the quality of their lives during the aging process than once believed. True or False?

False

People in all cultures express a basic desire to be happy. True or False?

False

With regard to different ethnicities, the general findings are that for Asian American and European American populations, the research tends to focus on deficits and risks. True or False?

False

Which of the following people was part of the United States' eugenics movement? -G. Stanley Hall -Martin Seligman -Albert Ellis -John Watson

G. Stanley Hall

What is the goal of the assessment instrument PANAS-X? -It attempts to measure cultural differences in happiness -It attempts to quantify negative and positive valences -It attempts to measure gender differences in well-being -It attempts to measure the characteristics of happy people

It attempts to quantify negative and positive valences

Which of the following is of particular concern as a result of psychology's traditional emphasis on weakness, without an accompanying attention to strength? -People from non-Western societies are often pathologized if they do not adhere to Western norms. -People from non-Western societies are often idealized, resulting in their mental health needs not being met. -Models of weakness are applicable to Western societies, but less applicable to Eastern societies. -People from non-Western societies are often viewed as uncooperative clients because of the cultural clash between the client and the practitioner.

People from non-Western societies are often pathologized if they do not adhere to Western norms.

A set of symptoms that is much more common in some cultures than in others is known as ______. -cultural relativism -an inferred cultural trait -a culture bound syndrome -mental health cultural lag

A culture bound syndrome

Which of the following statements is one of the moral visions of positive psychology? -Positive psychology should recognize the bounded masterful self that resides in all people. -Assumptions regarding how we should be need to be examined. -Positive psychology seeks to develop a clear understanding of which factors are consistent across cultures. -Positive psychology seeks to develop a model that will illustrate universal strengths.

Assumptions regarding how we should be need to be examined.

Chapter 4 opens with a discussion of mental health and culture by the Surgeon General of the United States. Which of the following concepts best illustrates the message that Surgeon General was attempting to convey? -New immigrants to the United States tend to have mental health issues because of a conflict between their home culture and their new culture. -Culture affects coping styles, support, and treatment considerations in mental health. -The outcome of mental health services depends on having a good fit between the culture of the client and the culture of the practitioner. -New immigrants to the United States sometimes come from cultures that are more mentally healthy than others, while some come from cultures that are less mentally healthy.

Culture affects coping styles, support, and treatment considerations in mental health.

Cohn and Frederickson's concept of an "upward spiral" refers to the relationship between positive emotions and altruistic behavior. True or False?

False

Hedonic happiness can be derived from spending money generously. True or False?

False

Hope correlates strongly with life satisfaction, optimism, and other beneficial traits in cultures around the world. True or False?

False

Which of the following statements is most likely be made by a culturally embedded psychologist? -The core group of positive traits varies widely across cultures. -The concept of happiness is a universally desired human state. -Positive traits manifest themselves in different ways in different cultures. -The concepts of hope and courage are viewed as essentially equivalent in all cultures.

Positive traits manifest themselves in different ways in different cultures.

According to the MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging, social support is most potent when the support given is balanced by the support received. True or False?

True

Pessimism has been found to be positively correlated with problem-solving behaviors among Asian-Americans. True or False?

True

Regarding the development of positive behaviors and traits, children can still thrive if they receive assistance from individuals other than their parents. True or False?

True

Resilience in American Indian adolescents is linked to having strong ties to their American Indian heritage. True or False?

True

The three life domains associated with life enhancement strategies are love, work, and play. True or False?

True

Turkish college students consider respect to be the most important attribute of the good person; however, Americans consider it to be of much lesser importance. True or False?

True

Well-being is not always improved by the same activities in different cultural groups. True or False?

True

Within the scientific community there is little consensus on the definition of happiness. True or False?

True

African-American participants who report high levels of racial pride and a traditional African-American worldview have been found to be more susceptible to mental health issues. True or False?

True. But in the book, it is false because African Americans who adhere to traditional worldview and racial pride are predicted to have high levels of well-being, positive psychological functioning, and levels of resilience.

Which of the following is a protective factor for psychosocial resilience in children and youth in the family and close relationships? -authoritarian parenting -an unstructured home environment -having one parent be a stay-at-home parent -close relationships with competent, prosocial, and supportive adults

close relationships with competent, prosocial, and supportive adults

Which of the following is not an example of a positive youth development (PYD) program cited in your chapter that has demonstrated results? -drug abuse resistance education (DARE) -project venture -the penn resilience program -big brother/big sister

drug abuse resistance education (DARE)

The "Head, Heart, Holy Test of Hope" is useful for starting discussions about ______. -how hope came to be meaningful in people's lives -how to increase levels of hope and happiness -the differences between cross-cultural and multicultural systems in their view of the virtue of hope -how important hope is relative to other strengths

how hope came to be meaningful in people's lives

Which of the following by David Myers for increasing happiness in your life? -develop your ability to take care of yourself -reach out to those in need -get as much education as you can -experience other cultures

reach out to those in need

Which of the following statements is true about research with participants from traditionally marginalized racial and ethnic backgrounds? -researchers have tended to marginalize and pathologize them -researchers have tended to paint an overly optimistic picture about these participants -identification with the majority group in society has aided the success of students from ethnic populations -researchers agree that internal adaptation is the characteristic of good adaptation

researchers have tended to marginalize and pathologize them

The study that evaluated decision-making by doctors (Estrada, Isen et al.) found that inducing positive affect ______. -resulted in distorted or inflexible thinking -contributed to significant distractions and jumping to conclusions -resulted in a patient's problem being solved sooner -contributed to a delay in solving the problem

resulted in a patient's problem being solved sooner

Which of the following is an outcome in the attainment of healthy development, according to Catalano et al.? -rewarding bonding -fostering spirituality -building beliefs in the future -all of these are recognized outcomes

rewarding bonding, fostering spirituality, building beliefs in the future (all of the above)

According to the MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging, which two kinds of support are most important for successful aging? -financial support and medical support -family support and peer support -social emotional support and instrumental support -social emotional support and financial support

social emotional support and instrumental support

which of the following terms matches the following definition: "a passion for, and the exercise of action to nurture a self but identified interest, skill, or capacity" -thriving -resilience -spark -competence

spark

Which below is the name of the program that is a highly structured life skills development program offered to schoolchildren in the classroom? -the penn resiliency program -big brothers/big sisters -ymca/ywca -boys' and girls' club

the penn resiliency program

Which of the following is necessary in order for a person to be considered resilient? -protective factors -the presence of risk or adversity -the presence of excellence -high academic achievement

the presence of risk or adversity

Which of the following statements about the relationship between income and well-being is true? -the relationship is strong for those who are impoverished, but weak among the wealthy -the relationship is strong for those who are wealthy, but weak among the impoverished -the relationship is strong for both the impoverished and the wealthy -the relationship is weak for both the impoverished and the wealthy

the relationship is strong for those who are impoverished, but weak among the wealthy

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for differences in well-being in individualistic versus collectivist cultures, according to your authors? -the emphasis that collectivist cultures place on the group negatively impacts the individual -the emphasis that collectivist cultures place on the group positively impacts the individual -people from individualistic cultures are less likely to discuss well-being with researchers -the results may be a function of lack of equivalents in constructs in the 2 groups

the results may be a function of lack of equivalents in constructs in the 2 groups

In comparing various studies of aging, it appears that successful aging ______. -is more common that previously believed -varies depending on the group studied -is less common than previously believed -is related largely to genetic predispositions

varies depending on the group studied

Our worldview, or personal view, defines which of the following constructs? -what role culture plays in shaping the personality -how to establish the foundations of the good life -what motivations and behaviors are desirable and undesirable -what differences exist between people with high and low socioeconomic status

what motivations and behaviors are desirable and undesirable