Possible Questions Unit 14
Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6 year old son?
"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."
Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude
"Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?
"We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?
"We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."
In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the _____ or the demands of the _____
"learner" ; experimenter
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the
"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress
Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.
15
The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students would most likely contribute to the blood bank if asked?
Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events are called
Attitudes
To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Haider developed ______
Attribution theory
Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their______
Dispositions or their situations
Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam?
Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her employer
People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of
Implicit attitudes
How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?
It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks
The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in
Japan
Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to cheat on his income tax returns
Mikhail, who positively values paying his full income tax
After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable tv, Myron will probably be
More likely to interpret a women's friendliness as sexual interest
Olivia, a 17-year-old high school student, is quiet, relaxed, reflective, and politically liberal. Research suggests that she would most likely become a good friend of
Philip, who is reflective and quiet
Which of the following describes a stereotype?
Robin is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and forgetful
Which of the following is true of violent male criminals?
They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone
Felippe, a 17-year-old high school senior, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with
Toren, who is talkative and assertive
How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?
We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints
The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when
an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked
Prejudice is best defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT
an unlearned instinct
Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that
animals can be bred for aggressiveness
Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?
announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy to do likewise
The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people
are irresponsible and unmotivated
Hostilities between Iraqi Sunni and Shia and between Northern Ireland Protestants and Catholics illustrate the irony that sometimes the greatest dislike is expressed between groups that
are much more alike than different
Central route persuasion is most likely when people
are naturally analytical
The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because
arousal encourages performance of the most likely response
A life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon would be most likely to
ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life insurance
An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by
assigned roles
The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim
Prejudice is an _____; discrimination is a _______
attitude; behavior
People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more
attractive
Social loading is MOST likely to occur among
audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced
The chameleon effect involves
automatic mimicry
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that
babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces
Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority he should:
be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint
Altruism is best described as
behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others
Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior
belief-based feelings
The three components of prejudice are
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action
Just-world phenomenon often leads people to
believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer
Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he
believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position
Joel's violent behavior is influenced by his unrealistic sexual scripts, his repeated experience of ostracism, and his persistent abuse of alcohol. An integrated understanding of Joel's behavior within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by:
biopsychosocial approach
Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates
biopsychosocial approach
Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?
birds of a feather flock together
Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the
bystander effect
Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
bystander effect
People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as
bystander effect
Social psychologists have arranged for people to drop coins or pencils in elevators in order to study
bystander effect
When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
bystander effect
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates
bystander effect
According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by
calculations of costs and benefits
Our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we
can easily recall our attitudes
Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates
central route persuasion
Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates
central route persuasion
We have a tendency to overestimate the similarities among people we have sorted into a single category. This best illustrates the ________ roots of prejudice.
cognitive
Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to
cognitive dissonance
Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a class debate. His attitude change is best explained by ______ theory
cognitive dissonance
The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
cognitive dissonance
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of
cognitive dissonance theory
Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
cognitive dissonance theory
Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
companionate love
The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as
compassionate love
Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their telephone conversation if he has just:
completed a series of aerobic exercises
In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock the "learner"
complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request
A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of
conciliation
GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through
conciliation
If one were to generalize from Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to
conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars
If two countries are rivals for the exclusive control of the same area of land, their predicament best illustrates
conflict
To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals indicates
conflict
Adjusting one's behavior of thinking toward a group standard is called
conformity
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
conformity
Explicit attitudes are typically _____, whereas implicit attitudes are often _____
conscious; unconscious
On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be MOST likely to lead to improved performance?
counting backward from 10 to 1
In one study, researchers found that police officers judge Black faces that appear more typical of their race to be more
criminal
In investigating the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron arranged for an attractive woman briefly interact with men who had recently
crossed a swaying footbridge
People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by
cultural diversity
The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrates
cultural influence
By inventing customs and passing them on to their peers and offspring, chimpanzees exhibit the rudiments of
culture
The enduring traditions, ideas, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next define their
culture
The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of
culture
After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of
deindividuation
Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in term of
deindividuation
When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of
deindividuation
Participants in the Milgram's obedience studies were ordered to
deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers
Aleksis has recently begun to bully and hurt his younger brother. If this behavior continues, it is likely that Aleksis will
develop an increasing dislike for his brother
When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she
developed more aggressive tendencies
When participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they
did not regret taking part in the experiment
A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in
discrimination
Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in
discrimination
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
dispositional attribution
At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between
explicit and implicit attitudes
Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by
exposing the groups to tasks that requires their joint cooperation
A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when
external influences on behavior are minimal
Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of
face-to-face contact
In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely?
factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually
The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystanders will
fail to interpret the incident as an emergency
As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will
fail to notice the older woman's problem
High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of
father care
When shown computer-generated faces, people generally prefer slightly __ faces. Women are most likely to perceive a man with a slightly __ face as having placed a personal ad seeking a "special lady to love and cherish"
feminized; feminized
Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with
fight or flight reaction
After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals
frontal lobes
A gap between modest goal attainments and very high goal expectations is most likely to trigger
frustration
According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from
frustration
After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the:
frustration-aggression principle
After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the
frustration-aggression principle
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates
fundamental attribution error
Carol is restless during class because her teacher's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The teacher, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and teacher should be informed of the dangers of
fundamental attribution error
Compared with people from East Asian cultures, those from individualistic western countries are more likely to demonstrate
fundamental attribution error
Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called
fundamental attribution error
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
gain social approval
On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century
gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased
Comparison of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ______ on aggression
genetic influence
Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in
genetic predispositions
Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to
get into more arguments and fights
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for
group polarization
If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of
group polarization
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of
group polarization
Professor Maksound, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of
group polarization
Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called
group polarization
A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit
groupthink
An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of
groupthink
The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the damage of
groupthink
The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the danger of
groupthink
Makato, a 15-year-old high school sophomore, is physically unattractive. Compared to good-looking students, Makato is more likely to:
have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers
Alex thinks drinking sugar-laden sodas is bad for you but other players on his hockey team insist that it is not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if
he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team
Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth grade teacher to conclude Freire did poorly because
he is unmotivated to do well in school
Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:
hindsight bias
Research on the relationship between aversive events and aggression indicates that
hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility
Attribution theory was designed to account for________
how people explain others' behavior
The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common
identity
Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of
implicit attitudes
If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this would be considered to illustrate
implicit prejudice
In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and paradise as "good" when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than White-sounding names. This best illustrated
implicit prejudice
Instant responses to viewing white and black faces may include activation of the amygdala. Research has suggested that this indicates
implicit prejudice
Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of
implicit racial associations
The fundamental attribution error is likely to be restrained by observing someone
in a variety of situations
Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)
increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours
Employees who receive a windfall bonus are later happier if they have done something for other people with it. This suggests that altruism is
intrinsically rewarding
Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who
invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans
After watching a large number of violent pornographic movies, Ollie will probably be
less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape
Our explanations of our own admirable actions are ________ likely to involve situational attributions than our explanations of our own shameful actions. Our explanations of our own actions performed long ago are ________ likely to involve dispositional attributions than our explanations of our own very recent actions
less; more
Groups of citizens who identified themselves as politically liberal and groups of citizens who identified themselves as conservative were asked to discuss socially relevant issues such as affirmative action and same-sex unions. After group discussion, the liberal groups expressed increasingly ________ positions and the conservative groups expressed increasingly ________ positions.
liberal; conservative
Deindividuation refers to
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Which of the following is true of non-western cultures, as compared with western cultures? They have
lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage
Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that:
many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters
Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be
mature
Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among
men in cultures that value individualism
After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
mere exposure effect
An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as
mere exposure effect
An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of
mere exposure effect
Participants in a voter preference study favored the presidential candidate whose face blended some of their own facial features with those of the candidate. This best illustrates the impact of
mere exposure effect
People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of
mere exposure effect
When Armen first heard the hit song "Gotta Love It," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates:
mere exposure effect
In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates
mirror image perceptions
Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates
mirror-image perceptions
Mrs. Came frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Cane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple'e experiences best illustrates
mirror-image perceptions
Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate
mirror-image perceptions
People tend to prefer a(n) ________ image of themselves, while their friends prefer a(n) ________ version of them
mirror; actual
Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of
modeling
Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid
modeling violence
We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates
mood linkage
College students judged an averaged, composite face as
more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical
University college London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically respond to the pressure on their finger with
more pressure than they had just experienced
Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a(n) _______ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are _______ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere
more; less
On average, Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are ________ likely than relationships formed in person to last beyond two years. When conversing online with someone for 20 minutes, participants in one study felt ________ liking for that person than they did for someone they talked with face to face.
more; more
A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage
nonconformity
Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to
normative social influence
Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence
Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of
normative social influence
Mr. Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the school principal. Mr. Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence
Toby publicly agrees with his friends that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best Student Senate President. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his friends' opinion best illustrates the power of
normative social influence
Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of
norms
The practice of covering your mouth when you cough best illustrates the impact of
norms
The rules of a culture for accepted behavior are
norms
Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of
norms
Compared with central route persuasion, peripheral route persuasion tends to
occur more rapidly
The longer Chinese people have resided in a western country, the less they exhibit
other-race effect
White children are better at recognizing White faces than Black faces. This illustrates
other-race effect
Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by
reinforcement
Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to
report that they are currently aiding the poor and infirm
Liking those who share and validate our attitudes is best explained in terms of
reward theory
The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)
role
After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes
role playing
In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves:
role-playing aggression
Philip Zimardo devised a simulation prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This study best illustrated the impact of
role-playing on attitudes
In comparison to 40 years ago, American women toady are more likely to marry for the sake of
romantic love
Norms are best described as
rules for socially acceptable behavior
Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of:
scapegoat theory
Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of
scapegoat theory
Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of
scapegoat theory
The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropian subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of
self fulfilling prophecy
Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of their own
self worth
Circumstances that increase _____ are likely to reduce ______
self-awareness; deindividuation
A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of
self-disclosure
Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:
self-disclosure
People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their:
self-esteem
Social facilitation is most likely to occur in the performance of _______ tasks
simple
Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates
situational attribution
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
situational attributions
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ______ and to overestimate the impact of _____ in explaining the behavior of others
situational influence; personal dispositions
Researchers Brad Bushman and Craig Anderson have noted that the correlation between viewing violence and behaving aggressively nearly equals the correlation between
smoking and cancer
Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of:
social exchange theory
Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
social exchange theory
After a light turns green, drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates
social facilitation
Comedy routines that are mildly amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of
social facilitation
Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates
social facilitation
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates
social facilitation
Compared with numerical majorities, numerical minorities, such as the Scots in Britain, are especially conscious of their
social identities
Ingroup bias best illustrates the impact of our ________ on prejudice
social identities
Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying
social inequalities
High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by Scots-Irish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression
social influence
Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates
social loafing
Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to
social loafing
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
social loafing
University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates:
social loafing
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
social psychology
Youths who are shunned and mocked by peers are especially likely to respond with aggression if they have earlier experienced
social rejection
Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of
social responsibility norm
To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of
social responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
social responsibility norm
People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading
social script
A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ________ provided by the media
social scripts
Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called
social scripts
A situation in which the individual pursuit of self interest leads to collective destruction is known as
social trap
Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of
social trap
Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of
social trap
After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of:
social traps
Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study
social traps
On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be LEAST likely to lead to better and faster performance?
solving a crossword puzzle
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of
stereotypes
Overgeneralization beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called
stereotypes
Organisms often respond to ________ with a fight-or-flight reaction
stress
The text indicates that the clusters of teenage suicides that occasionally occur in some communities may be the result of
suggestibility
Psychologists describe shared goals that override different among people and require their cooperation as
superordinate
Handling and describing a gun has been found to increase ________ in research participants' saliva.
testosterone
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high level of shock when
the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher"
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when
the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders
Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because
the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted
In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about
the amount of shock the victim actually received
If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates
the blame-the-victim dynamic
If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect
If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect
Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in a sad voice creates "mood contagion" in listeners. This best illustrates
the chameleon effect
Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as
the chameleon effect
Which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others?
the chameleon effect
The impact of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is most clearly illustrated
the destructive obedience of participants in the Milgram experiments
Group polarization refers to
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when
the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University
To brainwash captures American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by
the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market
According to the text, aggression always involves
the intent to hurt
Mr. Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if
the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called
the other-race effect
A social trap is a situation in which
the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm
Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrates what is known as
the rape myth
Darley and Latane observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of
their feelings of limited responsibility
In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ___________ one another
think about, influence, and relate to
While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in term of
two factor theory of emotion
Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often
unconscious
We are most likely to ________ the diversity among members of an ________.
underestimate; outgroup
Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
unswervingly hold to their own position
Research participants believes that the Asch conformity test involved a study of
visual perception
The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulation prison study
we're so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued
An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for
wide cultural variations in aggressiveness
Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized that, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop
win-win solution
Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize
win-win solutions
The tendency to categorize people on the bias of their gender is most likely to lead Jack to believe that
women all have pretty much the same attitudes about sex
You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why
you failed a college test
Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if
you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request
The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people
experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar
Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with:
Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science
Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most
Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike
Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?
a child who tries to hit another child with a rock
The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's
act of kindness to a compassionate personality
Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that
actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes
In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passing of the civil rights act of 1964, the best illustrated the impact of
actions on attitudes
Studies of role-playing most directly highlight the effects of
actions on attitudes
Cultural diversity best illustrates our
adaptive capacities
Conformity is best described as
adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard
A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates
aggression
Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of
aggression
Ostracism has been observed to intensify
aggression
Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of
aggression
Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates:
altruism
The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her Nee York apartment stimulated social psychological research on
altruism
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the
emergency is being observed by a number of other people
The Y chromosome is the most well known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to
engage in aggression
Noncompetitve contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with
equal status
Orville thinks his girlfriend derives more benefits from their relationship than he does, even though he contributes more to the relationship. Orville most clearly believes that their relationship lacks
equity
Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of
equity
A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people
estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of these characteristics
Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect
Social loading refers to the tendency for people to
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
individualism
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
individuals share a similar opinion
Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as:
inequitable
After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to
informational social influence
When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
Accepting other's opinions about reality is to ______ as the desire to gain approval is to _____
informational social influence; normative social influence
A sense of social identity is most likely to promote
ingroup bias
During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that their own team was the better one. The girls' beliefs best illustrate
ingroup bias
Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates
ingroup bias
Placing propel into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
ingroup bias
Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
ingroup bias
An increase in _____ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South America whites and blacks
interracial contact
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to
judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance
A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the terrible treatment they receive best illustrates
just-world phenomenon
An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins is best explained in terms of
just-world phenomenon
Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief best illustrates a potential consequence of
just-world phenomenon
Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)
learned response
In several US states where black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders on interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates
overt prejudice
In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This environment was designed to study the factors that contribute to
passionate love
Two factor theory of emotion has been used to explain
passionate love
Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten
patriotism
When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated
patronization
Cross-cultural research on gender relations indicates that
people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores
Svetlana, a 16-year-old high school sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive high school girls
perceived to be more socially skilled
Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others
Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates
peripheral route persuasion
Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates
peripheral route persuasion
Those who feel socially pressured sometimes assert their freedom by doing the opposite of what is socially expected. This best illustrates
personal control
Observing yourself on a videotape is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to
personality traits
A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ______
personality traits; assigned roles
Our first impressions of people we meet are most likely to be determined by their
physical appearance
The two factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by
physical arousal
What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?
physical attractiveness
Poverty and unemployment are likely to be explained in terms of personal dispositions by ________ and in terms of situational influences by ________
political conservatives; political liberals
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
prejudice
Government officials who emphasize that African Americans are personally responsible for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote
prejudice
Although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, one violent TV program is most likely to ________ in its viewer
prime aggressive thoughts
The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ______ and liking
proximity
Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are
reciprocity and social responsibility
After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the
reciprocity norm
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from:
reciprocity norm
On one experiment, white Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed
reduced prejudice against black Americans
Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior
reflected her personal disposition
