Power in the Asia Pacific- China
Sovereignty definition
The state's legitimate authority to apply effective control of a territory within recognized borders, without outside interference. Example: secessionist regions- Taiwan Uighar people, since they don't have a stable population and cannot apply effective control in the regions.
FPI- Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the ability to influence the actions of other global actors through discussion, statements, and negotiation. Types of diplomacy - panda diplomacy - summit diplomacy - public denunciations
Foreign policy instruments
FOREIGN POLICY INSTRUMENTS are the tools the state uses to pursue these external to the state. DIPLOMACY TRADE AID MILITARY POWER
FPI- Military power
Using the military as a foreign policy instrument includes force or a show of force intended to influence another global actor China uses the military in this way via: testing and displaying of military hardware publicising military activities and investments strategic placement of military armaments and troops (currently 1,600 missiles pointed at Taiwan)
National Interest- Regional relationships
Why does China care about RR: - enhanced political trust - regional security - favourable environment for cooperation
Military power
- Force or a show of force intended to influence another global actor. Ways China uses military - Testing and displaying of military hardware - Publicising military activities and investments - Strategic placement of military armament and troops (16,000 missiles pointed at Taiwan)
FPI- Aid three major factors motivating it
1. Energy- (coal, oil, uranium, gas): Worlds largest energy consumer: Assistance provided to a state in exchange for securing of access to oil and other resources eg. Vietnam $3.4 billion in loans and investment (2015) 2.Isolation of Taiwan- One China policy: only supplying aid to those who recognise mainland China. Eg. $300 mill Costa Rica 2009 2. Developmental leader
cultural power example: Confucius institutions
12 in Australia, 13 in Canada, over 90 in the United States, 0 in Taiwan, 1 in Hong Kong Confucius Institutes offer a range of programs to students including: - Mandarin language (learning and teacher training) - Chinese film, theatre, dance and visual arts
FPI- Aid
AID as a foreign policy instrument, is a state's providing assistance to another with a view to influencing that state's decisions and actions.
FPI- Diplomacy- Panda Diplomacy
China's use of giant pandas as diplomatic gifts, most commonly used to cement relationships with other states
Soft Power- example- Panda Diplomacy Taiwan
Broad casted in both Taiwan and Beijing- international standing - Beijing first offered pandas in 2005 but were rejected by that president, Chen Shui-bian, whose DPP supported moves towards independence. - Taiwan's new president, Ma Ying-jeou accepted the pandas Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan- mean reunion. - Farewell ceremony at Chengdu airport, involving speeches and dancing- soft power- cultural sharing.
National Interest- National security- Taiwan
CURRENTLY 22 STATES RECOGNISE TAIWAN AS A STATE
National Interest- Economic prosperity
Challenges Beijing faces in pursing Economic development: Gap between wealthy Chinese and poor (geographic and economic) Corruption in government and business ($86 billion per annum) One-child policy (social and economic, Nov 2013 reforms, Dec 2015 abolition) Beijing has pursued this national interest by: - Joining the WTO in 2002 -passing legislation to facilitate FDI into China
Military power example *****
China deployed a surface-to- air missile system on a disputed island in the south China sea. China claims most of the south China sea, through which more than $5 trillion in global trade passes through each year- motivation. Trying to pursue: national security and economic prosperity Damaged: regional relationships, international standing.
National Interest- National security
China has a population of over 1.3 billion people, 43% Uighur 40% Han Chinese Central to Beijing's desire to create a socialist harmonious society is the determination that none of these regions either seek, declare, or attempt tp attain, independence. - territory must remain intact.
Factors that shape international standing
China wants to rise in a manner that other states respect and look to for leadership, but also do not find threatening or concerning. Example: offering aid to developing states- Fiji
Factors that shape Regional relationships
China's want to rise for other states in a manner that other states respect and look to for leadership. Eg. China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). Regional relationships enhanced political trust, appear stable and shows China uses negotiations- not just military force.
Different interpretations of national security
Chinese communist party: Aims to create a socialist harmonious society, wants to keep China one International community: Secessionist regions
Different interpretations of international standing **
Chinese communist party: China wants to rise in a manner that other states respect and look to for leadership. International community:
Different interpretations of regional relationships
Chinese communist party: Eg. Trade and Aid with Costa Rica, CCP would categorise it as a bilateral relationship with no obligations. Aid- no conditions (Vehicles, stadium), trade- beneficial to China ($300 million govt bonds) International community: International community sees aid and trade as Chequebook diplomacy, highly pragmatic since it is undermining Taiwan's desire for independence.
Different interpretations of economic prosperity
Chinese communist party: sees as Chinese right to capitalise on sov. Territory. International community: Pursuit of $$$ in South China Sea. Eg. Spratly/paracels IS. e.g Trade routes, Oil and gas fisheries grounds
Opposing views on Confucius institutions
For: Goodwill gesture by Beijing to teach Chinese language and culture - legitimate use of cultural power Against: part of China's "drive for global dominance" (Canadian Intelligence Security Service, 2007) - close ties with CCP leads to accusations of propaganda
nation definition
Group of people claiming common bonds based on culture, language and history. Example: China
Difference between hard power and soft power
Hard power is power exercised through coercion, or threatened acts of coercion, so as to influence the actions of other global actors. Most commonly exercised via military actions and decisions. For example, in 2008 oil ri- Vietnam boat sunk. Whereas, soft power is the ability to shape the actions of other global actors most commonly exercised through diplomacy, culture, policies and history. For example, Panda Diplomacy Taiwan.
Political Power
International legislation. Recognition of the sovereignty of a state is a political power- Which is why China pays small states not to recognize Taiwan. Ai Wei Wei challenges political power.
National Interest- International standing
International standing essentially means the way a state is perceived by the international community. A state's reputation, and so power. China wants to rise in a manner that other states respect and look to for leadership, but also do not find threatening or concerning. By: *push to be a 'good neighbour' and global citizen *cultural exports: (eg. Beijing Olympics, pandas, Chinese film industry, etc.) *avoidance of confrontation with world's only superpower, the US
Factors that shape Economic prosperity
Movement of consumption population- economy class Funding of priorities- military. maintain sovereignty just want the best for their economy. Because if a states economy crashes the state can become a failed state and loose sovereignty
Different views of power
One dimensional view: Focus is on military force as power; power is violence or the threat of violence forcing B to do what A wants. eg. China has 1600 ballistic missiles pointed at Taiwan Two dimensional view: Two Dimensional View Focus is on alliances and decision-making. Power is A's access to information subsequent decision, requiring B to act. eg.US declares war on Iraq, obligating Australia to act via the ANZUS treaty Three dimensional view: Three Dimensional View Power is not as simple as military expenditure, land mass, or resources. Power involves other elements that are more difficult to measure.
nation state definition
Political social groupings in which people within territorial boundaries, with recognised sovereignty, have common bonds based on culture, langauge and history. Example:
Hard power
Power exercised through coercion, or threatened acts of coercion, so as to influence the actions of other global actors. Most commonly exercised via military actions and decisions. Example 1600 missles pointed at Taiwan.
Diplomatic Power
Power through their relationships with others in the form of alliances or alignments.
security definition
Protection of a states borders from intruders and the maintenance of sovereignty, most commonly achieved through the use of military power. Example: China deployed a surface to air missile system on Woody island in the south China Sea, maintaining sovereignty through military force.
South China Sea
Sates who claim SCS: Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, China. Why China wants the SCS: Paracel islands: Fishing, boast fishing and natural resources $5.3 trillion in trade moves through SCS annually. What China is doing about it: Satellite imagery has shown unprecedented activity from China on Subi Reef and Fiery Cross Reef in the Spratlys, East South China (ADIZ)
idealism definition
School of thought in which foreign policy is influenced above all else by moral principle, as opposed to practical and pragmatic considerations. Example: In 2008 China bought $300 mill of Costa Rican government bonds and a further $150 mill economic aid. China claims to be idealistic by not attaching conditions and supplying aid to a state in need.
pragmatism definition
School of thought in which foreign policy is influenced by practical and pragmatic considerations, as opposed to moral principles. Example: China's motives argued by others for its aid in costa Rica is to maintain its 'one china' policy and supplying aid is a reward for Costa Rica switching its diplomatic recognition.
Factors that shape National security
Separatist groups challenging the authority of the state (Taiwan and Uighur). Other states trying to claim the Senkaku islands. It is also feared that if one of these regions were to break away from authority of Beijing it would encourage further separatism in the state.
East China Sea
States who claim SCS: China and Japan Why China wants it: China is the worlds largest energy consumer Senkaku Islands: Rich fishing grounds, potential oil and gas deposits. Spartly Islands: Rich in fishing grounds, oil and gas deposits
power definition
The ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor. Example: soft power- Diplomacy
Soft Power
The ability to shape the actions of other global actors most commonly exercised through diplomacy, culture, policies and history. EX: DIPLOMACY, TRADE, AID
Cultural Power
The power of a state is also determined by their power. Transmitting its cultural values to appear more "desirable" and achieve aims when military and political means might fail. Eg. Confucius institutions and panda diplomacy.
FPI- Trade
Trade as a foreign policy instrument is the manipulation of the exchange of goods and services, labour and capital to influence the actions of another actor. - developing trade with secessionist regions (ie. Taiwan) - using trade as reward for states who do not recognise sovereignty of secessionist regions (and no trade with those that recognize Taiwan)
state definition
Traditionally the central actor in the global political arena, a state has a permanent population, defined territory, and recognised sovereignty. Example: China is a state, recognised member of the P5
National Interest- National Security- Chinese Uighur People (East Turkestan)
Uighur people want independence of Xinjiang province (as East Turkistsan), population 22 million Oil and petrochemicals (60 per cent of its GDP) 43% Uighur 40% Han Chinese "Operation Beauty" only old Uighur men can have beards, and women cannot wear full veils - Uighur language banned in schools March 2015: Uighur man Mehmet Emin 6 years prison for growing 'religious extremist' beard
- National Interest- regional relationships example
debate as to how important developing regional relationships really is to China: economic and diplomatic support for internationally outcast regimes, including trade, refusal to condemn government actions, or support sanctions (Syria, North Korea, Myanmar) increasing militarization (Liaoning aircraft carrier 2012, air-defense identification zone over East China Sea and Senkaku Islands)
Economic power
economically strong states are in a better position to use the various economic instruments of foreign policy including: foreign aid, spending on defence, economic sanctions
Types of power
hard, soft, economic, political, diplomatic and cultural
National Interest
outlines the goals or objectives of foreign policy and is used as an all-embracing concept to justify policy preferences and actions. China: NATIONAL SECURITY ECONOMIC PROSPERITY REGIONAL RELATIONSHIPS INTERNATIONAL STANDING Achieve these using Foreign policy instruments
national interest definition
outlines the goals or objectives of foreign policy and is used as an all-embracing concept to justify policy preferences and actions. China's: Economic prosperity, International standing
FPI- Diplomacy- Checkbook Diplomacy
the use of economic aid, trade or investment as a means of gaining diplomatic favour from a global actor. Employed by both China and Taiwan in the South Pacific as 'bribes' designed to influence island nations to recognize or not recognize Taiwanese independence