PP 14 Jails
Sheriff Grady Judd used a ________ approach in his jail.
"get tough"
Sheriff Joe Arpaio had a ________ approach to running his jail.
"get tough"
Pretrial Detention Process Risk Assessment
- 100 questions - about person's propensity to commit crime - education, family, housing, job, who you live with, last time you used drugs/alcohol, opinions about crime & CJS, friends, friend's crimes - can be hard to get truthful answers for all of these questions
American Revolution
- 1700 & 1800s - housed pretrial people at sheriff's house (also where they lived) - sheriff would feed & house them - Halifax, NC - Barnstable, MA: burned down 3 times by pretrial individuals
Regional Jail
- 2 or more counties that have combined resources - some counties cannot rebuild bc $$ - adopting these jails now - counties pay regional jail to hold their inmates which generates funds & resources
Substance Dependency
- Half (50%) of all people booked in our jails right now are *currently* under the influence of something - 2/3 of them (about 75%) have a history of alcohol or substance abuse in *last* *3* *months*
Sheriff Joe Arpaio
- Maricopa County, AZ - extremely popular & loved - elected over & over again
Sheriff Grady Judd
- Polk County, FL - very big presence - elected over & over again, liked by many
Who is in charge of jail?
- Sheriff - standard around country - county Sheriff or city police chief
Reelection every 4 years
- Sheriffs are elected officials - directly responsive to citizens in county
Politics in Jail
- Sheriffs are elected officials - elected every 4 years - if county isn't happy, Sheriffs can be voted out of jails
Number of people in jail is highest where?
- South & West - use their jails much more frequently - South- historically overcrowded.
Sheriff Michael Adkinson
- Walton County, FL - very loved, ideas greatly supported
3 Sheriffs Focused on
- all are different - ran their jails differently - ran their jails how they saw fit
Different Sheriff's Approaches shows that jails:
- are very independent - Sheriffs can do a lot of what they want - run it how they see fit - are very political
Pretrial Detention Process 1st Step
- arresting officer searches person, fills out information on person > age > name > anything found on them - mug shots - finger prints
No time for programming (short sentence)
- barely any time in jail = less time for programming - no programming = a lot of sitting & doing nothing - free time = allows for more opportunities to get in trouble
Sheriff Michael Adkinson Approach to Jail
- believes that when an inmate comes into his jail they have nothing but time on their hands and these inmates have faced a series of challenges in their lives - get inmates involved in programming, education, and counseling
Penitentiary Movement
- changes how it was during am revolution. - 1800s - these institutions became very popular, CJS grew on these - more people coming in & waiting for trial - housing them in sheriff's house didn't work anymore; too many people
BJS (Bureau of Justice Statistics) Census
- conducts one in jail every 5 years ab who is in jails. - Sheriff must provide information on everyone that is in the jail in that moment ex) pretrial & post conviction, people denied bail, waiting to post bail, etc.
Convicted Individuals in jail
- convicted - sentenced for *less* than one year (364 days) - commonly called 12-29s = 12 months, 29 days of a sentence
Sheriff Grady Judd's Questionable Jail Techniques
- decided to close juvenile portion of jail & house juveniles among adults - cut back on education services offered to juveniles in order to save money
Pods with different cell blocks
- different ones for women, men, and segregation - within, sentenced & pretrial individuals all together - Juvenile: being charged as adult, held in segregation - Sex offenders: held in segregation most often for their own safety - people at risk for hurting themselves: held in segregation
Pros of programming
- evidence showing if we can address people's issues & why they commit crime early in process we have higher success rate - diverting away from prison shows better results - increase in plea deals, reduces overcrowding in prisons
Disadvantages of BJS Census
- expensive - requires buy in from everyone involved - can't do it every year because of above 2 reasons
Pretrial detainees also have significant Legal Needs
- facing charges, need a lawyer - typically during pretrial period, they don't really know what's going on at all & they are not updated - people get anxious - may need public defender (up to the jail to make sure there are private rooms for meetings & that the lawyer/detainee is safe)
Personnel Matters
- high turnover rate for jail guards - pay, benefits, & conditions (dangerous), worse than in prisons - people constantly rotating
Lack of programming for substance users
- if person has substance issue during pretrial, all that is done is symptom management - jail only monitors them, makes sure they aren't dehydrated or having seizures, falling & hitting head
Sheriff Grady Judd Removal of Juvenile Portion
- illegal to house juveniles along with adults - in custody, juveniles have to be separate in *sight* and *sound* - juveniles cannot see or hear adults and vice versa
High costs of substance offenders
- injury & withdrawal = costs can be large - can be very expensive to treat injuries and withdrawal
Part of Correctional System
- jail is first stop after an arrest - jail & prison are two VERY different things!!!
Historically neglected part of job
- jail is neglected - instead focused on policing & those deputies
High criminal turnover rate
- jails see *every* single person who touches the CJS
Judges Mandating Programs
- judge CAN mandate programs but usually they don't - most are diverting people out of CJS into treatment - this shows better results - increase in plea deals because of this (1 year drug treatment instead of prison time)
Age-old problems in managing jails
- lack of programs - poor financial resources - antiquated facilities - overcrowding
Jail Administration
- local level - county or city
Jails are _______ run and vary considerably in _______.
- locally - size
Sheriff Joe Arpaio Questionable Jail Techniques
- made male prisoners wear pink underwear to humiliate them - served expired food - tried to cut down meals from 3 to 2 - built tents outside to house people (jail = overcrowded)
Typical Jail Inmate
- male - young - between ages of 18-24 - unmarried - under educated (no high school diploma) - African American
Hybrid Facilities
- means they house 2 kinds of people - 1) pretrail applicants - 2) ppl staying less than a year - because of the very different people in jail it is hard to operate them
Lack of funding for jail
- most are falling apart - old buildings
Lawyer & Family Skype Calls
- most are no contact now, so they use video calls - cost & logistics!!!! - less costly & safer!!! - better for jail, worse for inmate (physical contact = better for reducing recidivism)
Mentally Ill Individuals in Jail
- most detainees have mental health needs - increasing number of individuals in our jails & prisons - due in part that we are getting better at diagnosing this problem but also bc we are truly seeing an increase of ppl with mental health needs in prison. we see ppl cycling in and out at increasing rate. - seemed to be due to transinstitutionalization
Fingerprints
- most done electronically now - all 10 fingers taken - fingers have to be rolled
New generation jails
- most jails are old, trying to rebuild now - round, kind of like tire with spokes that come out - each spoke is different cell block - popular design - most are 2 stories (with TVs, phones, tables, showers)
Substance users medical needs (big prob)
- most jails don't have ability to screen people for diseases - especially pretrial group - don't know if they have AIDs, HIV, hepatitis, etc. in pretrial group - guards have to be super careful to not get or spread any diseases esp with bodily fluids - once sentenced & go to jail or prison- comprehensive doc visits but not like this for pretrial
Physical design of jails (short sentence)
- most jails in US are old & designed to hold 1 person per cell - system too big now, have to double up, knock down walls, put bunk beds in cells - cramming people into small spaces = issues, creates tensions/fights - designed for different population; in 40's/50's idea was the worst of the worst would be held there - about 60% of people held in jail are pretrial, not yet convicted - most functioning at capacity or over, some counties have to ship inmates to others
Jails Neglected by Policy Makers
- most of us immediately jump to prison & forget that jails are first step in process - everyone in prison has been to jail, but not vice versa - don't know exactly whose there - don't know what programs work - don't spend a lot of money on facilities - don't know a lot about recidivism for these people
Pretrial Detention Process Impacts on guards & inmates
- most people are panicked or angry - about 1/3 of all deaths that happen in jail happen 6-10 hours after arrest (initial process) - violence & suicide rates highest during this time - mental state, fear, anxiety, violence
Pretrial Detention Process Paperwork
- needs to be filled out - jail employee has to ask questions & input answers to computer system - people probably aren't honest, maybe don't know how to answer (drunk = forgot name)
Pretrial Detainee Programs
- none available for them (no education, treatment) - thought to be a significant problem for jails! - this time could be important for reducing recidivism. - person with issues + in active state of withdrawal + detox program then rehab/treatment = curve recidivism rates, higher rate of success *maybe*
Money spent on jails
- not a lot spent on jail - more money spent on prisons
Sheriff Michael Adkinson's Programs
- offered programs that were a lot *better* than a lot of programs offered in state facility - fresh fruit & veggies - 12 inmates can go into animal shelter & care for animals - heavy equipment program, welding, semi-truck driver pad, barber, hairdresser, education classes - worked with employers on outside who employ inmates after jail - one-on-one counseling (most is group but his isn't) - during holidays, let mothers record book reading & given to child, Santa came one year
Challenges for correctional management (short sentence)
- people in prison are there for a while so they know their personality/ behav. - doesn't happen in jail, so guards are always monitoring
Pretrial Defendants in jail
- people not yet convicted - still presumed innocent
Mug Shots
- public, anyone can see them - some website categorize them into attractive/not attractive, boys/girls - taken from numerous angles (straight, side, height, name, inmate #) - stand on feet prints & stand still
Transinstitutionalization
- sharing of the population between CJS and mental heath system - when CJS is big, our mental heath system is small (how it is now) - when we spend more money on CJS, we take away money to spend on mental heath system (we're doing this now)
Result of popularity & belief in Penitentiaries
- started sending more people there because of this - our jails had to play catch up after this
Results of Sheriff Grady Judd's Questionable Techniques
- sued & faced lawsuits for removing juvenile portion of jail - juveniles now held in portables (black sheet covering fence) - faced lawsuits because juveniles are *required* to get at least 8 hours of education a day in custody
Walton county intake of other county inmates
- takes from Inscambia county (jail burned down), Bay county wants to do the same thing (hurricane ruined jail) - pay Walton county to house their inmates - Walton county generates money from housing these inmates
Reasons Correctional Officer's job is dangerous
- time period between arrest & sentence is very stressful - usually these people are under the influence of something (makes them difficult to manage) - a lot of people going through withdrawal - officers are responsible for dealing with problem behaviors & emotions
Since 1978, BJS Census is trying to do what?
- trying to figure out whose in jail (gave us typical person there) - we have no idea who is in jail *right* *now*, don't have good numbers about whose there
Standards in Jail
- trying to implement standards - American Jail Association - trying to fix things to avoid lawsuits, decrease liability & keep people safe - Accredited = improves safety & standards.
Results of Sheriff Joe Arpaio's Techniques
- ultimately removed - being investigated for racial bias practices - sued & faced multiple lawsuits - pardoned by President Trump
Jail Capacity
- varies considerably across country - most have 50 or fewer beds (varies also)
Correctional Officer
- very dangerous job - a lot of staff turnover - makes $39,000/year on average - short training compared to correctional officers in prisons - very high stress job (lot of movement and different people) - some require college degree but most just require HS diploma
Comparing large & small jails
- very different in a lot of ways - have to look at them individually - challenges they face are very different
Pretrial Detention Process & CJS
- very important for process - all of it has to be done quickly (everybody has right to get before judge without unnecessary delay, 24-48 hours usually) - has to be done quick & with drug use & fear
Sheriff Michael Adkinson Programming Beliefs
- very interested in it - much interest in implementing education & counseling too
Problem with public mug shots
- very new & real problem that CJS is trying to deal with - can be damaging to person's future work, relationships, volunteering, etc.
Reasons Pretrial Detention Process is Difficult
- very stressful & difficult for guards to do - people aren't cooperative, happy, and are probably under the influence of something or going through withdrawal at the time - getting good fingerprints - taking numerous pictures for mug shot
Reasons pretrial people are in jail
- waiting to post bail - denied bail - may not be able to post bail
Issues of mandating programs
- we cannot force someone to do something because they are still presumed innocent - must be convicted before program is mandated
Legal Liability for Jails
- when person is booked into jail, they become responsibility of the jail & county. - can be held responsible if someone gets injured while under custody - guards can also be held liable for their behav.
Substance using offenders make intake process challenging
- whether coming in intoxicating or in a state of withdrawal - health issues (throwing up, etc.) - single cells with nothing but drain in them so it can be hosed down (bodily fluids) - withdrawal = can present medical issue (may need to call 911, bring person to hospital then back to jail) - this is costly
Officers in Jail
- work for sheriff's department, but are NOT police enforcement or officers - not patrolling, separate group (correction officers) - sole job is to maintain custody of pretrial detainees & people in jail - also running the jail
what are the 2 reasons why substance abuse is a significant prob in our jails?
1) makes intake process very challenging 2) we do not have programming for the issue
2 Biggest Jails
1. LA County Detention Center, CA: (15,000 people) 2. Rikers Island, NY: (15,000 people) - this is more than some prisons
2 functions of the Sheriff within a jail
1. Law enforcement & policing/corrections 2. Maintain jail
2 kinds of people in jail
1. Pretrial defendants 2. Convicted individuals
2 Types of Inmates in Prisons
1. people who have been sentenced/ convicted 2. sentences that are *greater* than 1 year
Sheriff Joe Arpaio served about ____ times, 4 year terms each.
5
The first stop after a person is arrested
Jail
What level are jails operated at?
Local level - county or city
Do prisons see everyone who touches CJS?
No - more stable population rate than jails
sentenced people who are staying less than 1 year
Present a lot of challenges
Who runs jail?
Sherif's department. when they get their budget from county commission, most of $ and budget goes to police officers and law enforcement on the streets, jails must operate on the left overs.
What level is prison operated at?
State (federal government)
Sheriff Michael Adkinson's Programs are ______ of at jail level!
Unheard
most jails are not like what?
Wolton County.
why is the way that our crim justice system treats drug addiction way out of line?
bc trial can take a little over a year, so if person is addicted to substance & you don't do anything, let a year go by, and then try to put them into a substance use program, the prob is no longer fresh. once they get released back to where they came from, we see very high recidivism.
when is the pretrial process?
btwn arrest and beginning of trial.
once person is arrested where do they go?
county jail. police does search of ind at jail to eliminate contraband being brought into jail & fills out paperwork regarding ind. Then turn over ind. to jail staff to finish intake process.
what does programming include?
education and treatment but only reserved for sentenced inmates.
Someone in North, East, or Midwest is more likely to what?
get probation or community supervision
Segregation
if person presents violence to themselves/others, they are separated. but everyone else is pretty much together.
Who does the mugshots/fingerprints?
jail staff.
what are 2 significant challenges that pretrial detainees face?
mental health and substance abuse
ppl in jails esp those in pretrial have high rates of what?
mental health needs & substance dependency
In Custody Programming
most programs are voluntary
what was the very 1st problem faced by our correctional system?
overcrowding
8th amendment in jails
protects against cruel and unusual punishment. applies to jails & pretrial detainees. - if guards use excessive force they can be held criminally & financially liable - if conditions bad & unlivable = can be lawsuit under 8th amendment
what is a significant prob. in our jails?
substance abuse
what is the most pressing issue with medical care?
the cost
What are jails funded by?
the county, so they don't have much $ to operate.
once a person is booked into jail, who are they the responsibility of?
the jail. taxpayers pay for all of the medical attention these ppl need.
Historical Overcrowding of Jail
use jails to house inmates until a bed opens up in prison
Bottom line ab programming?
we do not have it for pretrial detainees and that is being looked at as a significant void in our crim. justice system. we could probably do a lot more if we could figure out how to get programming for them.