Practical 2 Study Guide - Lab 7

openings

1. canal 2. fissure 3. foramen 4. meatus

projections

1. condyle 2. crest 3. epicondyle 4. head 5. line 6. process 7. protuberance 8. trochanter 9. tubercle 10. tuberosity

bone markings

1. depression 2. openings 3. projections

depressions

1. facet 2. fossa 3. fovea 4. groove 5. sulcus

A bone tumor disrupts the normal structure of osteons, replacing the organized rings with disorganized, irregular masses of bone. How will this affect the ability of a bone to perform its functions?

It would make the bone spongy and brittle at the same time, decrease their strength and would likely alter their shape depending on the agressiveness of the tumor.

The disease scurvy, caused by a deficiency in vitamin C, leads to an inability to synthesize the protein collagen. Would prescribing calcium salts help to treat the primary bone problem in this disease? Why or why not?

No recuasse calcium is inorganic and collagen is organic

tuberosity

a larger, more prominent tubercle

The maintenance of healthy bone depends upon the balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Predict what would happen if a. osteoblast activity exceeded osteoclast activity. b. osteoclast activity exceeded osteoblast activity.

a. bone hypertrophy, bone modeling and increased bone mass b. mass of the bone would decrease, and calcium would be released into the body

Explain how the structure of each of the following relates to its function. a. compact bone b. spongy bone c. a long bone

a. its hardness comes from its strucutre, which consist of repeating, densely packed subunits called osteons b. the latticework structure allows it to house bone marrow c. the hard, dense structure provides strength and mobility

Osteocytes are located in _____ and function to _____. a. lacunae; maintain and monitor the bone ECM b. the periosteum; maintain and monitor the bone ECM c. lacunae; build bone matrix d. the periosteum; build bone matrix

a. lacunae; maintain and monitor the bone ECM

short bone

about as long as wide; bones of wrist and ankle

protuberance

an outgrowth from a bone due to repetitive pull from a muscle

meatus

another name for a canal

sulcus

another name for a groove

process

any bony projection; generally the site of muscle attachment

What is the general function of a bone projection? a. It provides a pathway along which blood vessels or nerves travel. b. It provides a point of attachment for tendons or ligaments. c. It houses or protects structures such as blood vessels or sensory organs. d. It allows two bones to come together to form a joint.

b. It provides a point of attachment for tendons or ligaments.

The epiphyseal line is a. the structure from which long bones grow in length b. a remnant of the structure from which long bones grow in length c. composed of hyaline cartilage d. found lining the surface of the epiphysis

b. a remnant of the structure from which long bones grow in length

Examples of short bones include: a. the phalanges(bones of the fingers) b. the sternum c. ankle bones d. both a and b are correct e. both b and c are correct

c. ankle bones

epiphyseal plate/line

certain epiphysis-diaphysis junction thin, calcified line; band of hyaline cartilage which long bones grow in length

distinguish between compact and spongy bone

compact bone - hard, dense bone tissue found immediately deep to the periosteum spongy bone - found on the inside of a bone deep to compact bone, somewhat resembles a sponge

endosteum

connective tissue membrane

medullary cavity

consists of a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a hollow area

In the zone of ossification of the epiphyseal plate a. chondrocytes are actively dividing b. chondrocytes are maintained in a reverse to divide if needed c. chondrocytes begin to enlarge in their lacunae as they mature d. chondrocytes are calcified and abut the diaphysis with osteoblasts

d. chondrocytes are calcified and abut the diaphysis with osteoblasts

Long bones are a. named for their length b. about as long as they are wide c. irregular in shape d. longer than they are wide

d. longer than they are wide

fossa

deeper indented surface in a bone, usually allows a rounded surface of another bone to fit inside of it

classify bones according to their shape and describe the functions of bone markings

depression - provide pathways along which blood vessels and nerves travel or allow two bones to come together to form a joint openings - house and protect structures such as blood vessels and special sensory organs projections - provide points of attachment for ligaments and tendons

irregular bone

doesn't fit into any other classes; include vertebrae, sacrum and certain skull bones, like sphenoid bone

The extracellular matrix of bone consists of a. collagen fibers b. calcium hydroxyapatite crystals c. ground substance d. choices a and b only are correct e. choices a, b and c are correct

e. choices a, b and c are correct

epiphysis

ends of a long bone; contains a shell of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone

T/F Circumferential lamellae are located between osteons.

false - interstitial lamellae

T/F The periosteum contains osteoblasts and osteocytes.

false - it contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

T/F Osteoclasts secrete bone matrix.

false - osteoblasts

T/F Compact bone is composed of spicules called trabeculae.

false - spongy bone

flat bone

flat; include ribs, sternum, certain skull bones and hip bones

spongy bone

found on the inside of a bone deep to compact; somewhat resembles a sponge

compact bone

hard, dense bone tissue found immediately deep to the periosteum

explain the role of extracellular matrix in the function of osseous tissue

hardened component composed of organic and inorganic components

foramen

hole in a bone through which a structure such as a nerve or blood vessel passes

osteocytes

lacunae contain mature osteoblasts; monitor and maintain the bone ECM

trochanter

large bony projection to which muscles attach; only examples are in the femur

bone marrow

latticework-structure of spongy bone allows it to house another important tissue

groove

long, typically shallow depression that usually allows a nerve or blood vessel to travel along the bone's surface

long bone

longer than wide; include bones of upper and lower limbs(not ankle and wrist bones)

periosteum

most superficial tissue of a bone

canaliculi

neighboring lacunae and osteocytes are connected to each other by tiny canals

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a congenital condition in which collagen synthesis is defective. Of the three samples of bone you tested in Exercise 7-2, which is most similar to the bones in osteogenesis imperfects? What symptoms would you expect to find in this disease?

osteogenesis imperfecta - a group of inherited disorders characterized by fragile bones that break easily symptoms - bone fracture, bluish tinge of the white eye, bone tissue formation, bow legs, bruising, callus, enlarged head, hearing loss, physical deformity, scoliosis, short stature, stiffness, pain in the bones

The disease osteoporosis often results from insufficient intake of dietary calcium salts. Of the three samples of bone you tested in Exercise 7-2, which is the most similar to the bones in osetoporosis? What symptoms would you expect to find in this disease?

osteoporosis - a condition in which bones become weak and brittle symptoms - bone fracture or loss of height

canal

passageway through a bone

osteon

repeating, densely packed subunits

line

ridge along a bone where a muscle attaches

crest

ridge along a bone; generally a site of muscle attachment

sesamoid bone

roughly oval-shaped bones located within tendons; ex. patella/kneecap

condyle

round end of a bone that fits into a fossa or facet of another bone at a joint

head

rounded end of a bone that fits into a fossa to form a joint

perforating canal

run perpendicular to the lamellae and carry blood vessels deep into the bone from periosteum

central canal

running down the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels and nerves

facet

shallow indented surface where two bones meet to form a joint

fovea

shallow pit; often the site for the attachment of a ligament

lacunae

situated between the lamellae are small cavities

fissure

slit within a bone or between bones

sutural bone

small bones located between flat bones in skull

epicondyle

small projection usually proximal to a condyle; generally the site of muscle attachement

tubercle

small rounded projection where muscles attach

describe the structure and function of the epiphyseal plate

structure - band of hyaline cartilage function - from which long bones grow in length in children and young adults

identify the structures and components of osseous tissue

structures - dense supportive connective tissue; contains specialized cells components - specialized cells(osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts); solid matrix(calcium phosphate 2/3 and collagen fibers 1/3); periosteum(outter surface of bone); endosteum(inside the bone)

lamellae

surrounding the central canal are rings of bone ECM

diaphysis

the shaft of the long bone

T/F Compact bone is the hard, outer bone

true

T/F Spongy bone houses red and yellow bone marrow.

true