Practical 2 Study Guide - Lab 9
Your friend is on the basketball court when she is pushed over the leg of a fallen player and lands on the court on her bent knee. She tries to get up, but immediately realizes something is wrong. The trainer examination her knee and finds excessive motion with the posterior drawer test. What has happened? Explain the results of the posterior drawer test.
An injury to the posterior cruciate ligament of PCL. This ligament functions to stop the tibia from sliding backward on the femur. If the test resulting in excessive motion it would indicate an injury to the PCL occurred because it is no longer able to hold the tibia in place.
In the condition synovitis the synovial membrane secretes excess synovial fluid. How might this affect the function of a synovial joint?
It would cause an increased level of fluid, which would cause swelling. And would restrict the joint movements and/or the number of axises its able to cross.
Could a fibrous joint perform its functions if it were a diarthrosis? Explain your reasoning.
No, because it functions to stabilize the area between bones. It could not be classified as this, which is a freely moving joint. For it would not provide support or stabilization.
Which class of synovial joint do you think would be the most stable? Which class would be the least stable? Explain your choices.
Plane joints, because they allow motion in a gliding motion rather than around an axis. Synovial joint is weak, because it moves around all three axis.
How would the function of synovial joints be changed if they lacked joint cavities? Explain.
There would be nonfrictionless movement, which means that movement would be harder and possibly more painful.
synovial
a true joint cavity, makes them diarthrosis; bones united by joint capsule; allow some motion to occur between two bones, less stable
Which of the following describes a hinge joint correctly? a. The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone. b. One bone rotates around another bone. c. The flat articular surfaces of two bones glide past one another. d. The rounded, ball-like end of one bone fits into a concave depression of another bone.
a. The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone.
adduction a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
a. movement of a body part toward the midline
Which of the following correctly describes a pivot joint? a. The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone. b. One bone rotates around another bone. c. The flat articular surfaces of two bones glide past one another. d. The rounded, ball-like end of one bone fits into a concave depression of another bone.
b. One bone rotates around another bone.
Synovial joints are surrounded by a/an _____ and filled with _____. a. articular disc; serous fluid b. joint capsule; synovial fluid c. articular cartilage; serous fluid d. articular disc; synovial fluid
b. joint capsule; synovial fluid
rotation a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
b. movement around a central axis
The main function of a fibrous joint is to a. allow motion to occur between two bones b. provide stability between two bones c. unite two bones with cartilage d. allow some motion while still providing stability between two bones e. unite two bones with a synovial cavity
b. provide stability between two bones
dorsiflexion
bend the foot toward the shin
plantar flexion
bend the foot toward the sole
hinge
bones fit together much like the hinge of a door; convex articular surface of one bone fits in concave
fibrous
bones joined by short collagen fibers; allow no motion and are synarthrosis; main function provide stability
cartilaginous
bones united by cartilage; allow some motion and are amphiarthrosis; also provides stability
pronation a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
c. turning the palm over to face down
circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
Regarding circumduction and rotation: a. compare and contrast circumduction and rotation b. give examples of joints where: 1. both circumduction and rotation can occur 2. circumduction but not rotation can occur 3. rotation but not circumduction can occur
circumduction - rotation - 1. shoulder 2. thumb 3. neck
flexion a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
d. decreasing the angle between two bones
An amphiarthrosis is defines as a a. joint that allows no motion b. joint that is freely moveable c. joint with multiple axes of motion d. joint that allows some motion
d. joint that allows some motion
flexion
decreases the angle of a joint
abduction a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
e. movement of a body part away from the midline
extension a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
f. increasing the angle between two bones
T/F Bursae improve the fit between two bones in a synovial joint.
false; articular
T/F Articular discs provide a smooth, nearly frictionless surface for articulation.
false; articular cartilage
T/F Fluid-filled sacs called ligaments often lie between tendons and the joint capsule of a synovial joint.
false; bursae
identify examples of the different types of joints
fibrous - cranium cartilaginous - between vertbrae synovial - elbow
plane
flat articular surfaces that allow the bones to glide past one another
classify synovial joints according to range of motion
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, pronation, supination, elevation, depression and opposition
diarthrosis
freely moveable joints
dorsiflexion a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg
circumduction a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle
h. movement in a circle
synarthrosis
immovable joint
extension
increases the angle of a joint
When the shoulder joint dislocates, it most commonly dislocates anteriorly, meaning that the joint capsule tears on the anterior side and the head of the humerus pushes partly out through the capsule. Why do you think the anterior capsule more commonly tears?
is at a disadvantage of placement causing a weak joint hence being more prone to tears
walking up stairs joints moving: motions occurring:
joint moving: a. hip joint b. knee joint c. ankle joint motions occurring: a. flexion, extension - hip and knee b. dorsiflexion, plantar flexion - ankle
doing jumping jacks joints moving: motions occurring:
joints moving: a. hip joint b. knee joint c. ankle joint d. shoulder joint e. elbow joint motions occurring: a. flexion, extension - knee, elbow, and hip b. dorsiflexion, plantar flexion - ankle c. abduction, adduction - hip and shoulder d. rotation - shoulder
answering the telephone joints moving: motions occurring:
joints moving: a. shoulder joint b. elbow joint c. proximal radioulnar joint d. wrist joint e. temporomandibular joint motions occurring: a. flexion, extension - shoulder, wrist and elbow b. abduction, adduction - shoulder c. pronation, supination - proximal radioulnar joint d. elevation, depression - temporomandibular joint
jumping rope joints moving: motions occurring:
joints moving: a. shoulder joint b. elbow joint c. wrist joint d. hip joint e. knee joint f. ankle joint motions occurring: a. abduction - shoulder b. flexion - elbow, hip and knee c. circumduction - wrist d. extension - hip and knee e. dorsiflexion and plantar flexion - ankle
amphiarthrosis
joints that allow some motion
depression
lowering a body part
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
opposition
movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
rotation
moving around a central axis
pivot
one bone rotates or "pivots" around another bone
condyloid
one bone that fits into the concave surface of another bone
identify structures associated with synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball-and-socket
elevation
raising a body part
saddle
resemble condyloid joints but permit a greater range of motion
ball-and-socket
rounded, ball-like end of one bone that fits into the concave "socket" of another bone
classify joints based upon structure and function
structure - fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial function - synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
T/F The articulating ends of the bones in a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage.
true
T/F The tendon sheath of a synovial joint is lined with a synovial membrane.
true
pronation
turning hand so palm is facing downward
supination
turning hand so palm is facing upward
inversion
turning the sole of the foot inward
eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward