Practical 2 Study Guide - Lab 9

Your friend is on the basketball court when she is pushed over the leg of a fallen player and lands on the court on her bent knee. She tries to get up, but immediately realizes something is wrong. The trainer examination her knee and finds excessive motion with the posterior drawer test. What has happened? Explain the results of the posterior drawer test.

An injury to the posterior cruciate ligament of PCL. This ligament functions to stop the tibia from sliding backward on the femur. If the test resulting in excessive motion it would indicate an injury to the PCL occurred because it is no longer able to hold the tibia in place.

In the condition synovitis the synovial membrane secretes excess synovial fluid. How might this affect the function of a synovial joint?

It would cause an increased level of fluid, which would cause swelling. And would restrict the joint movements and/or the number of axises its able to cross.

Could a fibrous joint perform its functions if it were a diarthrosis? Explain your reasoning.

No, because it functions to stabilize the area between bones. It could not be classified as this, which is a freely moving joint. For it would not provide support or stabilization.

Which class of synovial joint do you think would be the most stable? Which class would be the least stable? Explain your choices.

Plane joints, because they allow motion in a gliding motion rather than around an axis. Synovial joint is weak, because it moves around all three axis.

How would the function of synovial joints be changed if they lacked joint cavities? Explain.

There would be nonfrictionless movement, which means that movement would be harder and possibly more painful.

synovial

a true joint cavity, makes them diarthrosis; bones united by joint capsule; allow some motion to occur between two bones, less stable

Which of the following describes a hinge joint correctly? a. The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone. b. One bone rotates around another bone. c. The flat articular surfaces of two bones glide past one another. d. The rounded, ball-like end of one bone fits into a concave depression of another bone.

a. The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone.

adduction a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

a. movement of a body part toward the midline

Which of the following correctly describes a pivot joint? a. The convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave articular surface of another bone. b. One bone rotates around another bone. c. The flat articular surfaces of two bones glide past one another. d. The rounded, ball-like end of one bone fits into a concave depression of another bone.

b. One bone rotates around another bone.

Synovial joints are surrounded by a/an _____ and filled with _____. a. articular disc; serous fluid b. joint capsule; synovial fluid c. articular cartilage; serous fluid d. articular disc; synovial fluid

b. joint capsule; synovial fluid

rotation a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

b. movement around a central axis

The main function of a fibrous joint is to a. allow motion to occur between two bones b. provide stability between two bones c. unite two bones with cartilage d. allow some motion while still providing stability between two bones e. unite two bones with a synovial cavity

b. provide stability between two bones

dorsiflexion

bend the foot toward the shin

plantar flexion

bend the foot toward the sole

hinge

bones fit together much like the hinge of a door; convex articular surface of one bone fits in concave

fibrous

bones joined by short collagen fibers; allow no motion and are synarthrosis; main function provide stability

cartilaginous

bones united by cartilage; allow some motion and are amphiarthrosis; also provides stability

pronation a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

c. turning the palm over to face down

circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Regarding circumduction and rotation: a. compare and contrast circumduction and rotation b. give examples of joints where: 1. both circumduction and rotation can occur 2. circumduction but not rotation can occur 3. rotation but not circumduction can occur

circumduction - rotation - 1. shoulder 2. thumb 3. neck

flexion a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

d. decreasing the angle between two bones

An amphiarthrosis is defines as a a. joint that allows no motion b. joint that is freely moveable c. joint with multiple axes of motion d. joint that allows some motion

d. joint that allows some motion

flexion

decreases the angle of a joint

abduction a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

e. movement of a body part away from the midline

extension a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

f. increasing the angle between two bones

T/F Bursae improve the fit between two bones in a synovial joint.

false; articular

T/F Articular discs provide a smooth, nearly frictionless surface for articulation.

false; articular cartilage

T/F Fluid-filled sacs called ligaments often lie between tendons and the joint capsule of a synovial joint.

false; bursae

identify examples of the different types of joints

fibrous - cranium cartilaginous - between vertbrae synovial - elbow

plane

flat articular surfaces that allow the bones to glide past one another

classify synovial joints according to range of motion

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, pronation, supination, elevation, depression and opposition

diarthrosis

freely moveable joints

dorsiflexion a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg

circumduction a. movement of a body part toward the midline b. movement around a central axis c. turning the palm over to face down d. decreasing the angle between two bones e. movement of a body part away from the midline f. increasing the angle between two bones g. movement of the ankle that decreases the angle between the foot and leg h. movement in a circle

h. movement in a circle

synarthrosis

immovable joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

When the shoulder joint dislocates, it most commonly dislocates anteriorly, meaning that the joint capsule tears on the anterior side and the head of the humerus pushes partly out through the capsule. Why do you think the anterior capsule more commonly tears?

is at a disadvantage of placement causing a weak joint hence being more prone to tears

walking up stairs joints moving: motions occurring:

joint moving: a. hip joint b. knee joint c. ankle joint motions occurring: a. flexion, extension - hip and knee b. dorsiflexion, plantar flexion - ankle

doing jumping jacks joints moving: motions occurring:

joints moving: a. hip joint b. knee joint c. ankle joint d. shoulder joint e. elbow joint motions occurring: a. flexion, extension - knee, elbow, and hip b. dorsiflexion, plantar flexion - ankle c. abduction, adduction - hip and shoulder d. rotation - shoulder

answering the telephone joints moving: motions occurring:

joints moving: a. shoulder joint b. elbow joint c. proximal radioulnar joint d. wrist joint e. temporomandibular joint motions occurring: a. flexion, extension - shoulder, wrist and elbow b. abduction, adduction - shoulder c. pronation, supination - proximal radioulnar joint d. elevation, depression - temporomandibular joint

jumping rope joints moving: motions occurring:

joints moving: a. shoulder joint b. elbow joint c. wrist joint d. hip joint e. knee joint f. ankle joint motions occurring: a. abduction - shoulder b. flexion - elbow, hip and knee c. circumduction - wrist d. extension - hip and knee e. dorsiflexion and plantar flexion - ankle

amphiarthrosis

joints that allow some motion

depression

lowering a body part

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

opposition

movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

adduction

movement toward the midline of the body

rotation

moving around a central axis

pivot

one bone rotates or "pivots" around another bone

condyloid

one bone that fits into the concave surface of another bone

identify structures associated with synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball-and-socket

elevation

raising a body part

saddle

resemble condyloid joints but permit a greater range of motion

ball-and-socket

rounded, ball-like end of one bone that fits into the concave "socket" of another bone

classify joints based upon structure and function

structure - fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial function - synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

T/F The articulating ends of the bones in a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage.

true

T/F The tendon sheath of a synovial joint is lined with a synovial membrane.

true

pronation

turning hand so palm is facing downward

supination

turning hand so palm is facing upward

inversion

turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward