Practice

Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's surname. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer surname. This is an example of

proactive interference

Place the stage of Piaget's cognitive development into the appropriate order from first to last.

Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years. Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7. Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11. Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up.

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

Sensory memory

Because they help us to narrow down the possible solutions and to find one that works, we are more likely to use _____ to solve the types of problems we face.

heuristics

Some language experts propose that there is a critical period for language development, which means that

if a child does not develop language at this special time, they never will.

Bandura felt that personality is shaped by the interactions between a person's thoughts, behaviors, and environment. What term did he use to describe this concept?

reciprocal determinism

In decades past, behaviorist psychologists claimed that language learning was the result of chains of responses that occurred through behavioral _________(reward).

reinforcement

Six-year-old Melanie is an enthusiastic child looking forward to first grade. According to Erikson's socioemotional developmental theory, she is in the_________ versus ___________stage of development.

industry; inferiority

Implicated in a range of psychological disorders, _____ also predicts more health complaints, risk for age-related cognitive decline, and a higher incidence of nightmares.

neuroticism

Retroactive interference occurs when _____ material interferes with recall of _____ material.

new; old

A normal distribution is a(n) _____, bell-shaped curve, showing the majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

symmetrical

Cognitive psychology is the study of

thought, language, memory, and reasoning.

Which of the following refers to experiencing one's psychological gender and gender expression as different from one's assigned sex?

transgender

Which of the following are true of the psychoanalytic phallic stage of development?

-It triggers the Oedipus complex. -It typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age.

Which of the following are core principles of psychodynamic theories?

-We mentally transform our experiences, which allows them to shape our personalities. -Personality is determined by current and early experiences.

Which of these are part of the five-factor model of personality?

-neuroticism -openness to experience -agreeableness

According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?

2 to 7 years

_______________ ________________(AI) is a scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.

Artificial Intelligence

_____ refers to the way in which information is processed and manipulated in thinking, remembering, and knowing.

Cognition

______ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

Concepts

The term used to denote auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _______________ memory

Echoic

When ____________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

Elaboration

Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind?

Encourages independence Places limits

Millie wants to throw away an empty plastic milk jug because she insists that it is "useless" now that all of the milk is gone. Millie is exhibiting a specific kind of fixation known as __________ ______________

Functional Fixation

Information must be encoded and ____________ in order to be retrieved later.

Stored

involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

Thinking or Cognition

In self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

competence, relatedness, and autonomy

What is Rogers's term for standards we need to live up to in order to gain positive regard from others?

conditions of worth

______ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

development