Practice Mock 3

_____ artifact is common to certain manufacturers and is more commonly seen in women with thick breasts. (A) "Breast-within-a-breast" (B) Horizontal line (C) Thin breast (D) Field inhomogeneity

(A) "Breast-within-a-breast"

Hologic's Selenia Dimensions 3D system has an angular range of _____ and a scan time of 3.7 seconds. (A) 15-degrees (B) 25-degrees (C) 40-degrees (D) 50-degrees

(A) 15-degrees

In _____, the FDA approved the first Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) system, the Senographe 2000D by GE. (A) 2000 (B) 2001 (C) 2002 (D) 2003

(A) 2000

The American Cancer Society reports that an estimated _____ cases of invasive breast cancers and 61,000 cases of in situ breast cancers will be diagnosed in 2016.. (A) 246,660 (B) 300,000 (C) 340,000 (D) 346,600

(A) 246,660

The total dose of both exposures (2D + 3D) is less than the MQSA dose limit of _____. (A) 3 mGy/image (B) 3 mGy/study (C) 3 mGy/annually (D) 3 mGy/lifetime

(A) 3 mGy/image

The largest and most persuasive study to evaluate the benefits of DBT technology demonstrated that tomosynthesis imaging increased the detection of invasive breast cancer by _____ and decreased patient recalls for additional imaging by _____. (A) 41% / 15% (B) 15% / 41% (C) 60% / 40% (D) 40% / 60%

(A) 41% / 15%

What is the effect of scattered radiation on image contrast? (A) As the amount of scattered radiation in the breast increases, a progressive loss of contrast results. (B) As the amount of scattered radiation in the breast increases, contrast increases. (C) Scattered radiation has no effect on image contrast. (D) Good image contrast in the thick, dense breast is dependent upon scattered radiation.

(A) As the amount of scattered radiation in the breast increases, a progressive loss of contrast results.

From the average breast entrance exposure dose and other parameters derived from look-up tables, your physicist can calculate the _____ to the ACR phantom. (A) Average Glandular Dose (AGD) (B) Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) (C) Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR) (D) Half-Value Layer (HVL)

(A) Average Glandular Dose (AGD)

In _____, as the electron passes the nucleus, its path is bent by an amount dependent on its distance from the nucleus. (A) Bremsstrahlung interactions (B) Photoelectric interactions (C) Characteristic interactions (D) None of the above

(A) Bremsstrahlung interactions

_____ requires that technologists and medical physicists use the most current edition of the operator's manual when conducting Quality Control testing on tomosynthesis equipment. (A) FDA / MQSA (B) The American College of Radiology (ACR) (C) Each manufacturer (D) The medical physicist

(A) FDA / MQSA

_____ is used to correct variances in sensitivity of the elements in the detector matrix, which can drift over time. (A) Flat field detector calibration (B) Soft-copy display monitor calibration (C) Modulation transfer function (MTF) (D) Detective quantum efficiency

(A) Flat field detector calibration

_____ compression is permitted by the FDA because it accurately preserves all of the data allowing the images to be reduced in size, transmitted and recreated exactly as the original mammogram. (A) Lossless (B) Lossy (C) Unlimited (D) Limited

(A) Lossless

For the work-up of diagnostic patients, 3D tomosynthesis is NOT performed with magnification. _____ are still important for the analysis of microcalcifications. (A) Standard 2D magnification views (B) spot compression views (C) ML and LM views (D) CC and MLO views

(A) Standard 2D magnification views

Modern mammographic units now offer a selection of filter materials. Which of the following choices is NOT a filter material? (A) Tungsten (W) (B) Molybdenum (Mo) (C) Rhodium (Rh) (D) Aluminum (Al)

(A) Tungsten (W)

DBT imaging provides the radiologist with _____ during mammographic interpretation. (A) a greater degree of confidence (B) more time (C) fewer images to review (D) 100% sensitivity and specificity

(A) a greater degree of confidence

The optimal tomosynthesis system must properly visualize calcifications, masses, architectural distortions, and _____. (A) areas of asymmetries (B) radial scars (C) fibrocystic changes (D) mastitis

(A) areas of asymmetries

Under MQSA, the mammography technologist is required to receive _____ of training prior to independently using any new mammographic modality. (A) 8 days (B) 8 hours (C) 14 days (D) 14 hours

(B) 8 hours

The HTC (high transmission cellular) grid improves image contrast and transmission efficiency because it _____. (A) controls scatter in two directions (B) uses linear lead strips (C) is placed between the x-ray source and the patient (D) eliminates breast compression

(A) controls scatter in two directions

The _____ method of image capture is very efficient because the x-rays are not converted into light but instead, directly into an electrical signal. (A) direct conversion (B) indirect conversion (C) targeted conversion (D) nontargeted conversion

(A) direct conversion

The technologist's work area inside the mammography suite is referred to as the _____. (A) Interpretation Workstation (IWS) (B) Acquisition Workstation (AWS) (C) Exposure Workstation (EWS) (D) Patient Workstation (PWS)

(B) Acquisition Workstation (AWS)

The ACR Mammography Accreditation Phantom minimum passing score for Tomosynthesis is: _____ Fibers, _____ Speck Groups, and _____ Masses. (A) 5, 4, 4 (B) 4, 3, 3 (C) 3, 2, 2 (D) 2, 1, 1

(B) 4, 3, 3

The goal of an effective QA/QC program is to guarantee that _____. (A) every mammogram the radiologist interprets will have the same density and the same contrast today, tomorrow, next year, and five years from now (B) every mammogram unit is calibrated the same (C) every patient will receive a reminder for her subsequent mammogram (D) patient dose is kept to a minimum

(A) every mammogram the radiologist interprets will have the same density and the same contrast today, tomorrow, next year, and five years from now

Phantom testing by the technologist is needed to confirm that there have been no substantial changes in imaging performance _____. (A) from the baseline obtained at installation (B) since the technologist's findings from the previous month (C) since the medical physicist's last annual inspection (D) from the standards set at the factory during assembly

(A) from the baseline obtained at installation

The typical 2D mammogram produces two images per breast, while 3D tomosynthesis can produce hundreds of images, which significantly increases _____ for the radiologist. (A) interpretation time (B) revenue (C) detection rates (D) risk of litigation

(A) interpretation time

According to the American Cancer Society, 99% of women over all races diagnosed with _____ breast cancer had a 5-year survival rate. (A) localized (B) regional (C) distant (D) unstaged

(A) localized

The x-ray generator _____ to provide the x-ray tube with the power necessary to produce an x-ray beam. (A) modifies the incoming voltage and current (mA) (B) controls the filament temperature (C) controls the x-ray tube current (D) reduces the scatter radiation in the beam

(A) modifies the incoming voltage and current (mA)

To achieve the three-dimensional image, the X-ray source (tube) _____, taking multiple X-rays along the way. (A) moves in an arc over the breast (B) moves upward increasing the Source Image Distance (SID) (C) moves in conjunction with the image detector (D) remains stationary

(A) moves in an arc over the breast

Patients _____ when they compare their 3D DBT experience to the 2D FFDM. (A) note little or no difference (B) favor the light breast compression (C) note the faster exposure time (D) appreciate the colorful images

(A) note little or no difference

Tomosynthesis is a three-dimensional method of imaging that can reduce or eliminate the problem of _____, common with standard 2-D mammography that can result in a false-negative finding. (A) overlapping breast tissue (B) excessive noise (C) overexposure (D) all of the above

(A) overlapping breast tissue

The projection images are reconstructed into a data set of slices through the breast in planes _____. (A) parallel to the detector (B) perpendicular to the detector (C) parallel to the anode (D) perpendicular to the anode

(A) parallel to the detector

It is important that all information systems (RIS, HIS, PACS, etc.) can communicate with each other efficiently so the _____ can manage, archive images and move data throughout the system. (A) radiologist (B) QC technologists (C) mammography technologist (D) medical physicist

(A) radiologist

As the pixel size is made smaller, the amount of data contained in the image _____. (A) rapidly increases (B) rapidly decreases (C) slowly increases (D) slowly decreases

(A) rapidly increases

In 1992, Congress passed into law the MQSA to _____. (A) reduce the number of missed breast cancers due to unqualified personnel, poorly maintained equipment, and suboptimal images (B) visit every mammography facility once a year for the purpose of equipment inspection (C) collect revenues to be directed to breast cancer research (D) inform all American women of their actual risks for breast cancer

(A) reduce the number of missed breast cancers due to unqualified personnel, poorly maintained equipment, and suboptimal images

In order for Hologic and Siemens DBT systems to take a traditional 2D mammogram and the tomosynthesis exam in the same breast compression, automatic _____ is required. (A) retraction of the grid (B) decompression of the paddle (C) reciprocation of the detector (D) slabbing of the images

(A) retraction of the grid

The total angular range covered by the x-ray tube is known as the _____. (A) scan angle (B) projection size (C) array element (D) conical scan

(A) scan angle

Manufacturers offer only one size digital detector, regardless of breast size, because of _____. (A) the high cost of digital detectors and their fragile nature (B) the weight of the detector (C) the availability of detector materials (D) the average breast size of the typical woman

(A) the high cost of digital detectors and their fragile nature

The lead question for the DMIST study was, "Which mammography technology, digital or analog, would help find _____?" (A) the most breast cancers as early as possible (B) the most breast cancers in younger women (C) the most breast cancers in women who perform monthly breast self-examination (D) the most breast cancers in women testing positive for genetic mutations

(A) the most breast cancers as early as possible

The 3D breast biopsy system is designed for the localization and targeting of regions of interest and is especially important for targeting lesions not detected in 2D images or when _____. (A) using other modalities (B) the patient has adequate insurance coverage (C) the patient has a radiopaque clip in place from a previous biopsy (D) the radiologist has a large number of biopsies scheduled for that day

(A) using other modalities

In digital mammography, the kilovoltage range is _____. (A) 20-30 kVp with an average of 25 kVp (B) 22-35 kVp with an average of 28 kVp (C) 25-45 kVp with an average of 35 kVp (D) 18-38 kVp with an average of 28 kVp

(B) 22-35 kVp with an average of 28 kVp

MQSA requirement for the Compression Force test: The unit's initial power drive compression must be at least _____ pounds (111 newtons) but cannot exceed _____ pounds (200 newtons). (A) 15 to 25 (B) 25 to 45 (C) 35 to 55 (D) 45 to 60

(B) 25 to 45

All dedicated mammography units possess all of the following EXCEPT _____. (A) specially designed tube targets (B) 3-D capability (C) smaller focal spots (D) significantly improved breast compression devices

(B) 3-D capability

_____ is used to measure the amount of filtration in the x-ray beam. (A) Collimation Assessment (B) Beam quality assessment (half-value layer HVL measurement) (C) Automatic exposure system performance assessment (D) Breast entrance exposure

(B) Beam quality assessment (half-value layer HVL measurement)

_____ digital technology requires the technologist to remove the cassette from the mammography unit and place it into a reader for processing. (A) DR - Digital Radiography (B) CR - Computed Radiography (C) MR - Mammogram Radiography (D) XR - Xero Radiography

(B) CR - Computed Radiography

Hologic and Siemens use a reconstructive method referred to as _____, which is also commonly used for CT reconstruction, to reconstruct 3D structures from 2D images. (A) Iterative Reconstruction (IR) (B) Filtered Back Projection (FBP) (C) Maximum-Likelihood Algorithm (ML) (D) Gaussian Frequency Blending (GFB)

(B) Filtered Back Projection (FBP)

The 3 components of digital mammography for which QC is required includes all of the following EXCEPT _____. (A) Image Acquisition (B) Image Analysis (C) Image Processing (D) Image Display

(B) Image Analysis

An important system component of digital mammography is a _____. (A) processor to develop the latent image (B) PACS system (C) film storage folder (D) free-standing CAD unit

(B) PACS system

_____ artifact is demonstrated by the presence of multiple lines at the ends of the image. (A) Bright area (B) Staircase (C) Blur and ripple (D) Halo

(B) Staircase

To monitor this important area of quality assurance under MQSA, the _____ is responsible for overseeing the annual inspection of mammography facilities and evaluating the personnel at each facility. (A) American College of Radiology (ACR) (B) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (C) American Cancer Society (ACS) (D) Society of Breast Imaging (SBI)

(B) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Since FDA-approval of the low dose synthesized C-View option, which generates the 2D image from the 3D mammography image slices, the need for _____ is eliminated. (A) Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) (B) a separate 2D exposure (C) magnification views (D) 3D tube travel

(B) a separate 2D exposure

In GE's flat-panel scintillator digital system, the base of the detector is coated with a layer of _____, a phosphoresent material that will glow with the interaction of x-ray photons. (A) amorphous selenium (a-Se) (B) amorphous silicon (a-Si) (C) barium fluorobromide (D) sodium iodide

(B) amorphous silicon (a-Si)

The American College of Radiology (ACR) & The Society of Breast Imaging (SBI) recommend _____ mammography screening for asymptomatic women age 40 and older who are at average risk for breast cancer. (A) individual decision-making (B) annual (C) biennial (D) no

(B) annual

Due to the anode heel effect, we align the _____ over the chest wall end (thicker area to penetrate, higher energy beam) and align the _____ over the nipple end (thinner area to penetrate, lower energy beam). (A) anode / cathode (B) cathode / anode (C) small focal spot / large focal spot (D) large focal spot / small focal spot

(B) cathode / anode

One of the great advantages of digital mammography is post-exposure image manipulation, the ability to _____ after the exposure. (A) reduce patient dose (B) change the appearance of the image electronically (C) recall patients for follow-up (D) transfer the images to the attending physician

(B) change the appearance of the image electronically

In the _____ mode method used by Hologic and Siemens, the X-ray tube fires short X-ray pulses while pivoting continuously over the breast. (A) step-and-shoot (B) continuous (C) stop-and-fire (D) arching

(B) continuous

Researchers are investigating the use of _____, a technique that may help to separate enhanced tissues that are overlapped in 2D subtraction images. (A) 3D and MR fusion (B) contrast agent-enhanced tomosynthesis (C) thermography (D) optical imaging

(B) contrast agent-enhanced tomosynthesis

The bit depth of the pixel determines the number of shades of gray or the contrast resolution in the image, referred to as _____. (A) pixel pitch (B) dynamic range (C) pixel array (D) matrix

(B) dynamic range

The phantom test is scored by the technologist counting the visible _____, speck groups, and masses on the image display. (A) filaments (B) fibers (C) threads (D) strings

(B) fibers

The point at which the electrons hit the anode target material is the area known as the _____. (A) receptor (B) focal spot (C) gantry (D) filament

(B) focal spot

When the visual checklist is performed, the technologist visually inspects the unit for all of the following EXCEPT _____. (A) loose parts (B) kVp accuracy (C) cracks in the compression paddle (D) detector integrity

(B) kVp accuracy

The images can be viewed _____ or in a cine loop with adjustable speed, as a movie. (A) in subsets of 3 (B) one at a time (C) three at a time (D) two at a time

(B) one at a time

Digital detectors (also referred to as digital receptors) are composed of arrays of _____ that collect electronic signals. (A) matrix (B) pixels (C) output signals (D) raw images

(B) pixels

For mammography, collimation is fitted to the size of the image receptor with intention to extend even slightly beyond the image receptor at the chest wall in order to prevent the exclusion of any _____ breast tissue. (A) anterior (B) posterior (C) medial (D) lateral

(B) posterior

The American College of Radiology applauds the decision by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to facilitate access to DBT by covering beneficiaries for 3D Tomosynthesis and urges _____. (A) patients to pay the difference (B) private insurance providers to do the same (C) individual states to cover the cost (D) manufacturers to reduce equipment costs

(B) private insurance providers to do the same

The individual images are referred to as _____ through the breast at different angles. (A) sections (B) projections (C) planes (D) lines

(B) projections

The single basic hardware component that transforms a mammography system into a tomosynthesis system is the ability of the X-ray tube to ______ and having a detector with relatively fast readout. (A) shoot tomographic images (B) rotate around the detector (C) make exposures less than 1/1,000,000 of a second in length (D) expose without the use of filters

(B) rotate around the detector

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) was approved by the FDA as a new breast imaging modality for clinical use in breast cancer _____ in the United States in February 2011. (A) screening only (B) screening and diagnosis (C) diagnosis only (D) follow-ups

(B) screening and diagnosis

The primary function of automatic exposure control (AEC) in digital mammography is to set the radiation level to determine the _____. (A) longest exposure time possible (B) signal difference-to-noise ratio (C) most dense area of the breast (D) contrast-to-noise ratio

(B) signal difference-to-noise ratio

DBT systems with a wider sweep angle can better separate objects _____. (A) with high density (B) that lie close together (C) with fewer exposures (D) with faster scan times

(B) that lie close together

Mammography units offer _____ focal spot size/s. (A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four

(B) two

The most common magnification factor used in mammography is _____. (A) 0.5 times (B) 1.0 times (C) 1.5 times (D) 2.5 times

(C) 1.5 times

The currents required to heat the filaments are generally about _____ for the large focal spot and _____ for the small focal spot. (A) 300 milliamperes (mA) / 100 milliamperes (mA) (B) 100 milliamperes (mA) / 300 milliamperes (mA) (C) 100 milliamperes (mA) / 25 milliamperes (mA) (D) 25 milliamperes (mA) / 100 milliamperes (mA)

(C) 100 milliamperes (mA) / 25 milliamperes (mA)

GE's SenoClaire 3D system has an angular range of _____ and a scan time of 7 seconds. (A) 15-degrees (B) 40-degrees (C) 25-degrees (D) 50-degrees

(C) 25-degrees

_____ refers to the removal of photons from the beam as it passes through tissue either by absorption or scattering. (A) Modulation (B) Resolution (C) Attenuation (D) Summation

(C) Attenuation

_____ occurs when a latent image from a previous exposure is superimposed on the newly acquired image. (A) Grid line (B) Grid misplacement (C) Ghosting (D) Gouging

(C) Ghosting

_____ is 'The' international-recognized, commonly used network standard for sharing/exchanging information between different information systems. (A) Hospital Information System (HIS) (B) Radiology Information System (RIS) (C) HL7 (Health Level Seven) (D) DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)

(C) HL7 (Health Level Seven)

When MQSA inspectors check QC records and personnel qualifications, they record infringements according to three levels of severity. If an inspector is unable to find evidence of MQSA-compliant training for a mammography technologist, a ____ violation will be cited. (A) Level 3 (B) Level 2 (C) Level 1 (D) No Findings Rating

(C) Level 1

_____ is a measure of image sharpness and is described as the ability of the system to display highfrequency structures (such as microcalcifications) without losing them in the noise of the system. (A) Flat field calibration (B) Soft-copy display monitor calibration (C) Modulation transfer function (MTF) (D) Detective quantum efficiency

(C) Modulation transfer function (MTF)

As defined by the ACR, ____ is the comprehensive concept that comprises all management practices instituted by the lead mammography radiologist. (A) Quality Management (QM) (B) Quality Awareness (QA) (C) Quality Assurance (QA) (D) Quality Control (QC)

(C) Quality Assurance (QA)

Mammography requires low-energy radiation to achieve high contrast variations in the breast tissue. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this? (A) Low kVp (B) low penetrating beam (C) Short wavelength (D) low frequency

(C) Short wavelength (long wavelength , low energy)

_____ can increase the slice thickness for better inspection of microcalcification clusters by the radiologist. (A) Pad/Padding (B) Bin/Binning (C) Slab/Slabbing (D) Track/Tracking

(C) Slab/Slabbing

All of the following are effective ways to reduce scattered radiation, EXCEPT _____. (A) use of a grid (B) adequate breast compression (C) a breast cushion (D) the air-gap technique

(C) a breast cushion

Computer-aided detection (CAD) with FFDM demonstrates a high sensitivity in identifying breast cancers visible as _____. (A) architectural distortion (B) asymmetric areas (C) calcifications and masses (D) areas of inflammation

(C) calcifications and masses

A _____ is the most common type of beam-limiting device in use today on mammography units. (A) aperture diaphragm (B) cone (C) collimator (D) filter

(C) collimator

To perform breast tomosynthesis, the technologist _____. (A) uses more breast compression when compared to 2D (B) uses less breast compression when compared to 2D (C) compresses the breast in the standard way (D) does not apply breast compression

(C) compresses the breast in the standard way

Despite improved imaging with digital technology, radiologists were still plagued by _____ where small breast cancers could be hidden from view. (A) small detector size (B) poor Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) (C) dense fibroglandular breast tissue (D) inferior detector composition

(C) dense fibroglandular breast tissue

At this time, _____ must determine how the 3D equipment will be utilized for better patient management. (A) the FDA (B) the ACR (C) each facility (D) each state radiology society

(C) each facility

Due to the ever increasing prevalence of digital image transfer, in November 2015, the FDA announced that the option to maintain a laser film printer and/or the ability to print hard-copy images is a decision left to _____. (A) the American College of Radiology (ACR) (B) the Society of Breast Imaging (SBI) (C) each individual mammography facility (D) the individual states

(C) each individual mammography facility

The Oslo, Norway study found that DBT is valuable not only for women with dense breast tissue, but DBT also increased the cancer detection rate for women with _____. (A) breast implants (B) a history of breast cancer (C) fatty breast tissue (D) genetic mutations

(C) fatty breast tissue

The _____ are coiled sections of wire made of a Tungsten-thorium compound. (A) anode (B) focusing cups (C) filaments (D) focal spots

(C) filaments

Cancer and _____ both appear radiographically dense on mammographic images. (A) adipose tissue (B) Cooper's ligaments (C) glandular tissue (D) lactiferous ducts

(C) glandular tissue

The benefits of sufficient breast compression during mammography include all of the following EXCEPT _____. (A) minimize tissue superimposition (B) reduce X-ray scatter radiation (C) increase motion artifacts (D) increase the amount of breast tissue in the field of view

(C) increase motion artifacts

The _____ test is performed by the physicist using a special x-ray meter. MQSA requires that the maximum kVp measured in the x-ray beam be within _____ of the kVp selected at the technologist acquisition workstation. (A) Mammography Unit Assembly / 10% (B) Automatic exposure system performance / 10% (C) kVp accuracy and reproducibility / 5% (D) Collimation Assessment / 5%

(C) kVp accuracy and reproducibility / 5%

The _____ is the type of digital system used by Fuji's Computed Radiography (CR) system identified as the indirect method. (A) flat-panel scintillator with an amorphous silicon diode array (B) slot-scanning with a scintillator and a CCD array (C) photostimulable phosphor plates (D) flat-panel a-Se array

(C) photostimulable phosphor plates

Since mammography is not 100% accurate at detecting breast cancer, _____ measures the number of women who will have a mammogram interpreted as negative when in reality, they have breast cancer. (A) false positive (B) specificity (C) sensitivity (D) none of the above

(C) sensitivity

The projections are then reconstructed into tomosynthesis _____ with planes parallel to the breast support/image detector, beginning at the level of the detector and progressing upward. (A) wedges (B) segments (C) slices (D) vectors

(C) slices

According to the ACR's BI-RADS for breast density, Category "c" density could obscure detection of _____ and Category "d" density can lower the sensitivity of mammography. (A) macrocalcifications (B) enlarged lymph nodes (C) small masses (D) large masses

(C) small masses

Due to the _____ and differences in their FDA-approved Indications for Use (IFU), each manufacturer's DBT system is currently treated as a separate mammographic modality by MQSA definition. (A) reimbursement policy differences (B) state law requirements (C) technological differences between these DBT systems (D) manufacturer's training policies

(C) technological differences between these DBT systems

The typical anode angle for a mammography tube is 20- to 22-degrees. This is usually the sum of two separate angles: The angle of the anode within the tube is typically 16-degrees and the _____ is typically 4- to 6-degrees. (A) angle of the gantry (B) angle of the cathode (C) tilt of the x-ray tube (D) tilt of the mirror

(C) tilt of the x-ray tube

High image contrast in mammography is important in order to _____. (A) relieve visual stress experienced by the radiologist during interpretation (B) visualize inflammatory carcinomas and intraductal papillomas (C) visualize subtle signs of pathology such as microcalcifications or small nodules (D) visualize adipose tissue that is a common site of pathology in the breast

(C) visualize subtle signs of pathology such as microcalcifications or small nodules

The _____ in digital mammography enables us to visualize detail at the skin line as well as deep in the glandular tissues of the breast. (A) output signal (B) readout sequence (C) wide dynamic range (D) dot pitch

(C) wide dynamic range

Younger women tend to have a predominance of extremely dense glandular breast tissue (BI-RADS Category _____ for breast density) making the detection of early breast cancer in these women more difficult. (A) "a" (B) "b" (C) "c" (D) "d"

(D) "d"

Magnification technique, also known as the air gap technique, consists of placing the breast on a platform located about 12" (30 cm) above the detector and closer to the x-ray source. This increase in _____ will result in magnification of the image. (A) (SID) Source to Image-receptor Distance (B) (SOD) Source to Object Distance (C) (OSD) Object to Source Distance (D) (OID) Object to Image-receptor Distance

(D) (OID) Object to Image-receptor Distance

For routine mammography, it is recommended that the focal spot be _____ or smaller. (A) 0.1 mm (B) 0.15 mm (C) 0.2 mm (D) 0.3 mm

(D) 0.3 mm

The total filtration (inherent filtration + added filtration) in any diagnostic x-ray system, including mammography, must be greater than or equal to _____ to satisfy federal regulations. (A) 5.0 molybdenum equivalent (B) 0.5 molybdenum equivalent (C) 5.0 mm aluminum equivalent (D) 0.5 mm aluminum equivalent

(D) 0.5 mm aluminum equivalent

Researches involved in the Malmo Trial found that _____ has the potential to be a stand-alone screening modality for the detection of breast cancer. (A) 1-view 2D + 1- view DBT (B) 1-view 2D + 2-view DBT (C) 2-view DBT (D) 1-view DBT

(D) 1-view DBT

The diagnostic workstation must also be able to load and display tomosynthesis images instantaneously as the radiologist switches between the _____ to compare and review the findings. (A) screening and diagnostic study (B) current and previous patient (C) patient work list and vacation schedule (D) 2D and 3D images

(D) 2D and 3D images

Siemens Mammomat Inspiration True 3D Breast system has an angular range of _____ and a scan time of 25 seconds. (A) 15-degrees (B) 25-degrees (C) 40-degrees (D) 50-degrees

(D) 50-degrees

Clinical trials are currently underway to determine the optimal ways to utilize 2D and 3D mammography. Sample protocols include: (A) Both 2D + 3D in the CC and MLO positions for screening patients (B) 2D CCs + 3D MLOs for screening patients (C) 3D MLOs only for screening patients (D) All of the above

(D) All of the above

The binary number system, used by computers, is referred to as _____. (A) Base 10 or the power of 10 (B) Base 9 or the power of 9 (C) Base 5 or the power of 5 (D) Base 2 or the power of 2

(D) Base 2 or the power of 2

When performing the _____, the physicist must ensure that the set collimation allows for full coverage of the image receptor by the X-ray field. The physicist must also ensure that the x-ray field and detector do not miss tissue at the chest wall edge. (A) Mammography Unit Assembly (B) Automatic exposure system performance (C) kVp accuracy and reproducibility (D) Collimation Assessment

(D) Collimation Assessment

To become breast tomosynthesis certified, the facility must apply to the _____ for a 3D extension certification. (A) the manufacturer (B) state radiological department (C) ACR (D) FDA / MQSA

(D) FDA / MQSA

_____ is a Preventive Maintenance Task on the 3D biopsy system, which is performed semi-annually. (A) Inspect the Biopsy Paddle for damage (B) Inspect all cables for wear and damage (C) Make sure that all the displays are illuminated (D) Geometry Calibration

(D) Geometry Calibration

Target materials now in use include all of the following EXCEPT: (A) Molybdenum (Mo) (B) Rhodium (Rh) (C) Tungsten (W) (D) Silver (Ag)

(D) Silver (Ag)

The established dose limit set by the FDA in the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) is _____. (A) a maximum of 3 mGy without grid (B) dependent upon the thickness of the breast (C) dependent upon the choice of phantom used (D) a maximum of 3 mGy with grid

(D) a maximum of 3 mGy with grid

PACS, _____ , is the computerized system that allows acquisition, display, and storage of the images and information. (A) a positive action conferencing system (B) a picture alternative contrast system (C) a printer assessed conversion system (D) a picture archiving communication system

(D) a picture archiving communication system

If the Acquisition Workstation (AWS) monitor has only about 3 million pixels, we will not be able to display the entire image at full resolution. An option for viewing the image is _____. (A) fit-to-screen (B) true size (C) pixel-to-pixel (D) all the above

(D) all the above

When a quality control test used to evaluate the performance of the image acquisition components FAILS, Category A action criteria specifies that corrective action shall be taken _____. (A) within 3 months (B) within 30 days (C) before the next scheduled annual review (D) before any further examinations are performed

(D) before any further examinations are performed

When quality control tests that evaluate the performance of the image acquisition components fall outside the action limits as specified by the manufacturer, the source of the problem shall be identified and corrective action shall be taken _____. (A) within thirty days of the test date (B) before the next scheduled inspection by the medical physicist (C) before the end of the work day (D) before any further examinations are performed

(D) before any further examinations are performed

The FDA currently requires facilities with FFDM equipment to follow testing requirements as listed in the _____. (A) ACR Quality Control Manual of 1999 (B) manufacturer's manual delivered with the equipment (C) state mandated QC testing protocol (D) manufacturer's most current Quality Control (QC) manual

(D) manufacturer's most current Quality Control (QC) manual

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) has been shown to reduce the _____ by eliminating the confusion that arises from breast tissue overlap, especially in dense breasts. (A) radiologist's interpretation time (B) exam time (C) Quality Control tests (D) patient recall rate

(D) patient recall rate

A _____ acquisition angle allows rapid exposure time with a low dose. (A) steeper (B) deeper (C) larger (D) smaller

(D) smaller

On a _____ paddle, a hinge is positioned between the paddle and the paddle arm that allows the paddle to compress the breast equally from the chest wall to the nipple. (A) Targeted (B) Spot compression (C) SLOW (D) tilting

(D) tilting

Magnification mammography is recommended in all the following situations EXCEPT _____. (A) to determine whether microcalcifications are present (B) to analyze the size, shape, and distribution pattern of microcalcifications (C) to analyze the contour or borders of masses (smooth, lobulated, spiculated) (D) to better image implant patients for capsular contracture

(D) to better image implant patients for capsular contracture

Traditional 2-dimensional mammography displays the breast tissue in a single, flat image and structures located at different heights within the breast tissue are _____. (A) overlapped (B) separated (C) malignant (D) easy to assess

A) overlapped

_____ artifact is unique to FFDM and results when a woman's breast compresses to less than 2 cm in thickness demonstrating the edges of the compression paddle at the corners of the image. (A) Field inhomogeneity (B) Horizontal line (C) Breast-within-a-breast (D) Thin breast

D) Thin breast