practice questions week 3

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Football fans at a college have been shocked to learn of the sudden death of a star player, an event that was attributed in the media to "an enlarged heart." Which disorder was the player's most likely cause of death?

compensatory mechanisms

For clients with heart failure, which pathophysiologic response helps maintain the cardiac reserve?

varicose

veins are dilated, tortuous veins of the lower extremities

pulmonary

Deep vein thrombosis constitutes an increased risk of __________ embolism.

precede atheroma rupture

A blood vessel wall injury allows lipoprotein infiltration and monocytes migration, causing buildup and protrusion of fatty streaks into the blood vessel.

lymphatic

The __________ system compensates for the fact that more fluid is filtered into interstitial spaces than that is pulled back into capillaries.

ventricles contract and blood ejected from heart

The cardiac cycle describes the pumping action of the heart. Which statement is correct about systole?

systemic

The circulatory system is broadly divided into pulmonary circulation and __________ circulation.

repolarization of ventricles

The electrical activity of the heart is recorded on the ECG. What does the T wave on the ECG represent?

cholesterol

The greatest risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis is high __________.

vasculitides

The group of vascular disorders that are marked by blood vessel necrosis and inflammatory injury is the __________.

improving quality of life

The health care team is developing a plan of care for a client diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF). The primary treatment goal would be

exercise training to increase collateral circulation

The health care team proposes a treatment plan for a client with peripheral artery disease. Which treatment measures are likely included?

left ventricle

The heart is a four-chambered pump. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation?

troponin assays

The key components of the blood work used to diagnose myocardial infarction are the

kidneys

The lungs, GI system, and __________ are most susceptible to damage as a result of shock

myocardium

The muscular portion of the heart is known as the __________.

tunica media

The nurse identifies the blood vessel layer that constricts to regulate and control diameter as

temporal

A client diagnosed with giant cell arteritis will likely experience pain located in which region of the head?

elevation of triglycerides

A client has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which lab result would the practitioner expect?

right-sided heart failure

A client has prominent jugular veins. What type of medical problem is associated with prominent jugular veins?

membranous sac enclosing heart

A client is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. The nurse is teaching the client about the anatomical location of the infection. The nurse evaluates the effectiveness of the teaching when the client correctly identifies which as the location of the pericardium?

anaphylactic

A client is rushed to the emergency department with assessment findings of urticaria, wheezing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. The client is most likely experiencing which type of shock?

administer epinephrine

A client is transported to the emergency department in respiratory distress after eating peanuts. The following interventions are prescribed by the health care provider. Which intervention should the nurse complete first?

raynaud disease

A client presents to the emergency department reporting bilateral cyanosis and pallor of the fingers after being out in the cold weather for 5 minutes. The toes are of normal color. What is a potential diagnosis for this client?

echocardiogram

A client presents to the emergency department with a sudden onset of acute pain in his left lower leg. The practitioner is unable to palpate pedal pulses and finds the client to be in atrial fibrillation. Which test will the practitioner order to find the source of the emboli?

50%

A client with a history of heart failure has the following echocardiogram results: heart rate 80 beats/minute; end-diastolic volume 120 mL; and end-systolic volume 60 mL. What is this client's ejection fraction (EF)?

increased HDL

A client with hypercholesterolemia is being treated with diet and exercise. Which assessment finding is a positive outcome of this treatment regimen?

bicuspid valve

A client's echocardiogram identified a narrowed valve that has resulted in a decreased blood flow between the left atria and left ventricle. The nurse would interpret this as the

lymphedema

A nurse is assessing a female client and notes that her left arm is swollen from the shoulder down to the fingers, with non-pitting edema. The right arm is normal. The client had a left-sided mastectomy 1 year ago. What does the nurse suspect is the problem?

promotes retention of water

The nurse knows that vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) plays which role in blood pressure control?

septic

The nurse should anticipate administering intravenous antibiotic therapy as a priority to a client experiencing which type of shock?

angioedema

A patient is prescribed captopril. About what adverse effect should the nurse educate the patient?

migraines

A patient is prescribed propranolol. Other than hypertension, for what condition might this patient be taking the medication?

bluish lips

A nurse is examining a newborn infant with a right-to-left blood shunt. Which finding would the nurse expect?

tunica intima

In which layer of the arterial wall can an atheroma form?

seizure

What is the hallmark sign of eclampsia?

aspirin will prevent blood clotting

A client with a history of acute coronary syndrome asks why she needs to take aspirin 81 mg every day. The most appropriate response by the nurse would be:

increased vascular stiffness

An 86-year-old client is disappointed to learn that he or she has class II heart failure despite a lifelong commitment to exercise and healthy eating. Which age-related change predisposes older adults to the development of heart failure?

pulse decreases in amplitude

Downstream peripheral pulses have a higher pulse pressure because the pressure wave travels faster than the blood itself. What occurs in peripheral arterial disease?

aortic valve

Controls the direction of blood flow from the left side of the heart to the systemic circulation

metabolically active

Every ____________ body cell has a capillary directly adjacent to it.

same compensatory mechanisms

Heart failure and circulatory shock are both conditions of circulatory system failure. Which statement regarding these conditions is correct?

increased blood volume

Increased sodium and water in the blood results in what?

cyanotic defect

Obstruction or narrowing of the pulmonary outflow channel—including pulmonic valve stenosis, and/or decrease in the size of the pulmonary trunk, or both—is a result of what type of defect?

sit up and lean forward

Nearly everyone with pericarditis has chest pain. With acute pericarditis, the pain is abrupt in onset, sharp, and radiates to the neck, back, abdomen, or sides. What can be done to ease the pain of acute pericarditis?

preload

amount of blood the heart must pump with each beat

blood return to heart

capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium

endothelial

cells form a continuous lining of the entire vascular system.

cholesterol

dependent on other particles for its transport through the body.

clinical manifestations of venous disease

dull, aching pain, edema

afterload

force that the contracting heart muscle must generate to eject blood from the ventricles

vascular disease

include Peripheral venous disease and Peripheral arterial disease

autoregulation

is the ability of tissues to control their own blood flow over a range of pressures

pulmonary circulation

low-pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange

deep vein thrombosis

most commonly occurs in the lower legs.

clinical manifestations of arterial disease

pain when walking, pallor, gangrene

sclerotherapy or surgery

A 56-year-old woman presents at the clinic complaining of the unsightliness of her varicose veins and wants to know what can be done about them. The nurse explains that the treatment for varicose veins includes which intervention?

causes cyanosis

A shunting of blood from right to left

increased heart rate and contractility

If a client experiences sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart, the nurse will observe which changes in manifestations?

70 to 75 ml per kg

Blood flow in the circulatory system depends on a blood volume that is sufficient to fill the blood vessels and a pressure difference across the system that provides the force to move blood forward. What is the total blood volume in an adult?

tamponade

Cardiac __________ is characterized by compression of the heart because of the accumulation of fluid, pus, or blood in the pericardial sac.

cyanotic

Congenital defects that result in shunting of blood from the right side of the heart to the left are known as __________ disorders.

pulmonic valve

Controls the direction of blood flow from the right side of the heart to the lungs

ischemic

Coronary artery disease is often subdivided into chronic __________ heart disease and acute coronary syndrome.

20 ml/hour

In hypovolemic shock, renal perfusion and urinary output decline. The nurse will monitor urinary output and knows that output below which level indicates inadequate renal perfusion?

nitric oxide

Nitroglycerin is the drug of choice in treating angina. What does nitroglycerin release into the vascular smooth muscle of the target tissues?

elevated total cholesterol

The nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a client who is experiencing angina. Which finding might be expected in a client with dyslipidemia?

decreased heart rate and dry warm skin

The nurse suspects neurogenic shock (spinal shock) in a client. Which set of assessment findings will the nurse use as evidence to support neurogenic shock rather than hypovolemic shock?

kawasaki disease

The pediatrician is examining a young client and notes necrotizing damage to the coronary arteries in the child's echocardiogram. The pediatrician suspects the child has which of the following?

lisinopril

The provider has given the patient a new prescription for losartan. Which current medication order would cause the nurse to question the new order for losartan? ARBS and ACE inhibitors are contraindicated with each other.

exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes

The school nurse is doing a health class on the functional organization of the circulatory system. What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

preload

The volume work of the heart, represented by the amount of blood it must pump with each beat, is known as __________.

test evaluates cardiac function

What should the nurse teach the client prior to ergometry?

in the evening

When should a statin be administered?

systolic

Which blood pressure is represented by the top number?

tunica media

Which blood vessel layer is made primarily of muscle?

untreated strep throat

Which client is at the greatest risk of developing rheumatic heart disease?

coronary artery disease

Which diagnosis is often an indication for a prescription for a statin?

histamine

Which enzyme has a powerful vasodilator effect on arterioles and increases capillary permeability?

preload

Which factor represents the amount of blood that the heart must pump with each beat and is determined by the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers and the actions of the heart prior to cardiac contraction?

administration of vasodilators and beta blockers

Which intervention will the nurse prioritize for the medical management of a client with a dissecting aortic aneurysm?

statin

Which juice should be avoided when taking a statin?

LDL

Which lipoprotein is the main carrier of cholesterol?

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

pallor, pulselessness, pain

Which of the following are characteristic signs of acute arterial embolism?

secondary

Which of the term describes hypertension caused by another disease process?

liver

Which organ is responsible for cholesterol metabolism?

kidneys

Which organ passes along aldosterone causing water and sodium retention?

troponin

Which serum biomarker is highly specific for myocardial tissue?

LDL

Which substance contains the most cholesterol?

aneurysm

Which term describes a pathologic outpouching or sac-like dilation of an artery caused by the weakness of the vessel wall?

dissection

Which term describes the life-threatening splitting or rupture of an aneurysm?

aortic artery

Which type of blood vessel is prone to aneurysms because of lack of supporting tissue?

macrophages

Which type of cell is associated with endothelial injury related to cholesterol?

decreased elasticity in arteries

Which vascular changes can occur in older adults because of the increase in blood pressure during the aging process?

peripheral vascular resistance

While lecturing on blood pressure, the nurse will emphasize that the body maintains its blood pressure by adjusting the cardiac output to compensate for changes in which physiologic process?

hypovolemic

__________ shock results from acute blood loss.

valves

present in veins of the extremities but are absent in the abdominal and thoracic veins

essential hypertension

result of increased cardiac output and vascular resistance

blood flow through heart

right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aorta